通常你可以在xml配置文件中,声明一个bean或者component,然后Spring容器会检查和注册你的bean或component。实际上,Spring支持自动扫描bean或component,你可以不必再在xml文件中繁琐的声明bean,Spring会自动扫描、检查你指定包的bean或component。
以下列举一个简单的Spring Project,包含了Customer、Service、DAO层,让我们来看一下手动配置和自动扫描的不同。
先看一下正常手动配置一个bean
DAO层,CustomerDAO.java如下:
package com.lei.customer.dao; public class CustomerDAO { @Override public String toString() { return "Hello , This is CustomerDAO"; } }
Service层,CustomerService.java如下:
package com.lei.customer.services; import com.lei.customer.dao.CustomerDAO; public class CustomerService { CustomerDAO customerDAO; public void setCustomerDAO(CustomerDAO customerDAO) { this.customerDAO = customerDAO; } @Override public String toString() { return "CustomerService [customerDAO=" + customerDAO + "]"; } }
配置文件,Spring-Customer.xml文件如下:
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd"> <bean id="customerService" class="com.lei.customer.services.CustomerService"> <property name="customerDAO" ref="customerDAO" /> </bean> <bean id="customerDAO" class="com.lei.customer.dao.CustomerDAO" /> </beans>
运行如下代码,App.java如下:
package com.lei.common; import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext; import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext; import com.lei.customer.services.CustomerService; public class App { public static void main( String[] args ) { ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext(new String[] {"Spring-Customer.xml"}); CustomerService cust = (CustomerService)context.getBean("customerService"); System.out.println(cust); } }
输出结果:CustomerService [customerDAO=Hello , This is CustomerDAO]
现在,看一下怎样运用Spring的自动扫描。
用注释@Component来表示这个Class是一个自动扫描组件。
Customer.java如下:
package com.lei.customer.dao; import org.springframework.stereotype.Component; @Component public class CustomerDAO { @Override public String toString() { return "Hello , This is CustomerDAO"; } }
CustomerService.java如下:
package com.lei.customer.services; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.stereotype.Component; import com.lei.customer.dao.CustomerDAO; @Component public class CustomerService { @Autowired CustomerDAO customerDAO; @Override public String toString() { return "CustomerService [customerDAO=" + customerDAO + "]"; } }
配置文件Spring-customer.xml如下
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-2.5.xsd"> <context:component-scan base-package="com.lei.customer" /> </beans>
注意:
以上xml文件中,加入了“context:component-scan”标签,这样就将Spring的自动扫描特性引入,base-package表示你的组件的存放位置,Spring将扫描对应文件夹下的bean(用@Component注释过的),将这些bean注册到容器中。
最后运行结果与手动配置的结果一致。
上例中,默认情况下,Spring将把组件Class的第一个字母变成小写,来作为自动扫描组件的名称,例如将“CustomerService”转变为“customerservice”,你可以用“customerService”这个名字调用组件,如下:
CustomerService cust = (CustomerService)context.getBean("customerService");
你可以像下边这样,创建自定义的组件名称:
@Service("AAA") public class CustomerService ...
现在,可以调用自己定义的组件了,如下:
CustomerService cust = (CustomerService)context.getBean("AAA");
有4种注释类型,分别是:
@Component ——表示一个自动扫描component
@Repository ——表示持久化层的DAO component
@Service ——表示业务逻辑层的Service component
@Controller ——表示表示层的Controller component
以上4种,在应用时,我们应该用哪一种?让我们先看一下@Repository、@Service、@Controller的源代码
@Target({ElementType.TYPE}) @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) @Documented @Component public @interface Repository { String value() default ""; }
你还可以看一下@Service、@Controller的源代码,发现它们都用@Component注释过了,所以,在项目中,我们可以将所有自动扫描组件都用@Component注释,Spring将会扫描所有用@Component注释过得组件。
实际上,@Repository、@Service、@Controller三种注释是为了加强代码的阅读性而创造的,你可以在不同的应用层中,用不同的注释,就像下边这样。
DAO层:
package com.lei.customer.dao; import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository; @Repository public class CustomerDAO { @Override public String toString() { return "Hello , This is CustomerDAO"; } }
Service层:
package com.lei.customer.services; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.stereotype.Service; import com.lei.customer.dao.CustomerDAO; @Service public class CustomerService { @Autowired CustomerDAO customerDAO; @Override public String toString() { return "CustomerService [customerDAO=" + customerDAO + "]"; } }
下例演示了用“filter”自动扫描注册组件,这些组件只要匹配定义的“regex”的命名规则,Clasee前就不需要用@Component进行注释。
DAO层,CustomerDAO.java如下:
package com.lei.customer.dao; public class CustomerDAO { @Override public String toString() { return "Hello , This is CustomerDAO"; } }
Service层,CustomerService.java如下:
package com.lei.customer.services; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import com.lei.customer.dao.CustomerDAO; public class CustomerService { @Autowired CustomerDAO customerDAO; @Override public String toString() { return "CustomerService [customerDAO=" + customerDAO + "]"; } }
Spring Filtering,xml配置如下:
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-2.5.xsd"> <context:component-scan base-package="com.lei" > <context:include-filter type="regex" expression="com.lei.customer.dao.*DAO.*" /> <context:include-filter type="regex" expression="com.lei.customer.services.*Service.*" /> </context:component-scan> </beans>
注意:
以上xml文件中,所有文件名字,只要包含DAO和Service(*DAO.*,*Service.*)关键字的,都将被检查注册到Spring容器中。
运行以下代码:
package com.lei.common; import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext; import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext; import com.lei.customer.services.CustomerService; public class App { public static void main( String[] args ) { ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext(new String[] {"Spring-AutoScan.xml"}); CustomerService cust = (CustomerService)context.getBean("customerService"); System.out.println(cust); } }
运行结果:CustomerService [customerDAO=Hello , This is CustomerDAO]
你也可以用exclude,制定组件避免被Spring发现并被注册到容器中。
以下配置排除用@Service注释过的组件
<context:component-scan base-package="com.lei.customer" > <context:exclude-filter type="annotation" expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Service" /> </context:component-scan>
以下配置排除包含“DAO”关键字的组件
<context:component-scan base-package="com.lei" > <context:exclude-filter type="regex" expression="com.lei.customer.dao.*DAO.*" /> </context:component-scan>