High level routines包括现成的函数,可以用来读写特殊格式的数据,并且只需要少量的编程。
举个例子,如果你有一个包含数值和字母的文本文件(text file)想导入MATLAB,你可以调用一些low level routines自己写一个函数,或者是简单的用TEXTREAD函数。
使用high level routines的关键是:文件必须是相似的(homogeneous),换句话说,文件必须有一致的格式。下面的段落描述一些high level file I/O routines并给出一些例子帮助理解概念。
LOAD/SAVE
主要的high level file I/O routines 是LOAD 和 SAVE函数。LOAD 可以读MAT-file data或者用空格间隔的格式相似的ASCII data. SAVE可以将MATLAB变量写入MAT-file格式或者空格间隔的ASCII data。大多数情况下,语法相当简单。下面的例子用到数值由空格间隔的ASCII file sample_file.txt :
1 5 4 16 8
5 43 2 6 8
6 8 4 32 1
90 7 8 7 6
5 9 81 2 3
Example: 用 LOAD and SAVE 读写数据
% Load the file to the matrix, M :
M = load('sample_file.txt')
% Add 5 to M :
M = M +5
% Save M to a .mat file called 'sample_file_plus5.mat':
save sample_file_plus5 M
% Save M to an ASCII .txt file called 'sample_file_plus5.txt' :
save sample_file_plus5.txt M -ascii
UIGETFILE/UIPUTFILE
UIGETFILE/UIPUTFILE是基于图形用户界面(GUI)的。会弹出对话框,列出当前目录的文件和目录,提示你选择一个文件。UIGETFILE让你选择一个文件来写(类似Windows ‘另存为’选项?)。用UIGETFILE,可以选择已存在的文件改写,也可以输入新的文件名。两个函数的返回值是所选文件名和路径。
Example: 用 UIGETFILE 从当前目录选择一个 M-file
% This command lists all the M-files in the current directory and
% returns the name and path of the selected file
[fname,pname] = uigetfile('*.m','Sample Dialog Box')
注意: UIGETFILE 一次只能选择一个文件。
UIIMPORT/IMPORTDATA
UIIMPORT是一个功能强大,易于使用的基于GUI的high level routine,用于读complex data files。文件也必须是homogeneous。
IMPORTDATA形成UIIMPORT的功能,不打开GUI。可以将IMPORTDATA用于函数或者脚本中,因为在函数或者脚本中基于GUI的文件导入机制并不理想。下面的例子用到包含几行文件头和文本、数值数据的文件 'sample_file2.txt' :
This is a file header.
This is file is an example.
col1 col2 col3 col4
A 1 4 612.000
B 1 4 613.000
C 1 4 614.000
D 1 4 615.000
Example: Using IMPORTDATA to read in a file with headers, text, and numeric data
% This reads in the file 'sample_file2.txt' and creates a
% structure D that contains both data and text data.
% Note the IMPORTDATA command specifies a white space
% as the delimiter of the file, but IMPORTDATA can usually
% detect this on its own
D = importdata('sample_file2.txt','') % 原文有误?
D = importdata('sample_file2.txt')
可以通过访问结构D的数据和文本域,来看结构D中的真实值,例如输入:
data = D.data
text = D.textdata
可以用UIIMPORT读同一个文件并得到同样的结构.
注意: 对于 ASCII data, 你必须检验导入向导正确的识别了列分隔符。
TEXTREAD/STRREAD
TEXTREAD 是一个强大的动态high level routine,设计用来读ASCII格式的文本和/或数值数据文件。STRREAD除是从字符串而不是文件读以外,类似于TEXTREAD。
两个函数可以用许多参数来改变其具体的工作方式,他们返回读入指定输出的数据。他们有效的提供给你一个 “两全其美”的方法,因为他们可以用一个命令读入混合的ASCII和数值数据(high level routines的做法),并且你可以改变他们以匹配你特定的应用(如同low level routines做到的)。例子:
Example 1: Using TEXTREAD to read in an entire file into a cell array
% This command reads in the file fft.m into the cell array, file
file = textread('fft.m','%s','delimiter','/n','whitespace','');
Example 2: Using STRREAD to read the words in a line
% This command uses the cell array created in Example 1 to
% read in each word of line 28 in 'file' to a cell array, words
words = strread(file{28},'%s','delimiter','')
Example 3: Using TEXTREAD to read in text and numeric data from a file with headers
% This command skips the 2 header lines at the top of the file
% and reads in each column to the 4 specified outputs
[c1 c2 c3 c4] = textread('sample_file2.txt','%s %s %s %s','headerlines',2)
Example 4: Using TEXTREAD to read in specific rows of text and numeric data from a file
% This command reads in rows B and C of the file. The 'headerlines'
% property is used to move down to the desired starting row and the
% read operation is performed 2 times
[c1 c2 c3 c4] = textread('sample_file2.txt',...
'%s %s %s %s',2,'headerlines',4)
Example 5: Using TEXTREAD to read in only the numeric data from a file containing text and numbers
% This command reads in only the numeric data in the file. The
% 'headerlines' property is used to move down to the first row
% of interest and the first column of text is ignored with the
% '*' operator
[c2 c3 c4] = textread('sample_file2.txt','%*s %d %d %f','headerlines',3)
DLMREAD/DLMWRITE/CSVREAD
DLMREAD 和 DLMWRITE函数能够读写分隔的ASCII data,而不是用low level routines。他们比low level routines容易使用,Low level routines用几行代码实现的功能可以用DLMREAD/DLMWRITE简化成一行。
CSVREAD用来读分隔符是逗号的文件,是DLMREAD的特殊情况。当读空格和Tab分隔的电子数据表文件时,DLMREAD特别有用。以'sample_file.txt'为例:
Example 1: Using DLMREAD to read in a file with headers, text, and numeric data
% This reads in the file 'sample_file2.txt' and creates a matrix, D,
% with the numeric data this command specifies a white space as the
% delimiter of the file
D = dlmread('sample_file.txt','')
Example 2: Using DLMREAD to extract the first 3 columns of the last 3 rows
% This reads in the first 3 columns of the last 3 rows of
% the data file 'sample_file.txt'into the matrix, D_partial.
% 读文件 'sample_file.txt' 前3列后3行,到矩阵D_partial.
D_partial = dlmread('sample_file.txt','',[2 0 4 2])
Example 3: Using DLMWRITE to write a comma delimited file
% This creates a file called 'partialD.txt' that consists of
% the first 3 columns of the last 3 rows of data where each
% element is separated by a comma
dlmwrite('partialD.txt',D_partial,',')
注意: 保证DLMREAD and DLMWRITE指定范围的指标从0开始,而不是从1开始。
WK1READ/WK1WRITE
WK1READ 用来读Lotus123 电子数据表文件的数据;WK1WRITE用来写矩阵到Lotus123 电子数据表文件。
XLSREAD
XLSREAD用来读Excel的数值和文本数据。
下面的解决方案提供High Level Routines的附加信息:
如何使文件头中的名字s成为载入变量s的名字s?
如何读入ASCII分隔的有头的数据文件?
如何读逗号分隔的有数据缺失的ASCII 文?
如何使用LOAD and SAVE命令的the functional form?
如何导出a cell array containing double arrays 到ASCII文件格式?
当用导入向导导入二进制文件时,为何MATLAB crash?