Linux的批量部署
PXE
PXE是Preboot Execution Environment的缩写，预启动执行环境
PXE使用需要以下几点：
- 客户端的网卡必须要支持PXE功能，并且开机选择从网卡启动，进入PXE程序
- PXE服务器必须要提供至少含有DHCP以及TFTP的服务！
- DHCP服务提供客户端网络，并且告知TFTP所在的位置；
- TFTP提供客户端boot loader及kernel file下载路径
PXE工作流程：
Client向PXE Server上的DHCP发送IP地址请求消息，返回Client的IP地址，同时将pxe环境下的Boot loader文件pxelinux.0的位置信息传送给Client
Client向PXE Server上的TFTP请求pxelinux.0
Client执行接收到的pxelinux.0文件
Client向TFTP请求pxelinux.cfg文件（里面放置的是是启动菜单，即grub的配置文件）
Client向TFTP发送Linux内核请求信息
Client向TFTP发送根文件请求信息
Client加载Linux内核
Client通过nfs/ftp/http下载系统安装文件进行安装
Kickstart
Kickstart是一种无人值守的安装方式
Kickstart工作流程：
在安装过程中记录人工干预填写的各种参数，并生成一个名为ks.cfg的文件。如果在自动安装过程中出现要填 写参数的情况，安装程序首先会去查找ks.cfg文件，如果找到合适的参数，就采用所找到的参数；如果没有找 到合适的参数，便会弹出对话框手工填写
Kickstart配置文件详解（分为3部分）
- 命令部分
- 配置系统
- 用户提示省略的指令
- %packages部分
- 为安装选择软件包和组
- 解决相关依性问题
- 脚本部分
- 定制系统的可选择部分
- 再安装前运行％pre脚本
- 安装后运行％post脚本
创建ks.cfg文件
每安装完一台Centos系统，Centos安装程序（anaconda）会创建一个kickstart配置文件，记录安装配置， 可以参考此配置文件来生成新的kickstart配置文件
Kickstart图形化配置工具，需要安装X Window System、GNOME Desktop、system-config-kickstart，根据 此命令生成配置文件 system-config-kickstart
参考官方手册。用文本编辑器手动创建
PXE+Kickstart批量无人值守部署
服务器配置
1.关闭防火墙和SELinux
[root@linux ~]# systemctl stop firewalld
[root@linux ~]# setenforce 0
2.DHCP
DHCP主要是提供客户端网络参数与TFTP的位置，以及boot loader的文件名
[root@linux ~]# yum clean all
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Cleaning repos: c7
Cleaning up everything
Maybe you want: rm -rf /var/cache/yum, to also free up space taken by orphaned data from disabled or removed repos
[root@linux ~]# mount /dev/sr0 /media
mount: /dev/sr0 is write-protected, mounting read-only
[root@linux ~]# yum -y install dhcp
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
c7 | 3.6 kB 00:00
(1/2): c7/group_gz | 156 kB 00:00
(2/2): c7/primary_db | 3.1 MB 00:00
Determining fastest mirrors
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package dhcp.x86_64 12:4.2.5-58.el7.centos will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
================================================================================
Installing:
dhcp x86_64 12:4.2.5-58.el7.centos c7 513 k
Transaction Summary
================================================================================
Install 1 Package
Total download size: 513 k
Installed size: 1.4 M
Downloading packages:
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
Installing : 12:dhcp-4.2.5-58.el7.centos.x86_64 1/1
Verifying : 12:dhcp-4.2.5-58.el7.centos.x86_64 1/1
Installed:
dhcp.x86_64 12:4.2.5-58.el7.centos
Complete!
[root@linux ~]# vi /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
1 #
2 # DHCP Server Configuration file.
3 # see /usr/share/doc/dhcp*/dhcpd.conf.example
4 # see dhcpd.conf(5) man page
5 #
6 subnet 192.168.130.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { #设置网段
7 option routers 192.168.130.2; #设置网关
8 option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0; #设置子网掩码
9 range dynamic-bootp 192.168.130.200 192.168.130.205; #IP地址租用的范围
10 option domain-name-servers 192.168.130.2; #设置dns服务器地址
11 next-server 192.168.130.128; #tftp服务器地址
12 default-lease-time 21600; #默认租约时间
13 max-lease-time 43200; #大租约时间
14 filename "pxelinux.0"; #tftp服务器根目录下面的文件名
15 }
[root@linux ~]# systemctl start dhcpd
[root@linux ~]# systemctl enable dhcpd
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/dhcpd.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/dhcpd.service.
3.TFTP
boot loader文件pxelinux.0以及内核相关的配置文件(目录pxelinux.cfg下)主要都是由TFTP来提供的！
[root@linux ~]# yum -y install tftp-server xinetd
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package tftp-server.x86_64 0:5.2-13.el7 will be installed
---> Package xinetd.x86_64 2:2.3.15-13.el7 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
================================================================================
Installing:
tftp-server x86_64 5.2-13.el7 c7 44 k
xinetd x86_64 2:2.3.15-13.el7 c7 128 k
Transaction Summary
================================================================================
Install 2 Packages
Total download size: 173 k
Installed size: 325 k
Downloading packages:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 465 kB/s | 173 kB 00:00
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
Installing : 2:xinetd-2.3.15-13.el7.x86_64 1/2
Installing : tftp-server-5.2-13.el7.x86_64 2/2
Verifying : tftp-server-5.2-13.el7.x86_64 1/2
Verifying : 2:xinetd-2.3.15-13.el7.x86_64 2/2
Installed:
tftp-server.x86_64 0:5.2-13.el7 xinetd.x86_64 2:2.3.15-13.el7
Complete!
[root@linux ~]# vim /etc/xinetd.d/tftp
1 # default: off
2 # description: The tftp server serves files using the trivial file transfer \
3 # protocol. The tftp protocol is often used to boot diskless \
4 # workstations, download configuration files to network-aware printers , \
5 # and to start the installation process for some operating systems.
6 service tftp
7 {
8 socket_type = dgram
9 protocol = udp
10 wait = yes
11 user = root
12 server = /usr/sbin/in.tftpd
13 server_args = -s /var/lib/tftpboot
14 disable = no #此项该为no，其他不变
15 per_source = 11
16 cps = 100 2
17 flags = IPv4
18 }
~
[root@linux ~]# systemctl restart xinetd
[root@linux ~]# systemctl enable xinetd
4.PXE的bootloader和相关配置文件
syslinux是一个功能强大的引导加载程序,而且兼容各种介质。更加确切地说:SYSLINUX是一个小型的Linux操作 系统,它的目的是简化首次安装Linux的时间,并建立修护或其它特殊用途的启动盘
[root@linux ~]# yum -y install syslinux
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package syslinux.x86_64 0:4.05-13.el7 will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: mtools for package: syslinux-4.05-13.el7.x86_64
--> Running transaction check
---> Package mtools.x86_64 0:4.0.18-5.el7 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
================================================================================
Installing:
syslinux x86_64 4.05-13.el7 c7 989 k
Installing for dependencies:
mtools x86_64 4.0.18-5.el7 c7 203 k
Transaction Summary
================================================================================
Install 1 Package (+1 Dependent package)
Total download size: 1.2 M
Installed size: 2.6 M
Downloading packages:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 34 MB/s | 1.2 MB 00:00
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
Installing : mtools-4.0.18-5.el7.x86_64 1/2
Installing : syslinux-4.05-13.el7.x86_64 2/2
Verifying : mtools-4.0.18-5.el7.x86_64 1/2
Verifying : syslinux-4.05-13.el7.x86_64 2/2
Installed:
syslinux.x86_64 0:4.05-13.el7
Dependency Installed:
mtools.x86_64 0:4.0.18-5.el7
Complete!
[root@linux ~]# cd /var/lib/tftpboot
[root@linux tftpboot]# cp /usr/share/syslinux/pxelinux.0 .
[root@linux tftpboot]# cp /media/images/pxeboot/{vmlinuz,initrd.img} .
[root@linux tftpboot]# cp /media/isolinux/{vesamenu.c32,boot.msg} .
[root@linux tftpboot]# mkdir pxelinux.cfg
[root@linux tftpboot]# cp /media/isolinux/isolinux.cfg pxelinux.cfg/defaul
[root@linux tftpboot]# cd pxelinux.cfg/
[root@linux pxelinux.cfg]# vi defaul
# 删除60行后的所有内容，并添加下列代码，IP地址为服务器地址
61 label linux
62 menu label ^Install CentOS 74
63 kernel vmlinuz
64 append initrd=initrd.img ks=http://192.168.130.128/config/ks.cfg biosdevnam e=0 net.ifnames=0
5.HTTP
通过HTTP协议把光盘镜像内容传给客户端
[root@linux ~]# yum -y install httpd
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Package httpd-2.4.6-67.el7.centos.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Nothing to do
[root@linux ~]# cp -rf /media/* /var/www/html/
[root@linux ~]# mkdir -p /var/www/html/config #新建目录，把自定义的文件、脚本等放置于此
[root@linux ~]# systemctl start httpd
[root@linux ~]# systemctl enable httpd
6.Kickstart配置文件
[root@linux ~]# vi /var/www/html/config/ks.cfg
1 #ptform=x86, AMD64 或 Intel EM64T
2 #version=
3
4 # Firewall configuration
5 firewall --disabled
6
7 # Install OS instead of upgrade
8 install
9
10 # Use network installation
11 url --url="http://192.168.130.128/"
12 #!!!
13
14 # Use CDROM installation media
15 repo --name="yum" --baseurl=http://192.168.130.128/
16 #!!!
17
18 # Root password
19 rootpw --iscrypted $1$mi4lP.ZY$j5UDGX34knfGuSYPwd82u/ #redhat
20 # openssl passwd -1
21
22 # Use graphical install graphical or text
23 text
24
25 # Run the Setup Agent on first boot
26 firstboot --disable
27
28 # System keyboard
29 keyboard us
30
31 # System language
32 lang en_US.UTF-8
33
34 # SELinux configuration
35 selinux --disabled
36
37 # Reboot after installation
38 reboot
39
40 # System timezone
41 timezone --isUtc Asia/Shanghai
42
43 # Network information
44 network --bootproto=dhcp --device=eth0 --noipv6 --activate
45 network --hostname=web
46 #!!!
47
48 # System bootloader configuration bootloader --location=mbr
49
50 # Clear the Master Boot Record
51 zerombr
52
53 # Partition clearing information
54 clearpart --all --initlabel
55 #!!!
56
57 # Disk partitioning information
58 part /boot --asprimary --fstype="ext4" --ondisk=sda --size=200
59 part swap --fstype="swap" --ondisk=sda --size=4096
60 part / --fstype="ext4" --ondisk=sda --size=20480
61 #!!!
62
63 %packages
64 @core
65 wget
66 %end
67
68 %post
69 #yum_client
70 cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
71 rm -rf *
72 wget http://192.168.130.128/config/client.repo
73 %end
74
75 %addon com_redhat_kdump --disable --reserve-mb='auto'
76 %end
77
到这一步结束就算配置完成，接下来就可以进行装机测试。
测试
首先进入系统选择界面，敲下ENTER选择。
自动检测界面
开始安装所需要的包
安装结束最后配置，等待重启
重启后进入系统，这时就可以使用了。