网络爬虫,也叫网络蜘蛛,有的项目也把它称作“walker”。维基百科所给的定义是“一种系统地扫描互联网,以获取索引为目的的网络程序”。网络上有很多关于网络爬虫的开源项目,其中比较有名的是Heritrix和Apache Nutch。
有时需要在网上搜集信息,如果需要搜集的是获取方法单一而人工搜集费时费力的信息,比如统计一个网站每个月发了多少篇文章、用了哪些标签,为自然语言处理项目搜集语料,或者为模式识别项目搜集图片等等,就需要爬虫程序来完成这样的任务。而且搜索引擎必不可少的组件之一也是网络爬虫。
很多网络爬虫都是用Python,Java或C#实现的。我这里给出的是Java版本的爬虫程序。为了节省时间和空间,我把程序限制在只扫描本博客地址下的网页(也就是http://johnhan.net/但不包括http://johnhany.net/wp-content/下的内容),并从网址中统计出所用的所有标签。只要稍作修改,去掉代码里的限制条件就能作为扫描整个网络的程序使用。或者对输出格式稍作修改,可以作为生成博客sitemap的工具。
代码也可以在这里下载:johnhany/WPCrawler。
环境需求
我的开发环境是Windows7 + Eclipse。
需要XAMPP提供通过url访问MySQL数据库的端口。
还要用到三个开源的Java类库:
Apache HttpComponents 4.3 提供HTTP接口,用来向目标网址提交HTTP请求,以获取网页的内容;
HTML Parser 2.0 用来解析网页,从DOM节点中提取网址链接;
MySQL Connector/J 5.1.27 连接Java程序和MySQL,然后就可以用Java代码操作数据库。
代码
代码位于三个文件中,分别是:crawler.java,httpGet.java和parsePage.java。包名为net.johnhany.wpcrawler。
crawler.java
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package
net.johnhany.wpcrawler;
import
java.sql.Connection;
import
java.sql.DriverManager;
import
java.sql.ResultSet;
import
java.sql.SQLException;
import
java.sql.Statement;
public
class
crawler {
public
static
void
main(String args[])
throws
Exception {
String frontpage =
"http://johnhany.net/"
;
Connection conn =
null
;
//connect the MySQL database
try
{
Class.forName(
"com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"
);
String dburl =
"jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8"
;
conn = DriverManager.getConnection(dburl,
"root"
,
""
);
System.out.println(
"connection built"
);
}
catch
(SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
catch
(ClassNotFoundException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
String sql =
null
;
String url = frontpage;
Statement stmt =
null
;
ResultSet rs =
null
;
int
count =
0
;
if
(conn !=
null
) {
//create database and table that will be needed
try
{
sql =
"CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS crawler"
;
stmt = conn.createStatement();
stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
sql =
"USE crawler"
;
stmt = conn.createStatement();
stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
sql =
"create table if not exists record (recordID int(5) not null auto_increment, URL text not null, crawled tinyint(1) not null, primary key (recordID)) engine=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8"
;
stmt = conn.createStatement();
stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
sql =
"create table if not exists tags (tagnum int(4) not null auto_increment, tagname text not null, primary key (tagnum)) engine=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8"
;
stmt = conn.createStatement();
stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
}
catch
(SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
//crawl every link in the database
while
(
true
) {
//get page content of link "url"
httpGet.getByString(url,conn);
count++;
//set boolean value "crawled" to true after crawling this page
sql =
"UPDATE record SET crawled = 1 WHERE URL = '"
+ url +
"'"
;
stmt = conn.createStatement();
if
(stmt.executeUpdate(sql) >
0
) {
//get the next page that has not been crawled yet
sql =
"SELECT * FROM record WHERE crawled = 0"
;
stmt = conn.createStatement();
rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);
if
(rs.next()) {
url = rs.getString(
2
);
}
else
{
//stop crawling if reach the bottom of the list
break
;
}
//set a limit of crawling count
if
(count >
1000
|| url ==
null
) {
break
;
}
}
}
conn.close();
conn =
null
;
System.out.println(
"Done."
);
System.out.println(count);
}
}
}
|
httpGet.java
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package
net.johnhany.wpcrawler;
import
java.io.IOException;
import
java.sql.Connection;
import
org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
import
org.apache.http.HttpResponse;
import
org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;
import
org.apache.http.client.ResponseHandler;
import
org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
import
org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
import
org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
import
org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
public
class
httpGet {
public
final
static
void
getByString(String url, Connection conn)
throws
Exception {
CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault();
try
{
HttpGet httpget =
new
HttpGet(url);
System.out.println(
"executing request "
+ httpget.getURI());
ResponseHandler
new
ResponseHandler
public
String handleResponse(
final
HttpResponse response)
throws
ClientProtocolException, IOException {
int
status = response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode();
if
(status >=
200
&& status <
300
) {
HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
return
entity !=
null
? EntityUtils.toString(entity) :
null
;
}
else
{
throw
new
ClientProtocolException(
"Unexpected response status: "
+ status);
}
}
};
String responseBody = httpclient.execute(httpget, responseHandler);
/*
//print the content of the page
System.out.println("----------------------------------------");
System.out.println(responseBody);
System.out.println("----------------------------------------");
*/
parsePage.parseFromString(responseBody,conn);
}
finally
{
httpclient.close();
}
}
}
|
parsePage.java
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package
net.johnhany.wpcrawler;
import
java.sql.Connection;
import
java.sql.PreparedStatement;
import
java.sql.ResultSet;
import
java.sql.SQLException;
import
java.sql.Statement;
import
org.htmlparser.Node;
import
org.htmlparser.Parser;
import
org.htmlparser.filters.HasAttributeFilter;
import
org.htmlparser.tags.LinkTag;
import
org.htmlparser.util.NodeList;
import
org.htmlparser.util.ParserException;
import
java.net.URLDecoder;
public
class
parsePage {
public
static
void
parseFromString(String content, Connection conn)
throws
Exception {
Parser parser =
new
Parser(content);
HasAttributeFilter filter =
new
HasAttributeFilter(
"href"
);
try
{
NodeList list = parser.parse(filter);
int
count = list.size();
//process every link on this page
for
(
int
i=
0
; i
Node node = list.elementAt(i);
if
(node
instanceof
LinkTag) {
LinkTag link = (LinkTag) node;
String nextlink = link.extractLink();
String mainurl =
"http://johnhany.net/"
;
String wpurl = mainurl +
"wp-content/"
;
//only save page from "http://johnhany.net"
if
(nextlink.startsWith(mainurl)) {
String sql =
null
;
ResultSet rs =
null
;
PreparedStatement pstmt =
null
;
Statement stmt =
null
;
String tag =
null
;
//do not save any page from "wp-content"
if
(nextlink.startsWith(wpurl)) {
continue
;
}
try
{
//check if the link already exists in the database
sql =
"SELECT * FROM record WHERE URL = '"
+ nextlink +
"'"
;
stmt = conn.createStatement(ResultSet.TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY,ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE);
rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);
if
(rs.next()) {
}
else
{
//if the link does not exist in the database, insert it
sql =
"INSERT INTO record (URL, crawled) VALUES ('"
+ nextlink +
"',0)"
;
pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(sql, Statement.RETURN_GENERATED_KEYS);
pstmt.execute();
System.out.println(nextlink);
//use substring for better comparison performance
nextlink = nextlink.substring(mainurl.length());
//System.out.println(nextlink);
if
(nextlink.startsWith(
"tag/"
)) {
tag = nextlink.substring(
4
, nextlink.length()-
1
);
//decode in UTF-8 for Chinese characters
tag = URLDecoder.decode(tag,
"UTF-8"
);
sql =
"INSERT INTO tags (tagname) VALUES ('"
+ tag +
"')"
;
pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(sql, Statement.RETURN_GENERATED_KEYS);
//if the links are different from each other, the tags must be different
//so there is no need to check if the tag already exists
pstmt.execute();
}
}
}
catch
(SQLException e) {
//handle the exceptions
System.out.println(
"SQLException: "
+ e.getMessage());
System.out.println(
"SQLState: "
+ e.getSQLState());
System.out.println(
"VendorError: "
+ e.getErrorCode());
}
finally
{
//close and release the resources of PreparedStatement, ResultSet and Statement
if
(pstmt !=
null
) {
try
{
pstmt.close();
}
catch
(SQLException e2) {}
}
pstmt =
null
;
if
(rs !=
null
) {
try
{
rs.close();
}
catch
(SQLException e1) {}
}
rs =
null
;
if
(stmt !=
null
) {
try
{
stmt.close();
}
catch
(SQLException e3) {}
}
stmt =
null
;
}
}
}
}
}
catch
(ParserException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
|
程序原理
所谓“互联网”,是网状结构,任意两个节点间都有可能存在路径。爬虫程序对互联网的扫描,在图论角度来讲,就是对有向图的遍历(链接是从一个网页指向另一个网页,所以是有向的)。常见的遍历方法有深度优先和广度优先两种。相关理论知识可以参考树的遍历:这里和这里。我的程序采用的是广度优先方式。
程序从crawler.java的main()开始运行。
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Class.forName(
"com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"
);
String dburl =
"jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8"
;
conn = DriverManager.getConnection(dburl,
"root"
,
""
);
System.out.println(
"connection built"
);
|
首先,调用DriverManager连接MySQL服务。这里使用的是XAMPP的默认MySQL端口3306,端口值可以在XAMPP主界面看到:
Apache和MySQL都启动之后,在浏览器地址栏输入“http://localhost/phpmyadmin/”就可以看到数据库了。等程序运行完之后可以在这里检查一下运行是否正确。
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sql =
"CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS crawler"
;
stmt = conn.createStatement();
stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
sql =
"USE crawler"
;
stmt = conn.createStatement();
stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
sql =
"create table if not exists record (recordID int(5) not null auto_increment, URL text not null, crawled tinyint(1) not null, primary key (recordID)) engine=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8"
;
stmt = conn.createStatement();
stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
sql =
"create table if not exists tags (tagnum int(4) not null auto_increment, tagname text not null, primary key (tagnum)) engine=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8"
;
stmt = conn.createStatement();
stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
|
连接好数据库后,建立一个名为“crawler”的数据库,在库里建两个表,一个叫“record”,包含字段“recordID”,“URL”和“crawled”,分别记录地址编号、链接地址和地址是否被扫描过;另一个叫“tags”,包含字段“tagnum”和“tagname”,分别记录标签编号和标签名。
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while
(
true
) {
httpGet.getByString(url,conn);
count++;
sql =
"UPDATE record SET crawled = 1 WHERE URL = '"
+ url +
"'"
;
stmt = conn.createStatement();
if
(stmt.executeUpdate(sql) >
0
) {
sql =
"SELECT * FROM record WHERE crawled = 0"
;
stmt = conn.createStatement();
rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);
if
(rs.next()) {
url = rs.getString(
2
);
}
else
{
break
;
}
}
}
|
接着在一个while循环内依次处理表record内的每个地址。每次处理时,把地址url传递给httpGet.getByString(),然后在表record中把crawled改为true,表明这个地址已经处理过。然后寻找下一个crawled为false的地址,继续处理,直到处理到表尾。
这里需要注意的细节是,执行executeQuery()后,得到了一个ResultSet结构rs,rs包含SQL查询返回的所有行和一个指针,指针指向结果中第一行之前的位置,需要执行一次rs.next()才能让rs的指针指向第一个结果,同时返回true,之后每次执行rs.next()都会把指针移到下一个结果上并返回true,直至再也没有结果时,rs.next()的返回值变成了false。
还有一个细节,在执行建库建表、INSERT、UPDATE时,需要用executeUpdate();在执行SELECT时,需要使用executeQuery()。executeQuery()总是返回一个ResultSet,executeUpdate()返回符合查询的行数。
httpGet.java的getByString()类负责向所给的网址发送请求,然后下载网页内容。
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HttpGet httpget =
new
HttpGet(url);
System.out.println(
"executing request "
+ httpget.getURI());
ResponseHandler
new
ResponseHandler
public
String handleResponse(
final
HttpResponse response)
throws
ClientProtocolException, IOException {
int
status = response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode();
if
(status >=
200
&& status <
300
) {
HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
return
entity !=
null
? EntityUtils.toString(entity) :
null
;
}
else
{
throw
new
ClientProtocolException(
"Unexpected response status: "
+ status);
}
}
};
String responseBody = httpclient.execute(httpget, responseHandler);
|
这段代码是HTTPComponents的HTTP Client组件中给出的样例,在很多情况下可以直接使用。这部分代码获得了一个字符串responseBody,里面保存着网页中的全部字符。
接着,就需要把responseBody传递给parsePage.java的parseFromString类提取链接。
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Parser parser =
new
Parser(content);
HasAttributeFilter filter =
new
HasAttributeFilter(
"href"
);
try
{
NodeList list = parser.parse(filter);
int
count = list.size();
//process every link on this page
for
(
int
i=
0
; i
Node node = list.elementAt(i);
if
(node
instanceof
LinkTag) {
|
在HTML文件中,链接一般都在a标签的href属性中,所以需要创建一个属性过滤器。NodeList保存着这个HTML文件中的所有DOM节点,通过在for循环中依次处理每个节点寻找符合要求的标签,可以把网页中的所有链接提取出来。
然后通过nextlink.startsWith()进一步筛选,只处理以“http://johnhany.net/”开头的链接并跳过以“http://johnhany.net/wp-content/”开头的链接。
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sql =
"SELECT * FROM record WHERE URL = '"
+ nextlink +
"'"
;
stmt = conn.createStatement(ResultSet.TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY,ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE);
rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);
if
(rs.next()) {
}
else
{
//if the link does not exist in the database, insert it
sql =
"INSERT INTO record (URL, crawled) VALUES ('"
+ nextlink +
"',0)"
;
pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(sql, Statement.RETURN_GENERATED_KEYS);
pstmt.execute();
|
在表record中查找是否已经存在这个链接,如果存在(rs.next()==true),不做任何处理;如果不存在(rs.next()==false),在表中插入这个地址并把crawled置为false。因为之前recordID设为AUTO_INCREMENT,所以要用 Statement.RETURN_GENERATED_KEYS获取适当的编号。
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nextlink = nextlink.substring(mainurl.length());
if
(nextlink.startsWith(
"tag/"
)) {
tag = nextlink.substring(
4
, nextlink.length()-
1
);
tag = URLDecoder.decode(tag,
"UTF-8"
);
|