【已测试】Java+MySQL实现网络爬虫程序

文章来源:http://johnhany.net/2013/11/web-crawler-using-java-and-mysql/#imageclose-413

代码下载网址:https://github.com/johnhany/WPCrawler

        网络爬虫,也叫网络蜘蛛,有的项目也把它称作“walker”。维基百科所给的定义是“一种系统地扫描互联网,以获取索引为目的的网络程序”。网络上有很多关于网络爬虫的开源项目,其中比较有名的是Heritrix和Apache Nutch。

        有时需要在网上搜集信息,如果需要搜集的是获取方法单一而人工搜集费时费力的信息,比如统计一个网站每个月发了多少篇文章、用了哪些标签,为自然语言处理项目搜集语料,或者为模式识别项目搜集图片等等,就需要爬虫程序来完成这样的任务。而且搜索引擎必不可少的组件之一也是网络爬虫。

        很多网络爬虫都是用Python,Java或C#实现的。我这里给出的是Java版本的爬虫程序。为了节省时间和空间,我把程序限制在只扫描本博客地址下的网页(也就是http://johnhan.net/但不包括http://johnhany.net/wp-content/下的内容),并从网址中统计出所用的所有标签。只要稍作修改,去掉代码里的限制条件就能作为扫描整个网络的程序使用。或者对输出格式稍作修改,可以作为生成博客sitemap的工具。

        代码也可以在这里下载:johnhany/WPCrawler。


环境需求

        我的开发环境是Windows7 + Eclipse。

        需要XAMPP提供通过url访问MySQL数据库的端口。

        还要用到三个开源的Java类库:

        Apache HttpComponents 4.3 提供HTTP接口,用来向目标网址提交HTTP请求,以获取网页的内容;

        HTML Parser 2.0 用来解析网页,从DOM节点中提取网址链接;

        MySQL Connector/J 5.1.27 连接Java程序和MySQL,然后就可以用Java代码操作数据库。


代码

        代码位于三个文件中,分别是:crawler.java,httpGet.java和parsePage.java。包名为net.johnhany.wpcrawler。

crawler.java

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package net.johnhany.wpcrawler;
 
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Statement;
 
public class crawler {
     
     public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception {
         String frontpage = "http://johnhany.net/" ;
         Connection conn = null ;
         
         //connect the MySQL database
         try {
             Class.forName( "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver" );
             String dburl = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8" ;
             conn = DriverManager.getConnection(dburl, "root" , "" );
             System.out.println( "connection built" );
         } catch (SQLException e) {
             e.printStackTrace();
         } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
             e.printStackTrace();
         }
         
         String sql = null ;
         String url = frontpage;
         Statement stmt = null ;
         ResultSet rs = null ;
         int count = 0 ;
         
         if (conn != null ) {
             //create database and table that will be needed
             try {
                 sql = "CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS crawler" ;
                 stmt = conn.createStatement();
                 stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
                 
                 sql = "USE crawler" ;
                 stmt = conn.createStatement();
                 stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
                 
                 sql = "create table if not exists record (recordID int(5) not null auto_increment, URL text not null, crawled tinyint(1) not null, primary key (recordID)) engine=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8" ;
                 stmt = conn.createStatement();
                 stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
                 
                 sql = "create table if not exists tags (tagnum int(4) not null auto_increment, tagname text not null, primary key (tagnum)) engine=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8" ;
                 stmt = conn.createStatement();
                 stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
             } catch (SQLException e) {
                 e.printStackTrace();
             }
             
             //crawl every link in the database
             while ( true ) {
                 //get page content of link "url"
                 httpGet.getByString(url,conn);
                 count++;
                 
                 //set boolean value "crawled" to true after crawling this page
                 sql = "UPDATE record SET crawled = 1 WHERE URL = '" + url + "'" ;
                 stmt = conn.createStatement();
                 
                 if (stmt.executeUpdate(sql) > 0 ) {
                     //get the next page that has not been crawled yet
                     sql = "SELECT * FROM record WHERE crawled = 0" ;
                     stmt = conn.createStatement();
                     rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);
                     if (rs.next()) {
                         url = rs.getString( 2 );
                     } else {
                         //stop crawling if reach the bottom of the list
                         break ;
                     }
 
                     //set a limit of crawling count
                     if (count > 1000 || url == null ) {
                         break ;
                     }
                 }
             }
             conn.close();
             conn = null ;
             
             System.out.println( "Done." );
             System.out.println(count);
         }
     }
}

httpGet.java

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package net.johnhany.wpcrawler;
 
import java.io.IOException;
import java.sql.Connection;
 
import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
import org.apache.http.HttpResponse;
import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;
import org.apache.http.client.ResponseHandler;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
 
public class httpGet {
 
     public final static void getByString(String url, Connection conn) throws Exception {
         CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault();
         
         try {
             HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet(url);
             System.out.println( "executing request " + httpget.getURI());
 
             ResponseHandler responseHandler = new ResponseHandler() {
 
                 public String handleResponse(
                         final HttpResponse response) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException {
                     int status = response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode();
                     if (status >= 200 && status < 300 ) {
                         HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
                         return entity != null ? EntityUtils.toString(entity) : null ;
                     } else {
                         throw new ClientProtocolException( "Unexpected response status: " + status);
                     }
                 }
             };
             String responseBody = httpclient.execute(httpget, responseHandler);
             /*
             //print the content of the page
             System.out.println("----------------------------------------");
             System.out.println(responseBody);
             System.out.println("----------------------------------------");
             */
             parsePage.parseFromString(responseBody,conn);
             
         } finally {
             httpclient.close();
         }
     }
}

parsePage.java

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package net.johnhany.wpcrawler;
 
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Statement;
 
import org.htmlparser.Node;
import org.htmlparser.Parser;
import org.htmlparser.filters.HasAttributeFilter;
import org.htmlparser.tags.LinkTag;
import org.htmlparser.util.NodeList;
import org.htmlparser.util.ParserException;
 
import java.net.URLDecoder;
 
public class parsePage {
     
     public static void parseFromString(String content, Connection conn) throws Exception {
         Parser parser = new Parser(content);
         HasAttributeFilter filter = new HasAttributeFilter( "href" );
         
         try {
             NodeList list = parser.parse(filter);
             int count = list.size();
             
             //process every link on this page
             for ( int i= 0 ; i
                 Node node = list.elementAt(i);
                 
                 if (node instanceof LinkTag) {
                     LinkTag link = (LinkTag) node;
                     String nextlink = link.extractLink();
                     String mainurl = "http://johnhany.net/" ;
                     String wpurl = mainurl + "wp-content/" ;
 
                     //only save page from "http://johnhany.net"
                     if (nextlink.startsWith(mainurl)) {
                         String sql = null ;
                         ResultSet rs = null ;
                         PreparedStatement pstmt = null ;
                         Statement stmt = null ;
                         String tag = null ;
                         
                         //do not save any page from "wp-content"
                         if (nextlink.startsWith(wpurl)) {
                             continue ;
                         }
                         
                         try {
                             //check if the link already exists in the database
                             sql = "SELECT * FROM record WHERE URL = '" + nextlink + "'" ;
                             stmt = conn.createStatement(ResultSet.TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY,ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE);
                             rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);
 
                             if (rs.next()) {
                                 
                             } else {
                                 //if the link does not exist in the database, insert it
                                 sql = "INSERT INTO record (URL, crawled) VALUES ('" + nextlink + "',0)" ;
                                 pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(sql, Statement.RETURN_GENERATED_KEYS);
                                 pstmt.execute();
                                 System.out.println(nextlink);
                                 
                                 //use substring for better comparison performance
                                 nextlink = nextlink.substring(mainurl.length());
                                 //System.out.println(nextlink);
                                 
                                 if (nextlink.startsWith( "tag/" )) {
                                     tag = nextlink.substring( 4 , nextlink.length()- 1 );
                                     //decode in UTF-8 for Chinese characters
                                     tag = URLDecoder.decode(tag, "UTF-8" );
                                     sql = "INSERT INTO tags (tagname) VALUES ('" + tag + "')" ;
                                     pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(sql, Statement.RETURN_GENERATED_KEYS);
                                     //if the links are different from each other, the tags must be different
                                     //so there is no need to check if the tag already exists
                                     pstmt.execute();
                                 }
                             }
                         } catch (SQLException e) {
                             //handle the exceptions
                             System.out.println( "SQLException: " + e.getMessage());
                             System.out.println( "SQLState: " + e.getSQLState());
                             System.out.println( "VendorError: " + e.getErrorCode());
                         } finally {
                             //close and release the resources of PreparedStatement, ResultSet and Statement
                             if (pstmt != null ) {
                                 try {
                                     pstmt.close();
                                 } catch (SQLException e2) {}
                             }
                             pstmt = null ;
                             
                             if (rs != null ) {
                                 try {
                                     rs.close();
                                 } catch (SQLException e1) {}
                             }
                             rs = null ;
                             
                             if (stmt != null ) {
                                 try {
                                     stmt.close();
                                 } catch (SQLException e3) {}
                             }
                             stmt = null ;
                         }
                         
                     }
                 }
             }
         } catch (ParserException e) {
             e.printStackTrace();
         }
     }
}

程序原理

        所谓“互联网”,是网状结构,任意两个节点间都有可能存在路径。爬虫程序对互联网的扫描,在图论角度来讲,就是对有向图的遍历(链接是从一个网页指向另一个网页,所以是有向的)。常见的遍历方法有深度优先和广度优先两种。相关理论知识可以参考树的遍历:这里和这里。我的程序采用的是广度优先方式。

        程序从crawler.java的main()开始运行。

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Class.forName( "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver" );
String dburl = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8" ;
conn = DriverManager.getConnection(dburl, "root" , "" );
System.out.println( "connection built" );

        首先,调用DriverManager连接MySQL服务。这里使用的是XAMPP的默认MySQL端口3306,端口值可以在XAMPP主界面看到:

【已测试】Java+MySQL实现网络爬虫程序_第1张图片
【已测试】Java+MySQL实现网络爬虫程序_第2张图片

        Apache和MySQL都启动之后,在浏览器地址栏输入“http://localhost/phpmyadmin/”就可以看到数据库了。等程序运行完之后可以在这里检查一下运行是否正确。

【已测试】Java+MySQL实现网络爬虫程序_第3张图片
【已测试】Java+MySQL实现网络爬虫程序_第4张图片

 

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sql = "CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS crawler" ;
stmt = conn.createStatement();
stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
 
sql = "USE crawler" ;
stmt = conn.createStatement();
stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
 
sql = "create table if not exists record (recordID int(5) not null auto_increment, URL text not null, crawled tinyint(1) not null, primary key (recordID)) engine=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8" ;
stmt = conn.createStatement();
stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
 
sql = "create table if not exists tags (tagnum int(4) not null auto_increment, tagname text not null, primary key (tagnum)) engine=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8" ;
stmt = conn.createStatement();
stmt.executeUpdate(sql);

        连接好数据库后,建立一个名为“crawler”的数据库,在库里建两个表,一个叫“record”,包含字段“recordID”,“URL”和“crawled”,分别记录地址编号、链接地址和地址是否被扫描过;另一个叫“tags”,包含字段“tagnum”和“tagname”,分别记录标签编号和标签名。

 

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while ( true ) {
     httpGet.getByString(url,conn);
     count++;
     
     sql = "UPDATE record SET crawled = 1 WHERE URL = '" + url + "'" ;
     stmt = conn.createStatement();
     
     if (stmt.executeUpdate(sql) > 0 ) {
         sql = "SELECT * FROM record WHERE crawled = 0" ;
         stmt = conn.createStatement();
         rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);
         if (rs.next()) {
             url = rs.getString( 2 );
         } else {
             break ;
         }
     }
}

        接着在一个while循环内依次处理表record内的每个地址。每次处理时,把地址url传递给httpGet.getByString(),然后在表record中把crawled改为true,表明这个地址已经处理过。然后寻找下一个crawled为false的地址,继续处理,直到处理到表尾。

        这里需要注意的细节是,执行executeQuery()后,得到了一个ResultSet结构rs,rs包含SQL查询返回的所有行和一个指针,指针指向结果中第一行之前的位置,需要执行一次rs.next()才能让rs的指针指向第一个结果,同时返回true,之后每次执行rs.next()都会把指针移到下一个结果上并返回true,直至再也没有结果时,rs.next()的返回值变成了false。

        还有一个细节,在执行建库建表、INSERT、UPDATE时,需要用executeUpdate();在执行SELECT时,需要使用executeQuery()。executeQuery()总是返回一个ResultSet,executeUpdate()返回符合查询的行数。

 

        httpGet.java的getByString()类负责向所给的网址发送请求,然后下载网页内容。

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HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet(url);
System.out.println( "executing request " + httpget.getURI());
 
ResponseHandler responseHandler = new ResponseHandler() {
     public String handleResponse(
             final HttpResponse response) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException {
         int status = response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode();
         if (status >= 200 && status < 300 ) {
             HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
             return entity != null ? EntityUtils.toString(entity) : null ;
         } else {
             throw new ClientProtocolException( "Unexpected response status: " + status);
         }
     }
};
String responseBody = httpclient.execute(httpget, responseHandler);

        这段代码是HTTPComponents的HTTP Client组件中给出的样例,在很多情况下可以直接使用。这部分代码获得了一个字符串responseBody,里面保存着网页中的全部字符。

        接着,就需要把responseBody传递给parsePage.java的parseFromString类提取链接。

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Parser parser = new Parser(content);
HasAttributeFilter filter = new HasAttributeFilter( "href" );
 
try {
     NodeList list = parser.parse(filter);
     int count = list.size();
     
     //process every link on this page
     for ( int i= 0 ; i
         Node node = list.elementAt(i);
         if (node instanceof LinkTag) {

        在HTML文件中,链接一般都在a标签的href属性中,所以需要创建一个属性过滤器。NodeList保存着这个HTML文件中的所有DOM节点,通过在for循环中依次处理每个节点寻找符合要求的标签,可以把网页中的所有链接提取出来。

        然后通过nextlink.startsWith()进一步筛选,只处理以“http://johnhany.net/”开头的链接并跳过以“http://johnhany.net/wp-content/”开头的链接。

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sql = "SELECT * FROM record WHERE URL = '" + nextlink + "'" ;
stmt = conn.createStatement(ResultSet.TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY,ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE);
rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);
 
if (rs.next()) {
     
} else {
     //if the link does not exist in the database, insert it
     sql = "INSERT INTO record (URL, crawled) VALUES ('" + nextlink + "',0)" ;
     pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(sql, Statement.RETURN_GENERATED_KEYS);
     pstmt.execute();

        在表record中查找是否已经存在这个链接,如果存在(rs.next()==true),不做任何处理;如果不存在(rs.next()==false),在表中插入这个地址并把crawled置为false。因为之前recordID设为AUTO_INCREMENT,所以要用 Statement.RETURN_GENERATED_KEYS获取适当的编号。

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nextlink = nextlink.substring(mainurl.length());
 
if (nextlink.startsWith( "tag/" )) {
     tag = nextlink.substring( 4 , nextlink.length()- 1 );
     tag = URLDecoder.decode(tag, "UTF-8" );

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