【深度学习】CNN的实现以及在手写数字识别中的应用

回顾

  • Affine层、Relu层以及SoftmaxWithLoss层实现
  • 卷积层和池化层实现

上面两篇博客,实现了CNN包含的层,下面我们只需要将他们组合起来,搭建进行手写数字识别的CNN

CNN实现

【深度学习】CNN的实现以及在手写数字识别中的应用_第1张图片

我们按上图CNN的网络结构进行实现,这里只包含一层卷积层

  • 下面给出各层的实现代码,具体内容可参考之前的博客:
# im2col 图像数据的展开
def im2col(input_data, filter_h, filter_w, stride=1, pad=0):
    N, C, H, W = input_data.shape
    out_h = (H + 2*pad - filter_h)//stride + 1
    out_w = (W + 2*pad - filter_w)//stride + 1
    img = np.pad(input_data, [(0,0), (0,0), (pad, pad), (pad, pad)], 'constant')
    col = np.zeros((N, C, filter_h, filter_w, out_h, out_w))
    for y in range(filter_h):
        y_max = y + stride*out_h
        for x in range(filter_w):
            x_max = x + stride*out_w
            col[:, :, y, x, :, :] = img[:, :, y:y_max:stride, x:x_max:stride]
    col = col.transpose(0, 4, 5, 1, 2, 3).reshape(N*out_h*out_w, -1)
    return col

# col2im 逆变换
def col2im(col, input_shape, filter_h, filter_w, stride=1, pad=0):
    N, C, H, W = input_shape
    out_h = (H + 2*pad - filter_h)//stride + 1
    out_w = (W + 2*pad - filter_w)//stride + 1
    col = col.reshape(N, out_h, out_w, C, filter_h, filter_w).transpose(0, 3, 4, 5, 1, 2)
    img = np.zeros((N, C, H + 2*pad + stride - 1, W + 2*pad + stride - 1))
    for y in range(filter_h):
        y_max = y + stride*out_h
        for x in range(filter_w):
            x_max = x + stride*out_w
            img[:, :, y:y_max:stride, x:x_max:stride] += col[:, :, y, x, :, :]
    return img[:, :, pad:H + pad, pad:W + pad]
    
# ReLU层
class Relu:
    def __init__(self):
        self.mask = None
    def forward(self, x):
        self.mask = (x <= 0)
        out = x.copy()
        out[self.mask] = 0
        return out
    def backward(self, dout):
        dout[self.mask] = 0
        dx = dout
        return dx
        
# Affine层  
class Affine:
    def __init__(self, W, b):
        self.W =W
        self.b = b       
        self.x = None
        self.original_x_shape = None
        # 权重和偏置参数的导数
        self.dW = None
        self.db = None
    def forward(self, x):
        # 对应张量
        self.original_x_shape = x.shape
        x = x.reshape(x.shape[0], -1)
        self.x = x
        out = np.dot(self.x, self.W) + self.b
        return out
    def backward(self, dout):
        dx = np.dot(dout, self.W.T)
        self.dW = np.dot(self.x.T, dout)
        self.db = np.sum(dout, axis=0)
        dx = dx.reshape(*self.original_x_shape)  # 还原输入数据的形状(对应张量)
        return dx

# 卷积层
class Convolution:
    def __init__(self, W, b, stride=1, pad=0):
        self.W = W
        self.b = b
        self.stride = stride
        self.pad = pad       
        # 中间数据(backward时使用)
        self.x = None   
        self.col = None
        self.col_W = None        
        # 权重和偏置参数的梯度
        self.dW = None
        self.db = None
    def forward(self, x):
        FN, C, FH, FW = self.W.shape
        N, C, H, W = x.shape
        out_h = 1 + int((H + 2*self.pad - FH) / self.stride)
        out_w = 1 + int((W + 2*self.pad - FW) / self.stride)
        col = im2col(x, FH, FW, self.stride, self.pad)
        col_W = self.W.reshape(FN, -1).T
        out = np.dot(col, col_W) + self.b
        out = out.reshape(N, out_h, out_w, -1).transpose(0, 3, 1, 2)
        self.x = x
        self.col = col
        self.col_W = col_W
        return out
    def backward(self, dout):
        FN, C, FH, FW = self.W.shape
        dout = dout.transpose(0,2,3,1).reshape(-1, FN)
        self.db = np.sum(dout, axis=0)
        self.dW = np.dot(self.col.T, dout)
        self.dW = self.dW.transpose(1, 0).reshape(FN, C, FH, FW)
        dcol = np.dot(dout, self.col_W.T)
        dx = col2im(dcol, self.x.shape, FH, FW, self.stride, self.pad)
        return dx

# 池化层
class Pooling:
    def __init__(self, pool_h, pool_w, stride=1, pad=0):
        self.pool_h = pool_h
        self.pool_w = pool_w
        self.stride = stride
        self.pad = pad        
        self.x = None
        self.arg_max = None
    def forward(self, x):
        N, C, H, W = x.shape
        out_h = int(1 + (H - self.pool_h) / self.stride)
        out_w = int(1 + (W - self.pool_w) / self.stride)
        col = im2col(x, self.pool_h, self.pool_w, self.stride, self.pad)
        col = col.reshape(-1, self.pool_h*self.pool_w)
        arg_max = np.argmax(col, axis=1)
        out = np.max(col, axis=1)
        out = out.reshape(N, out_h, out_w, C).transpose(0, 3, 1, 2)
        self.x = x
        self.arg_max = arg_max
        return out
    def backward(self, dout):
        dout = dout.transpose(0, 2, 3, 1)        
        pool_size = self.pool_h * self.pool_w
        dmax = np.zeros((dout.size, pool_size))
        dmax[np.arange(self.arg_max.size), self.arg_max.flatten()] = dout.flatten()
        dmax = dmax.reshape(dout.shape + (pool_size,))        
        dcol = dmax.reshape(dmax.shape[0] * dmax.shape[1] * dmax.shape[2], -1)
        dx = col2im(dcol, self.x.shape, self.pool_h, self.pool_w, self.stride, self.pad)      
        return dx
  • CNN实现
import numpy as np
from collections import OrderedDict
import pickle

class SoftmaxWithLoss:
    def __init__(self):
        self.loss = None
        self.y = None # softmax的输出
        self.t = None # 监督数据

    def forward(self, x, t):
        self.t = t
        self.y = softmax(x)
        self.loss = cross_entropy_error(self.y, self.t)
        
        return self.loss

    def backward(self, dout=1):
        batch_size = self.t.shape[0]
        if self.t.size == self.y.size: # 监督数据是one-hot-vector的情况
            dx = (self.y - self.t) / batch_size
        else:
            dx = self.y.copy()
            dx[np.arange(batch_size), self.t] -= 1
            dx = dx / batch_size
        
        return dx

class SimpleConvNet:
    """简单的ConvNet

    conv - relu - pool - affine - relu - affine - softmax
    
    Parameters
    ----------
    input_size : 输入大小(MNIST的情况下为784)
    conv_param : 卷积层的超参数(字典)
        filter_num : 滤波器(卷积核)的数量
        filter_size : 滤波器的大小
        pad : 填充
        stride : 步幅
    hidden_size : 隐藏层的神经元数量
    output_size : 输出大小(MNIST的情况下为10)
    activation : 'relu' or 'sigmoid'
    weight_init_std : 指定权重的标准差(e.g. 0.01)
        指定'relu'或'he'的情况下设定“He的初始值”
        指定'sigmoid'或'xavier'的情况下设定“Xavier的初始值”
    """
    # 初始化操作
    def __init__(self, input_dim=(1, 28, 28), 
                 conv_param={'filter_num':30, 'filter_size':5, 'pad':0, 'stride':1},
                 hidden_size=100, output_size=10, weight_init_std=0.01):
        # 从conv_param字典中取出相应的value
        filter_num = conv_param['filter_num']
        filter_size = conv_param['filter_size']
        filter_pad = conv_param['pad']
        filter_stride = conv_param['stride']
        input_size = input_dim[1]
        # 计算卷积层的输出大小
        conv_output_size = (input_size - filter_size + 2*filter_pad) / filter_stride + 1
        # 计算池化层的输出大小
        pool_output_size = int(filter_num * (conv_output_size/2) * (conv_output_size/2))

        # 初始化权重
        self.params = {}
        self.params['W1'] = weight_init_std * np.random.randn(filter_num, input_dim[0], filter_size, filter_size)
        self.params['b1'] = np.zeros(filter_num)
        self.params['W2'] = weight_init_std * np.random.randn(pool_output_size, hidden_size)
        self.params['b2'] = np.zeros(hidden_size)
        self.params['W3'] = weight_init_std * np.random.randn(hidden_size, output_size)
        self.params['b3'] = np.zeros(output_size)

        # 生成层
        self.layers = OrderedDict()  # 有序字典
        # 依次向有序字典中添加层
        self.layers['Conv1'] = Convolution(self.params['W1'], self.params['b1'],conv_param['stride'], conv_param['pad'])
        self.layers['Relu1'] = Relu()
        self.layers['Pool1'] = Pooling(pool_h=2, pool_w=2, stride=2)
        self.layers['Affine1'] = Affine(self.params['W2'], self.params['b2'])
        self.layers['Relu2'] = Relu()
        self.layers['Affine2'] = Affine(self.params['W3'], self.params['b3'])
        # 最后一层添加到变量last_layer中
        self.last_layer = SoftmaxWithLoss()
    
    # 推理
    def predict(self, x):
        # 从头开始一次调用已经添加的层,并进行正向传播运算,并将结果传递给下一层
        for layer in self.layers.values():
            x = layer.forward(x)
        return x  
    
    # 求损失
    def loss(self, x, t):
        """求损失函数
        参数x是输入数据、t是教师标签
        """
        y = self.predict(x)
        return self.last_layer.forward(y, t)
    
    # 计算准确率
    def accuracy(self, x, t, batch_size=100):
        if t.ndim != 1 : t = np.argmax(t, axis=1)
        
        acc = 0.0
        
        for i in range(int(x.shape[0] / batch_size)):
            tx = x[i*batch_size:(i+1)*batch_size]
            tt = t[i*batch_size:(i+1)*batch_size]
            y = self.predict(tx)
            y = np.argmax(y, axis=1)
            acc += np.sum(y == tt) 
        
        return acc / x.shape[0]

    # 计算梯度
    def gradient(self, x, t):
        """求梯度(误差反向传播法)

        Parameters
        ----------
        x : 输入数据
        t : 教师标签

        Returns
        -------
        具有各层的梯度的字典变量
            grads['W1']、grads['W2']、...是各层的权重
            grads['b1']、grads['b2']、...是各层的偏置
        """
        # forward
        self.loss(x, t)

        # backward
        dout = 1
        dout = self.last_layer.backward(dout)

        layers = list(self.layers.values())
        layers.reverse()
        for layer in layers:
            dout = layer.backward(dout)

        # 设定
        grads = {}
        grads['W1'], grads['b1'] = self.layers['Conv1'].dW, self.layers['Conv1'].db
        grads['W2'], grads['b2'] = self.layers['Affine1'].dW, self.layers['Affine1'].db
        grads['W3'], grads['b3'] = self.layers['Affine2'].dW, self.layers['Affine2'].db

        return grads
    
    # 保存模型
    def save_params(self, file_name="params.pkl"):
        params = {}
        for key, val in self.params.items():
            params[key] = val
        with open(file_name, 'wb') as f:
            pickle.dump(params, f)
    # 加载模型
    def load_params(self, file_name="params.pkl"):
        with open(file_name, 'rb') as f:
            params = pickle.load(f)
        for key, val in params.items():
            self.params[key] = val

        for i, key in enumerate(['Conv1', 'Affine1', 'Affine2']):
            self.layers[key].W = self.params['W' + str(i+1)]
            self.layers[key].b = self.params['b' + str(i+1)]

CNN的训练

  • 优化方法点击查看
class SGD:

    """随机梯度下降法(Stochastic Gradient Descent)"""

    def __init__(self, lr=0.01):
        self.lr = lr
        
    def update(self, params, grads):
        for key in params.keys():
            params[key] -= self.lr * grads[key] 
class Momentum:

    """Momentum SGD"""

    def __init__(self, lr=0.01, momentum=0.9):
        self.lr = lr
        self.momentum = momentum
        self.v = None
        
    def update(self, params, grads):
        if self.v is None:
            self.v = {}
            for key, val in params.items():                                
                self.v[key] = np.zeros_like(val)
                
        for key in params.keys():
            self.v[key] = self.momentum*self.v[key] - self.lr*grads[key] 
            params[key] += self.v[key]

class Nesterov:

    """Nesterov's Accelerated Gradient (http://arxiv.org/abs/1212.0901)"""

    def __init__(self, lr=0.01, momentum=0.9):
        self.lr = lr
        self.momentum = momentum
        self.v = None
        
    def update(self, params, grads):
        if self.v is None:
            self.v = {}
            for key, val in params.items():
                self.v[key] = np.zeros_like(val)
            
        for key in params.keys():
            self.v[key] *= self.momentum
            self.v[key] -= self.lr * grads[key]
            params[key] += self.momentum * self.momentum * self.v[key]
            params[key] -= (1 + self.momentum) * self.lr * grads[key]
class AdaGrad:

    """AdaGrad"""

    def __init__(self, lr=0.01):
        self.lr = lr
        self.h = None
        
    def update(self, params, grads):
        if self.h is None:
            self.h = {}
            for key, val in params.items():
                self.h[key] = np.zeros_like(val)
            
        for key in params.keys():
            self.h[key] += grads[key] * grads[key]
            params[key] -= self.lr * grads[key] / (np.sqrt(self.h[key]) + 1e-7)


class RMSprop:

    """RMSprop"""

    def __init__(self, lr=0.01, decay_rate = 0.99):
        self.lr = lr
        self.decay_rate = decay_rate
        self.h = None
        
    def update(self, params, grads):
        if self.h is None:
            self.h = {}
            for key, val in params.items():
                self.h[key] = np.zeros_like(val)
            
        for key in params.keys():
            self.h[key] *= self.decay_rate
            self.h[key] += (1 - self.decay_rate) * grads[key] * grads[key]
            params[key] -= self.lr * grads[key] / (np.sqrt(self.h[key]) + 1e-7)


class Adam:

    """Adam (http://arxiv.org/abs/1412.6980v8)"""

    def __init__(self, lr=0.001, beta1=0.9, beta2=0.999):
        self.lr = lr
        self.beta1 = beta1
        self.beta2 = beta2
        self.iter = 0
        self.m = None
        self.v = None
        
    def update(self, params, grads):
        if self.m is None:
            self.m, self.v = {}, {}
            for key, val in params.items():
                self.m[key] = np.zeros_like(val)
                self.v[key] = np.zeros_like(val)
        
        self.iter += 1
        lr_t  = self.lr * np.sqrt(1.0 - self.beta2**self.iter) / (1.0 - self.beta1**self.iter)         
        
        for key in params.keys():
            self.m[key] += (1 - self.beta1) * (grads[key] - self.m[key])
            self.v[key] += (1 - self.beta2) * (grads[key]**2 - self.v[key])
            
            params[key] -= lr_t * self.m[key] / (np.sqrt(self.v[key]) + 1e-7)
  • 训练实现类
class Trainer:
    """进行神经网络的训练的类
    """
    def __init__(self, network, x_train, t_train, x_test, t_test,
                 epochs=20, mini_batch_size=100,
                 optimizer='SGD', optimizer_param={'lr':0.01}, 
                 evaluate_sample_num_per_epoch=None, verbose=True):
        self.network = network
        self.verbose = verbose
        self.x_train = x_train
        self.t_train = t_train
        self.x_test = x_test
        self.t_test = t_test
        self.epochs = epochs
        self.batch_size = mini_batch_size
        self.evaluate_sample_num_per_epoch = evaluate_sample_num_per_epoch

        # 优化方法字典
        optimizer_class_dict = {'sgd':SGD, 'momentum':Momentum, 'nesterov':Nesterov,
                                'adagrad':AdaGrad, 'rmsprpo':RMSprop, 'adam':Adam}
        self.optimizer = optimizer_class_dict[optimizer.lower()](**optimizer_param)
        
        self.train_size = x_train.shape[0]
        self.iter_per_epoch = max(self.train_size / mini_batch_size, 1)
        self.max_iter = int(epochs * self.iter_per_epoch)
        self.current_iter = 0
        self.current_epoch = 0
        
        self.train_loss_list = []
        self.train_acc_list = []
        self.test_acc_list = []

    def train_step(self):
    	# 随机选择数据
        batch_mask = np.random.choice(self.train_size, self.batch_size)
        x_batch = self.x_train[batch_mask]
        t_batch = self.t_train[batch_mask]
        # 求梯度
        grads = self.network.gradient(x_batch, t_batch)
        # 更新参数
        self.optimizer.update(self.network.params, grads)
        # 求损失
        loss = self.network.loss(x_batch, t_batch)
        self.train_loss_list.append(loss)
        if self.verbose: 
        	print("train loss:" + str(loss))
        
        if self.current_iter % self.iter_per_epoch == 0:
            self.current_epoch += 1
            
            x_train_sample, t_train_sample = self.x_train, self.t_train
            x_test_sample, t_test_sample = self.x_test, self.t_test
            if not self.evaluate_sample_num_per_epoch is None:
                t = self.evaluate_sample_num_per_epoch
                x_train_sample, t_train_sample = self.x_train[:t], self.t_train[:t]
                x_test_sample, t_test_sample = self.x_test[:t], self.t_test[:t]
            # 计算训练准确率
            train_acc = self.network.accuracy(x_train_sample, t_train_sample)
            # 测试准确率
            test_acc = self.network.accuracy(x_test_sample, t_test_sample)
            # 添加到列表中
            self.train_acc_list.append(train_acc)
            self.test_acc_list.append(test_acc)

            if self.verbose: print("=== epoch:" + str(self.current_epoch) + ", train acc:" + str(train_acc) + ", test acc:" + str(test_acc) + " ===")
        self.current_iter += 1

    def train(self):
        for i in range(self.max_iter):
            self.train_step()

        test_acc = self.network.accuracy(self.x_test, self.t_test)

        if self.verbose:
            print("=============== Final Test Accuracy ===============")
            print("test acc:" + str(test_acc))

测试

import mnist

# 读入数据
(x_train, t_train), (x_test, t_test) = mnist.load_mnist(flatten=False)

# 处理花费时间较长的情况下减少数据 
x_train, t_train = x_train[:5000], t_train[:5000]
x_test, t_test = x_test[:1000], t_test[:1000]

max_epochs = 20

# 构建CNN网络
network = SimpleConvNet(input_dim=(1,28,28), 
                        conv_param = {'filter_num': 30, 'filter_size': 5, 'pad': 0, 'stride': 1},
                        hidden_size=100, output_size=10, weight_init_std=0.01)

# 训练,选择的Adam优化
trainer = Trainer(network, x_train, t_train, x_test, t_test,
                  epochs=max_epochs, mini_batch_size=100,
                  optimizer='Adam', optimizer_param={'lr': 0.001},
                  evaluate_sample_num_per_epoch=1000)
trainer.train()

# 保存参数
network.save_params("params.pkl")
print("保存模型成功!")

【深度学习】CNN的实现以及在手写数字识别中的应用_第2张图片

总结

  • 由于处理花费时间较长,我只选择了部分数据,有兴趣的可以使用全部数据,将测试代码中的减少数据注释掉
  • 本代码实现了多种优化方法,可以选择不同的优化方法进行比较

你可能感兴趣的:(深度学习)