在oracle下我们如何正确的执行数据库恢复

当数据库需要进行介质恢复时，为了确保数据库能够顺利的执行恢复过程，恢复数据库到当前状态。我们要做的就是验证！验证什么呢？当然是验证备份集和归档是否能够进行有效的恢复。防止我们restore后，执行recover时却发现归档缺少了一堆，顿时傻眼。

比方说，在数据库当前日志序列号为3时我们完全备份了数据库。在数据库当前联机日志序列号为13时数据库损坏需要恢复。假设数据库联机日志组为3组，则可以推断数据库联机日志序列号分别为11、12、13。因此当数据库执行restore database后，再执行recover时不难推断数据库需要应用归档3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10以及联机日志11、12、13来进行完全恢复。

为了能够顺利的执行完全恢复，我们在执行恢复前，需要对restore调用的备份集进行恢复验证（语句为：restorevalidate database）以及验证recover过程所需的归档3-10（语句为：restore validate archivelog sequence between 3 and10）。

以完全恢复为例，举例如下：

1数据库当前日志seq号为59，我们备份数据库

SQL> selectgroup#,archived,sequence#,status from v$log;

  GROUP# ARC  SEQUENCE# STATUS

---------- --- ---------- ----------------

       1 YES         58 INACTIVE

       2 NO         59 CURRENT

       3 YES         57 INACTIVE

RMAN> backup database format'/backup/fullbk-%T-%U.bak';      

Starting backup at 2014-02-17 12:03:28

using channel ORA_DISK_1

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafilebackup set

channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s)in backup set

input datafile file number=00004name=/oracle/CRM/CRM/users01.dbf

input datafile file number=00001name=/oracle/CRM/CRM/system01.dbf

input datafile file number=00002name=/oracle/CRM/CRM/sysaux01.dbf

input datafile file number=00003name=/oracle/CRM/CRM/undotbs01.dbf

input datafile file number=00005name=/oracle/CRM/CRM/crm.dbf

input datafile file number=00006name=/oracle/CRM/test.dbf

input datafile file number=00008name=/oracle/CRM/jxc.dbf

input datafile file number=00007name=/oracle/CRM/user01.dbf

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at2014-02-17 12:03:29

channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at2014-02-17 12:05:57

piecehandle=/backup/fullbk-20140217-3ep0rj0h_1_1.bak tag=TAG20140217T120328 comment=NONE

channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete,elapsed time: 00:02:28

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafilebackup set

channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s)in backup set

including current control file in backupset

including current SPFILE in backup set

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at2014-02-17 12:06:01

channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at2014-02-17 12:06:02

piecehandle=/backup/fullbk-20140217-3fp0rj56_1_1.bak tag=TAG20140217T120328comment=NONE

channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete,elapsed time: 00:00:01

Finished backup at 2014-02-17 12:06:02

2 当数据库联机日志为69时数据库崩溃需要进行介质恢复

SQL> selectgroup#,archived,sequence#,status from v$Log;

  GROUP# ARC  SEQUENCE# STATUS

---------- --- ---------- ----------------

       1 YES         67 INACTIVE

       2 YES         68 INACTIVE

       3 NO          69 CURRENT

注意：这里其实我们可以推断，如果数据库需要恢复到当前状态，那么归档59到归档66的所有归档，必须能够进行有效的恢复。我们只需要发起restore database preview命令，Oracle便可以给出我们归档列表，继续往下看。

3 判定当前数据库恢复所需要备份集和归档条目

注意对于restore database preview列出的归档条目，recover执行完全恢复时并不会完全应用，因为完全恢复recover过程是：应用相关归档+ 所有联机日志，seq号从小到大依次应用。后面会抓取recover过程，这里先暂且提一下。

RMAN> restore database preview;

Starting restore at 2014-02-17 16:14:21

using target database control file insteadof recovery catalog

allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1

channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=63 device type=DISK

List of Backup Sets

===================

BS Key Type LV Size       Device TypeElapsed Time Completion Time    

------- ---- -- ---------- ----------------------- -------------------

108    Full    2.03G      DISK        00:02:26     2014-02-17 12:05:38

      BP Key: 108   Status:AVAILABLE  Compressed: NO  Tag: TAG20140217T120328

Piece Name:/backup/fullbk-20140217-3ep0rj0h_1_1.bak  

注意：这里显示备份片总是rman资料库中记录的数据文件最新的备份

List of Datafiles in backup set 108

File LV Type Ckp SCN    CkpTime            Name

---- -- ---- ---------- ------------------- ----

1       Full 4028039    2014-02-17 12:03:29/oracle/CRM/CRM/system01.dbf

2       Full 4028039    2014-02-17 12:03:29/oracle/CRM/CRM/sysaux01.dbf

3       Full 4028039    2014-02-17 12:03:29/oracle/CRM/CRM/undotbs01.dbf

4       Full 4028039    2014-02-17 12:03:29/oracle/CRM/CRM/users01.dbf

5       Full 4028039    2014-02-17 12:03:29 /oracle/CRM/CRM/crm.dbf

6       Full 4028039    2014-02-17 12:03:29 /oracle/CRM/test.dbf

7       Full 4028039    2014-02-17 12:03:29 /oracle/CRM/user01.dbf

8       Full 4028039    2014-02-17 12:03:29 /oracle/CRM/jxc.dbf

using channel ORA_DISK_1

List of Archived Log Copies for databasewith db_unique_name CRM

=====================================================================

Key    Thrd Seq    S Low Time          

------- ---- ------- - -------------------

131    1    59      A 2014-02-17 11:55:37

Name:/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_59_839098938.arch

132    1    60      A 2014-02-17 12:10:20

Name:/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_60_839098938.arch

133    1    61      A 2014-02-17 12:10:21

Name:/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_61_839098938.arch

134    1    62      A 2014-02-17 12:10:26

Name:/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_62_839098938.arch

135    1    63      A 2014-02-17 12:10:30

Name:/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_63_839098938.arch

136    1    64      A 2014-02-17 12:10:31

Name:/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_64_839098938.arch

137    1    65      A 2014-02-17 12:10:32

Name:/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_65_839098938.arch

138    1    66      A 2014-02-17 12:10:33

Name:/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_66_839098938.arch

139    1    67      A 2014-02-17 12:10:34

 Name:/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_67_839098938.arch

140    1    68      A 2014-02-17 12:10:36

Name:/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_68_839098938.arch

Media recovery start SCN is 4028039

Recovery must be done beyond SCN 4028039 toclear datafile fuzziness

Finished restore at 2014-02-17 16:14:24

注意：

1 上面seq号这一列显示的最后一个归档seq为68（从前面可知数据库当前联机日志文件seq号为69）也就是说restore database preview显示的归档列表结果中最后一个归档seq号总是比当前联机日志（当前联机日志也就是查看v$log状态为currnt的日志组）文件seq号小于1.

2  结合当前数据库的联机日志组seq号分别为67 68 69，可以判断：在recover应用最后一个归档seq号为66后，oracle会读取seq号为67、68、69联机日志文件继续推进该数据库来实现整个数据库完全恢复过程。

下面将演示整个验证和恢复过程:

4 验证恢复时需要用到的备份集是否能够正常恢复。

RMAN> restore validate database;

注意：这条命令直接会去rman资料库中找最新的备份集进行验证，也就是restore database preview命令显示的备份集。

Starting restore at 2014-02-17 16:14:59

using channel ORA_DISK_1

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting validation ofdatafile backup set

channel ORA_DISK_1: reading from backuppiece /backup/fullbk-20140217-3ep0rj0h_1_1.bak

channel ORA_DISK_1: piecehandle=/backup/fullbk-20140217-3ep0rj0h_1_1.bak tag=TAG20140217T120328

channel ORA_DISK_1: restored backup piece 1

channel ORA_DISK_1: validation complete,elapsed time: 00:00:36

Finished restore at 2014-02-17 16:15:35

5 验证恢复时应用的归档

RMAN> restore validate archivelogsequence between 59 and 66;

Starting restore at 2014-02-17 16:16:34

using channel ORA_DISK_1

channel ORA_DISK_1: scanning archived log /oracle/archivelog/arch_1_59_839098938.arch

channel ORA_DISK_1: scanning archived log/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_60_839098938.arch

channel ORA_DISK_1: scanning archived log/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_61_839098938.arch

channel ORA_DISK_1: scanning archived log/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_62_839098938.arch

channel ORA_DISK_1: scanning archived log/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_63_839098938.arch

channel ORA_DISK_1: scanning archived log/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_64_839098938.arch

channel ORA_DISK_1: scanning archived log/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_65_839098938.arch

channel ORA_DISK_1: scanning archived log/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_66_839098938.arch

Finished restore at 2014-02-17 16:16:37

6 执行restore和recover过程如下

RMAN> restore database;

Starting restore at 2014-02-17 16:36:23

allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1

channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=63 device type=DISK

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafilebackup set restore

channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s)to restore from backup set

channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00001to /oracle/CRM/CRM/system01.dbf

channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile00002 to /oracle/CRM/CRM/sysaux01.dbf

channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile00003 to /oracle/CRM/CRM/undotbs01.dbf

channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile00004 to /oracle/CRM/CRM/users01.dbf

channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile00005 to /oracle/CRM/CRM/crm.dbf

channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile00006 to /oracle/CRM/test.dbf

channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile00007 to /oracle/CRM/user01.dbf

channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile00008 to /oracle/CRM/jxc.dbf

channel ORA_DISK_1: reading from backuppiece /backup/fullbk-20140217-3ep0rj0h_1_1.bak

channel ORA_DISK_1: piecehandle=/backup/fullbk-20140217-3ep0rj0h_1_1.bak tag=TAG20140217T120328

channel ORA_DISK_1: restored backup piece 1

channel ORA_DISK_1: restore complete,elapsed time: 00:02:08

Finished restore at 2014-02-17 16:38:35

注意：restore后我们通过查询x$kcvfh的redo字节地址(RBA)的seq号(也就是是FHRBA_SEQ字段)可以得到restore database 后数据文件头部记录的rba.seq号, 该值近一步表明recover过程需要从seq号为59归档开始应用。

或者也可以从restore database后数据文件头部的scn值，对比归档的first_change# 和 next_change# 推断出recover 需要应用归档开始。

SQL> select hxfil,fhscn,fhrba_seq fromx$kcvfh;

   HXFIL FHSCN             FHRBA_SEQ

---------- ---------------- ----------

       1 4028039                  59

       2 4028039                 59

       3 4028039                  59

       4 4028039                  59

       5 4028039                  59

       6 4028039                  59

       7 4028039                  59

       8 4028039                  59

8 rows selected.

当然restore database 后，我们也可以直接查询v$recvoery_log来得到recover过程需要应用的归档条目，如下所示：

select * from v$recovery_log;

 THREAD#  SEQUENCE# TIME      ARCHIVE_NAME

---------- ---------- --------- ------------------------------------------------------------

       1         59 17-FEB-14/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_59_839098938.arch

       1         60 17-FEB-14/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_60_839098938.arch

       1         61 17-FEB-14 /oracle/archivelog/arch_1_61_839098938.arch

       1         62 17-FEB-14/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_62_839098938.arch

       1         63 17-FEB-14/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_63_839098938.arch

       1         64 17-FEB-14/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_64_839098938.arch

       1         65 17-FEB-14/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_65_839098938.arch

       1         66 17-FEB-14/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_66_839098938.arch

RMAN> recover database;

Starting recover at 2014-02-17 16:45:01

using channel ORA_DISK_1

starting media recovery

archived log for thread 1 with sequence 59is already on disk as file /oracle/archivelog/arch_1_59_839098938.arch

archived log for thread 1 with sequence 60is already on disk as file /oracle/archivelog/arch_1_60_839098938.arch

archived log for thread 1 with sequence 61is already on disk as file /oracle/archivelog/arch_1_61_839098938.arch

archived log for thread 1 with sequence 62is already on disk as file /oracle/archivelog/arch_1_62_839098938.arch

archived log for thread 1 with sequence 63is already on disk as file /oracle/archivelog/arch_1_63_839098938.arch

archived log for thread 1 with sequence 64is already on disk as file /oracle/archivelog/arch_1_64_839098938.arch

archived log for thread 1 with sequence 65is already on disk as file /oracle/archivelog/arch_1_65_839098938.arch

archived log for thread 1 with sequence 66is already on disk as file /oracle/archivelog/arch_1_66_839098938.arch

archived log for thread 1 with sequence 67is already on disk as file /oracle/archivelog/arch_1_67_839098938.arch

archived log for thread 1 with sequence 68is already on disk as file /oracle/archivelog/arch_1_68_839098938.arch

archived log filename=/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_59_839098938.arch thread=1 sequence=59

archived log file name=/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_60_839098938.archthread=1 sequence=60

archived log filename=/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_61_839098938.arch thread=1 sequence=61

archived log filename=/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_62_839098938.arch thread=1 sequence=62

archived log filename=/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_63_839098938.arch thread=1 sequence=63

archived log filename=/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_64_839098938.arch thread=1 sequence=64

archived log filename=/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_65_839098938.arch thread=1 sequence=65

archived log filename=/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_66_839098938.arch thread=1 sequence=66

media recovery complete, elapsed time:00:00:08

Finished recover at 2014-02-17 16:45:16

注意：这里可以清楚的看到应用的归档条目（红色标记处）

7 跟踪recover过程内容如下：

alter database recoverlogfile '/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_59_839098938.arch'

Media Recovery Log/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_59_839098938.arch

Mon Feb 17 16:45:12 2014

ORA-279 signalled during: alter databaserecover logfile '/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_59_839098938.arch'...

alter database recoverlogfile '/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_60_839098938.arch'

Media Recovery Log/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_60_839098938.arch

ORA-279 signalled during: alter databaserecover logfile '/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_60_839098938.arch'...

alter database recoverlogfile '/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_61_839098938.arch'

Media Recovery Log/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_61_839098938.arch

ORA-279 signalled during: alter databaserecover logfile '/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_61_839098938.arch'...

alter database recoverlogfile '/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_62_839098938.arch'

Media Recovery Log/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_62_839098938.arch

ORA-279 signalled during: alter databaserecover logfile '/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_62_839098938.arch'...

alter database recoverlogfile '/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_63_839098938.arch'

Media Recovery Log/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_63_839098938.arch

ORA-279 signalled during: alter databaserecover logfile '/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_63_839098938.arch'...

alter database recoverlogfile '/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_64_839098938.arch'

Media Recovery Log/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_64_839098938.arch

ORA-279 signalled during: alter databaserecover logfile '/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_64_839098938.arch'...

alter database recoverlogfile '/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_65_839098938.arch'

Media Recovery Log/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_65_839098938.arch

ORA-279 signalled during: alter databaserecover logfile '/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_65_839098938.arch'...

alter database recoverlogfile '/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_66_839098938.arch'

Media Recovery Log/oracle/archivelog/arch_1_66_839098938.arch

Mon Feb 17 16:45:14 2014

Recovery of Online RedoLog: Thread 1 Group 1 Seq 67 Reading mem 0

Mem# 0: /oracle/CRM/CRM/redo01.log

Recovery of Online RedoLog: Thread 1 Group 2 Seq 68 Reading mem 0

Mem# 0: /oracle/CRM/CRM/redo02.log

Recovery of Online RedoLog: Thread 1 Group 3 Seq 69 Reading mem 0

Mem# 0: /oracle/CRM/CRM/redo03.log

Media Recovery Complete(CRM)

注意：通过跟踪整个恢复过程，可以清楚的观察到在用recover进行完全恢复时，先应用归档，后再通过所有联机日志文件推进整个数据库来实现完全恢复的过程。

8 如果数据库进行不完全恢复如何获取恢复所需要的归档

以基于时间点恢复为例，我们可以这么使用得出恢复到这个时间点数据库需要的归档列表。

run{

sql 'alter session setnls_date_format="yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss"';

set until time='2013-12-09:05:50:12';

restore database preview;

}

总结：

1 在对数据库进行恢复的时，第一步先看看数据库是否归档，第二步看看数据库是否有备份，第三步验证备份和归档的有效性。最后执行整个恢复过程。

2 完全恢复时，通过对比restore database preview 显示的归档列表seq号和联机日志组的seq号，我们便可以清楚的推出数据库完全恢复时，recover需要应用的归档。