1、创建一个10G分区,并格式为ext4文件系统; [root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb 欢迎使用 fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2)。 更改将停留在内存中,直到您决定将更改写入磁盘。 使用写入命令前请三思。 Device does not contain a recognized partition table 使用磁盘标识符 0x5dda4f37 创建新的 DOS 磁盘标签。 命令(输入 m 获取帮助):n Partition type: p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free) e extended Select (default p): p 分区号 (1-4,默认 1):4 起始 扇区 (2048-41943039,默认为 2048): 将使用默认值 2048 Last 扇区, +扇区 or +size{K,M,G} (2048-41943039,默认为 41943039): 将使用默认值 41943039 分区 4 已设置为 Linux 类型,大小设为 20 GiB 命令(输入 m 获取帮助):w The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. 正在同步磁盘。 [root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/partitions major minor #blocks name 8 16 20971520 sdb 8 20 20970496 sdb4 11 0 1048575 sr0 8 0 41943040 sda 8 1 512000 sda1 8 2 2098176 sda2 8 3 39331840 sda3 [root@localhost ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 -b 2048 -m 2 -L MYDATA /dev/sdb4 mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) 文件系统标签=MYDATA OS type: Linux 块大小=2048 (log=1) 分块大小=2048 (log=1) Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 1310720 inodes, 10485248 blocks 209704 blocks (2.00%) reserved for the super user 第一个数据块=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=278921216 640 block groups 16384 blocks per group, 16384 fragments per group 2048 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 16384, 49152, 81920, 114688, 147456, 409600, 442368, 802816, 1327104, 2048000, 3981312, 5619712, 10240000 Allocating group tables: 完成 正在写入inode表: 完成 Creating journal (32768 blocks): 完成 Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成 (2) 挂载至/data/mydata目录,要求挂载时禁止程序自动运行,且不更新文件的访问时间戳; [root@localhost ~]# mkdir -pv /data/mydata mkdir: 已创建目录 "/data" mkdir: 已创建目录 "/data/mydata" [root@localhost ~]# echo '/dev/sdb4 /data/mydata ext4 defaults,noexec,nodiratime,acl 0 0' >> /etc/fstab [root@localhost ~]# mount -a [root@localhost ~]# mount | grep /dev/sdb4 /dev/sdb4 on /data/mydata type ext4 (rw,noexec,nodiratime,relatime,seclabel,data=ordered) 2、创建一个大小为1G的swap分区,并创建好文件系统,并启用之; [root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb 欢迎使用 fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2)。 更改将停留在内存中,直到您决定将更改写入磁盘。 使用写入命令前请三思。 Device does not contain a recognized partition table 使用磁盘标识符 0xce54aef7 创建新的 DOS 磁盘标签。 命令(输入 m 获取帮助):n Partition type: p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free) e extended Select (default p): p 分区号 (1-4,默认 1):1 起始 扇区 (2048-41943039,默认为 2048):+1G Last 扇区, +扇区 or +size{K,M,G} (2097152-41943039,默认为 41943039):+1G 分区 1 已设置为 Linux 类型,大小设为 1 GiB 命令(输入 m 获取帮助):t 已选择分区 1 Hex 代码(输入 L 列出所有代码):82 已将分区“Linux”的类型更改为“Linux swap / Solaris” 命令(输入 m 获取帮助):w The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. 正在同步磁盘。 [root@localhost ~]# partx -a /dev/sdb partx: /dev/sdb: error adding partition 1 [root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/partitions major minor #blocks name 8 16 20971520 sdb 8 17 1048576 sdb1 11 0 1048575 sr0 8 0 41943040 sda 8 1 512000 sda1 8 2 2098176 sda2 8 3 39331840 sda3 [root@localhost ~]# mkswap /dev/sdb1 正在设置交换空间版本 1,大小 = 1048572 KiB 无标签,UUID=3c4d09f9-3912-4e75-90c8-7a72a3a5c3f7 [root@localhost ~]# swapon -a /dev/sdb1 [root@localhost ~]# swapon -s 文件名 类型 大小 已用 权限 /dev/sda2 partition 2098172 0 -1 /dev/sdb1 partition 1048572 0 -2 3、写一个脚本 (1)、获取并列出当前系统上的所有磁盘设备; (2)、显示每个磁盘设备上每个分区相关的空间使用信息; [root@localhost ~]# cat fdisklist.sh #!/bin/bash echo -e "All of disk:\n`fdisk -l | grep -o "[sh]d[a-z]" | uniq `\n" echo "The Disk information:" for i in `fdisk -l | grep "^/dev/[sh]d[a-z][1-9]" | cut -d' ' -f1`; do df -h $i done 4、总结RAID的各个级别及其组合方式和性能的不同; RAID-0: 读、写性能提升; 可用空间:N*min(S1,S2,...) 无容错能力 最少磁盘数:2, 2+ RAID-1: 读性能提升、写性能略有下降; 可用空间:1*min(S1,S2,...) 有冗余能力 最少磁盘数:2, 2+ RAID-4: 1101, 0110, 1011 RAID-5: 读、写性能提升 可用空间:(N-1)*min(S1,S2,...) 有容错能力:1块磁盘 最少磁盘数:3, 3+ RAID-6: 读、写性能提升 可用空间:(N-2)*min(S1,S2,...) 有容错能力:2块磁盘 最少磁盘数:4, 4+ 混合类型 RAID-10: 读、写性能提升 可用空间:N*min(S1,S2,...)/2 有容错能力:每组镜像最多只能坏一块; 最少磁盘数:4, 4+ 5、创建一个大小为10G的RAID1,要求有一个空闲盘,而且CHUNK大小为128k; [root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb 磁盘 /dev/sdb:21.5 GB, 21474836480 字节,41943040 个扇区 Units = 扇区 of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes 扇区大小(逻辑/物理):512 字节 / 512 字节 I/O 大小(最小/最佳):512 字节 / 512 字节 磁盘标签类型:dos 磁盘标识符:0xd5cbd06b 设备 Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 2048 10487807 5242880 83 Linux /dev/sdb2 10487808 20973567 5242880 83 Linux /dev/sdb3 20973568 31459327 5242880 83 Linux [root@localhost ~]# mdadm -C /dev/md0 -n 2 -l 1 -a yes -c 128 -x 1 /dev/{sdb1,sdb2,sdb3} mdadm: Note: this array has metadata at the start and may not be suitable as a boot device. If you plan to store '/boot' on this device please ensure that your boot-loader understands md/v1.x metadata, or use --metadata=0.90 Continue creating array? y mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata mdadm: array /dev/md0 started. [root@localhost ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0 /dev/md0: Version : 1.2 Creation Time : Thu Sep 22 20:10:26 2016 Raid Level : raid1 Array Size : 5238784 (5.00 GiB 5.36 GB) Used Dev Size : 5238784 (5.00 GiB 5.36 GB) Raid Devices : 2 Total Devices : 3 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Thu Sep 22 20:10:42 2016 State : clean, resyncing Active Devices : 2 Working Devices : 3 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 1 Resync Status : 24% complete Name : localhost.localdomain:0 (local to host localhost.localdomain) UUID : e64d1157:6dd08d0d:10795fdd:b181bfec Events : 3 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 17 0 active sync /dev/sdb1 1 8 18 1 active sync /dev/sdb2 2 8 19 - spare /dev/sdb3 6、创建一个大小为4G的RAID5设备,chunk大小为256k,格式化ext4文件系统,要求可开机自动挂载至/backup目录,而且不更新访问时间戳,且支持acl功能; [root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb 磁盘 /dev/sdb:21.5 GB, 21474836480 字节,41943040 个扇区 Units = 扇区 of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes 扇区大小(逻辑/物理):512 字节 / 512 字节 I/O 大小(最小/最佳):512 字节 / 512 字节 磁盘标签类型:dos 磁盘标识符:0xa5bc239d 设备 Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 2048 2099199 1048576 83 Linux /dev/sdb2 2099200 4196351 1048576 83 Linux /dev/sdb3 4196352 8390655 2097152 83 Linux [root@localhost ~]# mdadm -C /dev/md1 -n 3 -l 5 -a yes -c 256 /dev/{sdb1,sdb2,sdb3} mdadm: largest drive (/dev/sdb3) exceeds size (1047552K) by more than 1% Continue creating array? y mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata mdadm: array /dev/md1 started. [root@localhost ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md1 /dev/md1: Version : 1.2 Creation Time : Thu Sep 22 20:18:12 2016 Raid Level : raid5 Array Size : 2095104 (2046.34 MiB 2145.39 MB) Used Dev Size : 1047552 (1023.17 MiB 1072.69 MB) Raid Devices : 3 Total Devices : 3 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Thu Sep 22 20:18:30 2016 State : clean Active Devices : 3 Working Devices : 3 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 0 Layout : left-symmetric Chunk Size : 256K Name : localhost.localdomain:1 (local to host localhost.localdomain) UUID : 0ad0589c:6960c722:b5c15886:8e1dd531 Events : 18 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 17 0 active sync /dev/sdb1 1 8 18 1 active sync /dev/sdb2 3 8 19 2 active sync /dev/sdb3 [root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/mdstat Personalities : [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] md1 : active raid5 sdb3[3] sdb2[1] sdb1[0] 2095104 blocks super 1.2 level 5, 256k chunk, algorithm 2 [3/3] [UUU] unused devices:[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /backup [root@localhost ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/md1 mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) 文件系统标签= OS type: Linux 块大小=4096 (log=2) 分块大小=4096 (log=2) Stride=64 blocks, Stripe width=128 blocks 131072 inodes, 523776 blocks 26188 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user 第一个数据块=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=536870912 16 block groups 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group 8192 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912 Allocating group tables: 完成 正在写入inode表: 完成 Creating journal (8192 blocks): 完成 Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成 [root@localhost ~]# echo '/dev/md1 /backup ext4 defaults,noatime,acl 0 0' >> /etc/fstab [root@localhost ~]# mount -a [root@localhost ~]# mount | grep /dev/md1 /dev/md1 on /backup type ext4 (rw,noatime,seclabel,stripe=128,data=ordered) 7、写一个脚本 (1) 接受一个以上文件路径作为参数; (2) 显示每个文件拥有的行数; (3) 总结说明本次共为几个文件统计了其行数; [root@localhost ~]# cat yicxlines.sh #!/bin/bash if [ $# -eq 0 ];then echo "Please give a file name at least!" exit 1 fi for i in $* do echo "$i have $(wc -l $i | cut -d' ' -f1)lines" done echo "yicx $# Files Lines!" 8、写一个脚本 (1) 传递两个以上字符串当作用户名; (2) 创建这些用户;且密码同用户名; (3) 总结说明共创建了几个用户; [root@localhost ~]# cat yicx01user.sh #!/bin/bash if [ $# -lt 2 ];then echo "Please give 2 usernames at least!" exit 1 fi for i in $*;do useradd $i echo "$i:$i" | chpasswd done echo "Total Add $# users!" 9、写一个脚本,新建20个用户,visitor1-visitor20;计算他们的ID之和; [root@localhost ~]# cat yicx02id.sh #!/bin/bash declare -i yicx02id for i in {1..20} do useradd visitor$i let yicx02id+=$(id -u visitor$i) done echo "Total id is $yicx02id !" 10、写一脚本,分别统计/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit、/etc/rc.d/init.d/functions和/etc/fstab文件中以#号开头的行数之和,以及总的空白行数; [root@localhost ~]# cat yicx03lines.sh #!/bin/bash declarc -i line declarc -i nullline for i in {/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit,/etc/rc.d/init.d/funtions,/etc/fstab} do let line+=$(grep '^#' $i | wc -l | cut -d' ' -f1) let nullline+=$(grep '^[[:space:]]*$' $i | wc -l | cut -d' ' -f1) done echo "The lines with a beginning of '#' is $line lines !" echo "The lines with nothing is $nullline lines !" 11、写一个脚本,显示当前系统上所有默认shell为bash的用户的用户名、UID以及此类所有用户的UID之和; [root@localhost ~]# cat yicx04uid.sh #!/bin/bash declare -i yicx04_uid grep "/bin/bash" /etc/passwd | cut -d':' -f 1,3 for i in `grep "/bin/bash" /etc/passwd | cut -d':' -f 3`;do let yicx04_uid+=i done echo "The uid yicx04 is $yicx04_uid !" 12、写一个脚本,显示当前系统上所有,拥有附加组的用户的用户名;并说明共有多少个此类用户; [root@localhost ~]# cat yicx05uid.sh #!/bin/bash declare -i yicx05_user for i in `cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd`; do group=`id $i | awk -F, '{print $2}' ` if [ -n "$group" ];then echo "$i" let yicx05_user+=1 fi done echo "yicx05_user is $yicx05_user !" 13、创建一个由至少两个物理卷组成的大小为20G的卷组;要求,PE大小为8M;而在卷组中创建一个大小为5G的逻辑卷mylv1,格式化为ext4文件系统,开机自动挂载至/users目录,支持acl; [root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb 磁盘 /dev/sdb:21.5 GB, 21474836480 字节,41943040 个扇区 Units = 扇区 of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes 扇区大小(逻辑/物理):512 字节 / 512 字节 I/O 大小(最小/最佳):512 字节 / 512 字节 磁盘标签类型:dos 磁盘标识符:0xf99b55ca 设备 Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 2048 20973567 10485760 8e Linux LVM /dev/sdb2 20973568 41943039 10484736 8e Linux LVM [root@localhost ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdb{1,2} Physical volume "/dev/sdb1" successfully created Physical volume "/dev/sdb2" successfully created [root@localhost ~]# pvs PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree /dev/sdb1 lvm2 --- 10.00g 10.00g /dev/sdb2 lvm2 --- 10.00g 10.00g [root@localhost ~]# vgcreate -s 8M myvg1 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdb2 Volume group "myvg1" successfully created [root@localhost ~]# vgdisplay -v myvg1 Using volume group(s) on command line. --- Volume group --- VG Name myvg1 System ID Format lvm2 Metadata Areas 2 Metadata Sequence No 1 VG Access read/write VG Status resizable MAX LV 0 Cur LV 0 Open LV 0 Max PV 0 Cur PV 2 Act PV 2 VG Size 19.98 GiB PE Size 8.00 MiB Total PE 2558 Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0 Free PE / Size 2558 / 19.98 GiB VG UUID hWmK8b-35ai-dekR-cN1g-Il0E-daR7-eJ91Bd --- Physical volumes --- PV Name /dev/sdb1 PV UUID 3720RW-0LJ3-0DD5-Ucvu-vCuO-YbRl-OBUtaV PV Status allocatable Total PE / Free PE 1279 / 1279 PV Name /dev/sdb2 PV UUID JeSNUv-ItSw-EpbH-ynBw-P1YF-q6YB-b2waAB PV Status allocatable Total PE / Free PE 1279 / 1279 [root@localhost ~]# lvcreate -L 5G -n mylv1 myvg1 Logical volume "mylv1" created. [root@localhost ~]# lvs LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert mylv1 myvg1 -wi-a----- 5.00g [root@localhost ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/myvg1/mylv1 mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) 文件系统标签= OS type: Linux 块大小=4096 (log=2) 分块大小=4096 (log=2) Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 327680 inodes, 1310720 blocks 65536 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user 第一个数据块=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=1342177280 40 block groups 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group 8192 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736 Allocating group tables: 完成 正在写入inode表: 完成 Creating journal (32768 blocks): 完成 Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成 [root@localhost ~]# mkdir users [root@localhost ~]# echo "/dev/myvg1/mylv1 /users ext4 defaults,acl,nodiratime 0 0" >> /etc/fstab [root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/fstab # # /etc/fstab # Created by anaconda on Wed Sep 7 04:58:21 2016 # # Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk' # See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info # UUID=4ec7ddf7-9741-4677-a095-36279fca2219 / xfs defaults 0 0 UUID=4d6d85fd-d048-4d9f-9e6b-2a0772c7f24a /boot xfs defaults 0 0 UUID=fe9b3a87-ffee-497f-8ac6-1af99fe9fa13 swap swap defaults 0 0 /dev/myvg1/mylv1 /users ext4 defaults,acl,nodiratime 0 0 [root@centos7study data]# mount -a 14、新建用户magedu;其家目录为/users/magedu,而后su切换至此用户,复制多个文件至家目录; [root@localhost ~]# useradd -d /users/magedu magedu [root@localhost ~]# su magedu [magedu@localhost root]$ cp /etc/fstab /users/magedu/ [magedu@localhost root]$ cp -r /tmp/yicx100 /users/magedu/ [magedu@localhost root]$ cp -r /tmp/yicx200 /users/magedu/ [magedu@localhost root]$ ls /users/magedu/ fstab yicx100 yicx200 15、扩展mylv1至9G,确保扩展完成后原有数据完全可用; [root@localhost ~]# lvextend -L +4G /dev/myvg1/mylv1 /dev/sdb{1,2} Size of logical volume myvg1/mylv1 changed from 5.00 GiB (640 extents) to 9.00 GiB (1152 extents). Logical volume mylv1 successfully resized. [root@localhost ~]# lvs LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert mylv1 myvg1 -wi-ao---- 9.00g [root@localhost ~]# resize2fs /dev/myvg1/mylv1 resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) Filesystem at /dev/myvg1/mylv1 is mounted on /users; on-line resizing required old_desc_blocks = 1, new_desc_blocks = 2 The filesystem on /dev/myvg1/mylv1 is now 2359296 blocks long. [root@localhost ~]# df -h 文件系统 容量 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点 /dev/sda3 38G 3.4G 35G 10% / devtmpfs 899M 0 899M 0% /dev tmpfs 913M 88K 913M 1% /dev/shm tmpfs 913M 9.0M 904M 1% /run tmpfs 913M 0 913M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/sda1 497M 156M 342M 32% /boot tmpfs 183M 16K 183M 1% /run/user/0 /dev/mapper/myvg1-mylv1 8.8G 23M 8.3G 1% /users [root@localhost ~]# ls /users/magedu/ fstab yicx100 yicx200 [root@localhost ~]# su magedu [magedu@localhost root]$ cd [magedu@localhost ~]$ pwd /users/magedu 16、缩减mylv1至7G,确保缩减完成后原有数据完全可用; [root@localhost ~]# umount /users/ [root@localhost ~]# e2fsck -f /dev/myvg1/mylv1 e2fsck 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) 第一步: 检查inode,块,和大小 第二步: 检查目录结构 第3步: 检查目录连接性 Pass 4: Checking reference counts 第5步: 检查簇概要信息 /dev/myvg1/mylv1: 27/589824 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 75567/2359296 blocks [root@localhost ~]# resize2fs /dev/myvg1/mylv1 7G resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) Resizing the filesystem on /dev/myvg1/mylv1 to 1835008 (4k) blocks. The filesystem on /dev/myvg1/mylv1 is now 1835008 blocks long. [root@localhost ~]# lvreduce -L 7G -n /dev/myvg1/mylv1 WARNING: Reducing active logical volume to 7.00 GiB THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.) Do you really want to reduce mylv1? [y/n]: y Size of logical volume myvg1/mylv1 changed from 9.00 GiB (1152 extents) to 7.00 GiB (896 extents). Logical volume mylv1 successfully resized. [root@localhost ~]# mount -a [root@localhost ~]# su magedu [magedu@localhost root]$ cd [magedu@localhost ~]$ pwd /users/magedu 17、对mylv1创建快照,并通过备份数据;要求保留原有的属主属组等信息; [root@localhost magedu]# lvcreate -L 3G -p r -s -n mylv1_bak /dev/myvg1/mylv1 Logical volume "mylv1_bak" created.