阅读本文前，您需要熟悉eos节点的操作流程，能够使用客户端cleos完成授权、转账等功能，并且能够完成自定义合约的开发，此外，需要您对EOS源码有着一定的理解，能够简单地对EOS源码进行修改。
操作系统：MAC OS 10.13.x，EOSIO版本号：1.1.3
1 概述
EOS主网已经启动两个月了，虽然EOS较比特币、以太坊等公链来说其TPS得到了显著的提升，但是EOS也存在一些问题，诸如资源价格昂贵、合约开销大等，为降低EOS主网的压力，我们可以通过部署侧链的方式来解决这些问题。
EOS侧链是指一条与EOS主网不同chain_id的链，同样采用EOS的去中心化设计理念，并对于EOS目前所存在的问题进行了一些优化。为使得EOS主网资产能够与EOS侧链资产进行相互的转移，首先解决主网与侧链间的跨链转账问题，本文主要介绍了一种将主链账号A的EOS转账至侧链账号B的过程，侧链B账号向主链A账号转账同理。
名词解释：
(1) 主链/主网：由block one与2018年6月2日启动的EOS网络，跨链操作时，我们无法去更改主链的代码，只能在上面部署我们的合约；
(2) 侧链：自发启动的非主链eos网络；
(3) 同步链：用与同步主网块的eos节点，我们可以使用修改过的程序
(4) 主链账号：主网上的用户账号
(5) 侧链账号：侧链上的用户账号
(6) 合约账号: 用于部署合约的账号，对此账号的操作需要侧链见证人的多重签名
2 主链转账合约
首先，我们需要在主链上部署一条专供向跨链转账的合约，合约应能接收以下3个参数：主链转账发起账号A，侧链接收账号B，转账金额。通过此合约，我们将账户A的资产转移至主链的合约账号M。合约具体实现参考《EOS智能合约开发及授权》
(1) 将转账合约部署至合约账号M（本次实验中使用cactus作为合约账号）
cleos set contract cactus ~/cactus/cactus_eos/MainChain/contracts/cactus.token -p cactus
(2) 用户需要使用该合约转账时，需要将自身账号的active权限授予合约账号的eosio.code权限
cleos set account permission zhd active '{"threshold" : 1, "keys" : [{"key":"EOS8GhCnJCnHFDUQhTmfAVun9AfKWp6Puye45uMJZNjYFeDCkc6N1","weight":1}], "accounts" : [{"permission":{"actor":"cactus","permission":"eosio.code"},"weight":1}]}' owner -p zhd@owner
3 通过多重签名转移侧链资产
出于跨链转账的安全性以及区块链去中心化考虑，侧链应选举出若干名“见证人”，当见证人接收到主链向侧链的转账时，需要向侧链对改交易进行签名，只有当一笔交易的签名数量达到见证人总数的三分之二以上时，侧链才能够转出侧链合约账号M'的资产给侧链接收账号B。
3.1 自定义多重签名转账合约
- 定义multi_index，使用表mtrans存储待验证转账的签名
//@abi table mtrans i64
struct mtrans {
uint64_t id;
checksum256 trx_id;
account_name to;
asset quantity;
vector confirmed;
uint64_t primary_key() const { return id; }
key256 by_trx_id() const { return get_trx_id(trx_id); }
static key256 get_trx_id(const checksum256 &trx_id) {
const uint64_t *p64 = reinterpret_cast(&trx_id);
return key256::make_from_word_sequence(p64[0], p64[1], p64[2], p64[3]);
}
EOSLIB_SERIALIZE(mtrans, (id)(trx_id)(to)(quantity)(confirmed))
};
typedef eosio::multi_index >
> mtran_index;
- 合约中需要维护见证人列表
// 见证人可以由投票等方式选出，这里不做具体说明，直接在代码中给出固定值
set witness_set = {N(shengfeng), N(yuanchao), N(haonan)};
uint32_t wits_required_confs = (uint32_t) (witness_set.size() * 2 / 3) + 1;
- 用于接收见证人签名的action
/// @abi action
/**
* @param user 见证人账号
* @param trx_id 转账交易id
* @param to 转账对象
* @param quantity 转账资产数
*/
void msigtrans(account_name user, checksum256 &trx_id, account_name to, asset quantity) {
eosio_assert(witness_set.count(user) > 0, "user is not witness"); // 验证是否为见证人
require_auth(user); // 验证此见证人的签名
auto idx = mtranses.template get_index();
auto curr_msig = idx.find(mtrans::get_trx_id(trx_id));
if (curr_msig == idx.end()) {
mtranses.emplace(_self, [&](auto &a) {
a.id = mtranses.available_primary_key();
a.trx_id = trx_id;
a.to = to;
a.quantity = quantity;
a.confirmed.push_back(user);
});
} else {
eosio_assert(curr_msig->to == to, "to account is not correct");
eosio_assert(curr_msig->quantity == quantity, "quantity is not correct");
eosio_assert(curr_msig->confirmed.size() < wits_required_confs, "transaction already excused");
eosio_assert(std::find(curr_msig->confirmed.begin(), curr_msig->confirmed.end(), user)
== curr_msig->confirmed.end(), "transaction already confirmed by this account");
idx.modify(curr_msig, 0, [&](auto &a) {
a.confirmed.push_back(user); // 表示此见证人已认可此交易
});
// 达到2/3+1的签名时发起inline_action转账
if (curr_msig->confirmed.size() == wits_required_confs) {
action(
permission_level{_self, N(active)},
N(eosio.token), N(transfer),
std::make_tuple(_self, to, quantity, std::string("cactus transfer"))
).send();
}
}
}
3.2 给合约账号授权
为使得合约账号能执行inline_action的转账交易，我们需要将合约账号的active权限授予合约的eosio.code权限。安全起见，我们还应删除合约账号的active(以及owner)权限。
./cleos set account permission cactus active '{"threshold":1,"keys":[],"accounts":[{"permission":{"actor":"cactus","permission":"eosio.code"},"weight":1}],"waits":[]}' owner -p cactus@owner
4 同步主链的转账交易
由于我们无法去修改EOS主链的代码逻辑，且我们部署的合约发生转账动作时，主网也无法向我们发送消息，为了能够知晓EOS主链上发生了交易，我们应开启一个EOS节点去同步EOS的主链，并且将不可撤销块的转账交易转发给侧链
4.1 同步链增加sync_plugin，并修改controller代码逻辑
我们需要为同步链添加新的plugin以处理特定的合约action，并修改controller部分代码来使用我们的plugin，具体过程如下：
(1) 修改libraries/chain/include/eosio/chain/controller.hpp代码，添加sync_block_transaction信号
//controller.hpp
signal pre_accepted_block;
signal accepted_block_header;
signal accepted_block;
signal irreversible_block; // 需要用到的信号
signal accepted_transaction;
signal applied_transaction;
signal accepted_confirmation;
signal bad_alloc;
signal sync_block_transaction; // 额外添加的信号，用于处理同步块时接收到的交易
(2) 修改libraries/chain/controller.cpp代码，在apply_block中调用sync_block_transaction信号，处理同步到的块中的交易（只同步块中交易，确保交易被主链生产者打包进块）
// controller.cpp
void apply_block( const signed_block_ptr& b, controller::block_status s ) { try {
try {
EOS_ASSERT( b->block_extensions.size() == 0, block_validate_exception, "no supported extensions" );
start_block( b->timestamp, b->confirmed, s );
transaction_trace_ptr trace;
for( const auto& receipt : b->transactions ) {
auto num_pending_receipts = pending->_pending_block_state->block->transactions.size();
if( receipt.trx.contains() ) {
auto& pt = receipt.trx.get();
auto mtrx = std::make_shared(pt);
trace = push_transaction( mtrx, fc::time_point::maximum(), false, receipt.cpu_usage_us);
if( !trace->except ) {
// 使用此信号 CALL sync_plugin
emit(self.sync_block_transaction, mtrx);
}
} else if( receipt.trx.contains() ) {
trace = push_scheduled_transaction( receipt.trx.get(), fc::time_point::maximum(), receipt.cpu_usage_us );
} else {
EOS_ASSERT( false, block_validate_exception, "encountered unexpected receipt type" );
}
(3) 在libraries/chain/include/eosio/chain/types.hpp中添加新的object_type
enum object_type {
null_object_type,
account_object_type,
account_sequence_object_type,
/* 此处省略... */
reversible_block_object_type,
OBJECT_TYPE_COUNT, ///< Sentry value which contains the number of different object types
transaction_reversible_object_type // 新添加的类型，不要忘了在文件最下面FC_REFLECT_ENUM中也要添加此类型
};
(4) 创建sync_plugin，用于处理接收到的转账交易
- 在plugin中注册 sync_block_transaction信号，使用accepted_transaction处理接收到的交易
my->sync_block_transaction_connection.emplace(chain.sync_block_transaction.connect( [&](const transaction_metadata_ptr& trx) {
my->accepted_transaction(trx);
}));
- 判断交易中是否包含cactus合约中的transfer action，若包含，则将其记录到transaction_reversible表中
void accepted_transaction(const transaction_metadata_ptr& trx) {
auto& chain = chain_plug->chain();
auto& db = chain.db();
auto block_num = chain.pending_block_state()->block_num;
for (const auto action : trx->trx.actions) {
if (action.account == N(cactus)
&& action.name == N(transfer)) {
const auto* existed = db.find(trx->id);
if (existed != nullptr) {
return;
}
const auto transaction_reversible = db.create([&](auto& tso) {
tso.block_num = block_num;
tso.trx_id = trx->id;
tso.data = action.data;
});
break;
}
}
}
- transaction_reversible表的结构
#define DEFINE_INDEX(object_type, object_name, index_name) \
struct object_name \
: public chainbase::object { \
OBJECT_CTOR(object_name) \
id_type id; \
uint32_t block_num; \
transaction_id_type trx_id; \
action_data data; \
}; \
\
struct by_block_num; \
struct by_trx_id; \
using index_name = chainbase::shared_multi_index_container< \
object_name, \
indexed_by< \
ordered_unique, member>, \
ordered_unique, member>, \
ordered_non_unique, member> \
> \
>;
- 在plugin中注册irreversible_block信号，使用send_transaction处理不可撤销的交易
my->irreversible_block_connection.emplace(chain.irreversible_block.connect( [&](const block_state_ptr& irb) {
my->send_transaction(irb);
}));
- 从transaction_reversible表中取出block_num小于当前确认不可撤销块高度的交易，通过http向侧链节点发送一个多签合约的action。同步链与侧链通信插件可参考《EOS跨链http通讯》
void send_transaction(const block_state_ptr& irb) {
auto &chain = chain_plug->chain();
auto &db = chain.db();
const auto &trmi = db.get_index();
auto itr = trmi.begin();
while (itr != trmi.end()) {
if (itr->block_num <= irb->block_num) {
auto data = fc::raw::unpack(itr->data);
// send propose or approve
// datastr = "["zhd", "longge", "100.0000 EOS"]"
string datastr = DATA_FORMAT(_peer_chain_account, string(itr->trx_id), string(data.to), data.quantity.to_string());
vector permissions = {_peer_chain_account};
try {
app().find_plugin()->get_client_apis().push_action(_peer_chain_address/*侧链地址*/,
_peer_chain_constract/*侧链多签合约账号*/,
"msigtrans", datastr, permissions);
} catch (...) {
wlog("send transaction failed");
}
db.remove(*itr);
}
++itr;
}
}
4.2 启动同步链
sync_plugin中需配置以下参数
max-irreversible-transaction-age 接收交易的时限，防止转发无效的过期交易
enable-send-propose 是否同步主链向侧链的转账交易
peer-chain-address 侧链节点的http地址
peer-chain-account 提交侧链多重签名的见证人账号
peer-chain-constract 侧链部署多重签名合约的合约账号
my-chain-constract 主链部署自定义转账合约的合约账号
代码如下
void sync_plugin::set_program_options(options_description& cli, options_description& cfg) {
cfg.add_options()
("max-irreversible-transaction-age", bpo::value()->default_value( -1 ), "Max irreversible age of transaction to deal")
("enable-send-propose", bpo::bool_switch()->notifier([this](bool e){my->_send_propose_enabled = e;}), "Enable push propose.")
("peer-chain-address", bpo::value()->default_value("http://127.0.0.1:8899/"), "In MainChain it is SideChain address, otherwise it's MainChain address")
("peer-chain-account", bpo::value()->default_value("cactus"), "In MainChain it is your SideChain's account, otherwise it's your MainChain's account")
("peer-chain-constract", bpo::value()->default_value("cactus"), "In MainChain it is SideChain's cactus constract, otherwise it's MainChain's cactus constract")
("my-chain-constract", bpo::value()->default_value("cactus"), "this chain's cactus contract")
;
}
在终端启动同步链命令如下，client_plugin的相关配置详见《EOS跨链http通讯》
nodeos --plugin eosio::sync_plugin --plugin eosio::client_plugin
--http-server-address 192.168.31.167:8889 --p2p-listen-endpoint 192.168.31.167:9878 --p2p-peer-address 192.168.31.151:9876
--config-dir nodeos2 --data-dir nodeos2
--client-private-key 5K8MzDTmBKfGWE5wDpTcpmMimHH2SzFADjmSkvJe47RWHv3nbke
--enable-send-propose --peer-chain-address http://192.168.31.144:8888 --peer-chain-account yc
5.发起转账
执行转账前，首先我们要确保：
(1) 主链已部署eosio.token合约（仅限测试环境，官方主链无需自己操作）
(2) 侧链已部署eosio.token合约，可以进行转账
(3) 主侧链上都具备转账的token类型，如SYS(EOS)主链账号zhd执行转账action，将100EOS转至侧链账号longge
cleos -u http://192.168.31.151:9876 push action cactus transfer '["zhd", "longge", "100.0000 EOS"]' -p zhd
- 主链转账成功信息
chaochaodeMacBook-Pro:cleos yuanchao$ ./cleos -u http://192.168.31.151:9876 push action cactus transfer '["zhd", "longge", "100.0000 EOS"]' -p zhd
executed transaction: 5f7bcf984b8a7bd026b38448963a2a14ee3660a5f2b2eeddfa2e79f297ce7823 128 bytes 14472 us
#cactus <= cactus::transfer {"from":"zhd","to":"longge","quantity":"100.0000 EOS"}
#eosio.token <= eosio.token::transfer {"from":"zhd","to":"cactus","quantity":"100.0000 EOS","memo":"cactus transfer"}
#zhd <= eosio.token::transfer {"from":"zhd","to":"cactus","quantity":"100.0000 EOS","memo":"cactus transfer"}
#cactus <= eosio.token::transfer {"from":"zhd","to":"cactus","quantity":"100.0000 EOS","memo":"cactus transfer"}
warning: transaction executed locally, but may not be confirmed by the network yet ]
- 在侧链上查看转账结果
cleos -u http://192.168.31.144:8888 get currency balance eosio.token longge
longge账号到账100EOS
经过了sf、yc两个账号的确认，执行转账成功
