Nginx专题: 从编译安装到URL重写
前言
本文主要实现使用
Nginx作为Web服务器, 并使用URL Rewrite实现将手机对Web站点的请求专门重写到一个专门为手机定制的Web页面中
环境介绍
笔者只有一台虚拟机, 桥接到室内的路由器便于手机进行访问, IP地址为192.168.1.103
Nginx介绍
engine x发音同Nginx, 作者是Igor Sysoev，是目前世界上占有率第三的Web服务器软件.Nginx是一款轻量级的Web服务器，可实现反向代理，URL rewrite等功能。Nginx拥有消耗内存小、可支持高并发连接达5W个、还支持热部署、高性能的网络IO模型等特性。淘宝还基于Nginx进行二次研发出Tengine
编译安装Nginx
需要安装
Development Tools和Server Platform Development包组和zlib-devel, pcre-devel, openssl-devel等包
[root@server1 ~]# yum groupinstall "Development Tools" "Server Platform Development" #安装包组
[root@server1 ~]# yum install pcre-devel openssl-devel zlib-devel -y #安装相应软件
[root@server1 ~]# tar xf nginx-1.6.1.tar.gz -C /usr/src/ #解压nginx源码包到/usr/src/目录中
[root@server1 ~]# cd /usr/src/
[root@server1 src]# cd nginx-1.6.1/
[root@server1 nginx-1.6.1]# groupadd -r nginx #创建组
[root@server1 nginx-1.6.1]# useradd -r -g nginx nginx #创建用户
[root@server1 nginx-1.6.1]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/src/nginx --sbin-path=/sbin/ --conf-path=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf --with-http_ssl_module --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-http_gzip_static_module
#关于编译选项的参数含义，请查阅官方文档
[root@server1 nginx-1.6.1]# make && make install
配置文件解释
关于
Nginx的一些工作原理我们这里不做解释，但是我们解释一下Nginx的配置文件中常用选项的意思nginx的主配置文件是nginx.conf，配置文件的位置随着编译的配置选项而定，我们这里是/etc/nginx/nginx.conf文件
Nginx作为web服务器时主配置文件一般分为三段, main和event{}, http{}、我们分别进行介绍
main和event{}的配置
运行相关的配置
user User_Name [Group_name]; #运行Nginx进程的用户和组. 默认为nobody
error_log /path/to/error_log; #是否启用错误日志，并指定错误日志的存放位置, 可指定为相对路径
error_log /path/to/error_log notice; #指定错误日志的记录的级别
pid /path/to/pidfile; #指定守护进程pid文件的位置
性能相关的配置
worker_processes number; #运行的worker进程的个数, 默认为1
worker_cpu_affinity cpumask ...; #定义worker进程和cpu的绑定, 这里不做过多介绍, 不了解的可自行查找
time_resolution interval ; 计数器的解析度，记录日志时时间的精确性
worker_priority number; #worker进程的优先级
事件相关的配置
accept_mutex on|off; #master进程调度用户请求至worker进程的算法，轮询和随机. on表示轮询
use [epoll|rtsing|select|poll]; #指明使用的事件驱动模型
worker_connections number; 指明一个worker进程能够接受的最大请求书
http{}的基本配置
1. server{}： 定义一个虚拟主机
示例:
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.anyisalin.com;
root "/htdocs/www"
}
2. listen
语法: listen address[:port];
示例:
listen 127.0.0.1:8000;
listen 127.0.0.1;
listen 8000;
listen *:8000;
listen localhost:8000;
3. server_name
语法: server_name name...;
支持通配符:
匹配顺序:
1. 精确匹配
2. 从左向右匹配通配符 *.anyisalin.com
3. 从右向左匹配通配符 anyisalin.*
4. 匹配正则表达式 ~^*\.anyisalin\.com$
5. default_server
4. root
语法: root path;
5. location
语法: location [=] [~] [~*] [^~] URL {...}
功能：根据用户请求的URI来匹配定义的location
=: 精确匹配检查
~: 正则表达式匹配
~*: 正则表达式匹配， 不区分大小写
^~: URI的前半部分匹配, 不支持正则表达式
示例:
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.anyisalin.com;
location / {
root "/htdocs/www";
}
location /imgs/ {
root "/htdocs/imgs"
}
location ~* \.php$ {
root "/htdocs/php"
}
}
配置Nginx
搭建一个基本的Nginx Web服务器
编辑Nginx配置文件效果如下
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.anyisalin.com;
location / {
root /htdocs/html;
index index.html index.htm;
error_page 404 =200 404.html;
}
}
创建对应网页文件
[root@server1 /]# mkdir htdocs/html -pv #创建文件夹
mkdir: created directory `htdocs'
mkdir: created directory `htdocs/html'
[root@server1 /]# cd htdocs/html/
[root@server1 html]# echo "www.anyisalin.com
" >> index.html #创建网页文件
[root@server1 html]# echo "Sorry, Page Not Found" > 404.html #创建404页面
[root@server1 html]# nginx -t #检查配置文件语法
nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@server1 html]# nginx #启动nginx
测试页面访问正常
实现https
创建CA并签署Nginx证书
这里对于openssl的操作不做解释, 有兴趣可以看我以前的文章： AnyISalIn的文章
创建私有CA并自签证书
[root@server1 html]# cd /etc/pki/CA
[root@server1 CA]# (umask 077; openssl genrsa -out private/cakey.pem 2048)
[root@server1 CA]# openssl req -new -x509 -key private/cakey.pem -out cacert.pem -days 7300
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN
State or Province Name (full name) []:AH
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:HF
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:AnyISalIn LTD
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:ops
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:www.anyisalin.com
Email Address []:webadmin.anyisalin.com
[root@server1 CA]# touch serial index.txt
[root@server1 CA]# echo 01 > serial
创建nginx证书
[root@server1 CA]# cd /etc/nginx/
[root@server1 nginx]# mkdir ssl
[root@server1 nginx]# cd ssl/
[root@server1 ssl]# (umask 077; openssl genrsa -out nginx.key 1024)
Generating RSA private key, 1024 bit long modulus
..++++++
.............................................................................................++++++
e is 65537 (0x10001)
[root@server1 ssl]# openssl req -new -key nginx.key -out nginx.csr
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN
State or Province Name (full name) []:AH
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:HF
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:AnyISalIn LTD
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:ops
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:www.anyisalin.com
Email Address []:webadmin.anyisalin.com
Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:
An optional company name []:
签署证书
[root@server1 ssl]# openssl ca -in nginx.csr -out nginx.crt -days 365
Using configuration from /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf
Check that the request matches the signature
Signature ok
Certificate Details:
Serial Number: 1 (0x1)
Validity
Not Before: Apr 4 13:57:02 2016 GMT
Not After : Apr 4 13:57:02 2017 GMT
Subject:
countryName = CN
stateOrProvinceName = AH
organizationName = AnyISalIn LTD
organizationalUnitName = ops
commonName = www.anyisalin.com
emailAddress = webadmin.anyisalin.com
X509v3 extensions:
X509v3 Basic Constraints:
CA:FALSE
Netscape Comment:
OpenSSL Generated Certificate
X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
A3:68:8D:FD:49:FD:08:1B:E3:09:45:9F:3B:48:35:1E:0F:38:C4:92
X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
keyid:26:2E:FE:F6:52:41:DC:2F:C6:C1:4F:19:A0:BE:F6:14:99:93:54:4B
Certificate is to be certified until Apr 4 13:57:02 2017 GMT (365 days)
Sign the certificate? [y/n]:y
1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]y
Write out database with 1 new entries
Data Base Updated
修改配置文件
server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name www.anyisalin.com;
ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/nginx.crt;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/nginx.key;
location / {
root /htdocs/html;
index index.html index.htm;
error_page 404 =200 404.html;
}
}
测试https
重载服务进行测试
[root@server1 ssl]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@server1 ssl]# nginx -s reload
未导入证书前
导入证书后,因为chrome自身问题认为证书不可靠，但是已经成功
实现URL Rewrite将不同浏览器的请求响应不同页面
URL重写的相关配置选项
语法：rewrite regex replacement flag;
例如:
rewrite ^/p_w_picpaths/(.*\.jpg)$ /img/abc/$1 break;
效果:
http://www.anyisalin.com/p_w_picpaths/1.jpg --> http://www.anyisalin.com/img/abc/1.jpg
flag：
last: 被重写完后不会继续匹配下面的rewrite规则, 由User_agent重新发起对新URL的请求, 但是会重新匹配rewrite规则
break：被重写后不会继续匹配下面的rewrite规则, 由User_agent重新发起对新URL的请求, 但是不会继续匹配
redirect：以302(临时重定向)返回新的URL
permanent：以301(永久重定向)返回新的URL
分析日志查看相应用户代理的类型
针对用户代理URL Rewrite
修改location为如下配置
location / {
root /htdocs/html;
index index.html index.htm;
error_page 404 =200 404.html;
if ($http_user_agent ~* Android) { #匹配到User_Agent包含Android跳转到/Moblie中
rewrite ^(.*)$ /Moblie/$1 break;
}
if ($http_user_agent ~* Chrome) { #匹配到User_Agent包含chrome跳转到/Chrome中
rewrite ^(.*)$ /Chrome/$1 break;
}
if ($http_user_agent ~* MSIE) { #匹配到User_Agent包含MSIE跳转到/IE中
rewrite ^(.*)$ /IE/$1 break;
}
}
创建对应的网页文件
[root@server1 /]# mkdir /htdocs/html/{Chrome,IE,Moblie}
[root@server1 /]# echo "Welecom Moblie" > /htdocs/html/Moblie/index.html
[root@server1 /]# echo "Welecom Chrome" > /htdocs/html/Chrome/index.html
[root@server1 /]# echo "Welecom IE" > /htdocs/html/IE/index.html
测试
手机
chrome
IE
总结
这次主要简单介绍了一下Nginx作为Web服务器的简单使用方法，和针对不同用户代理进行跳转，过几天我还会写Nginx作为代理服务器的相关文章，敬请期待！
作者：AnyISalIn QQ: 1449472454
感谢：MageEdu