Scala的集合类可以从三个维度进行切分:
可变与不可变集合(Immutable and mutable collections)
静态与延迟加载集合 (Eager and delayed evaluation )
串行与并行计算集合(Sequential and parallel evaluation )
transformation,集合中有大量的操作都是把一个集合“转换”成另一个集合,比如map,filter等等。而Eager和Delayed集合的区别在于:Eager集合总是立即为元素分配内存,当遇到一个transform动作时,Eager的集合会直接计算并返回结果,而Delayed集合则会尽可能晚的推迟执行,直到必须返回结果时才去执行。这一点和Spark RDD操作中的transformation和action非常类似。
在现有的集合里,只有Stream是Lasy的,所有其他的集合都是静态(Eager)加载的。但是你可以很容易地把一个静态集合转换成lazy的,那就是创建一个view。
集合类型总览
Immutable Collection
Immutable Seq
Seq主要分两大类:indexed sequences和linear sequences,indexed sequences暗示本类集合在随机读取方面有较高的性能(类似数据结构中的数组)。linear sequences暗示本类集合在head和tail操作和顺序遍历上更有优势(类似于数据结构中的双向列表)
在使用Seq时,默认使用的具体类是List, 使用IndexedSeq时默认使用的具体类是Vector.
scala> val seq = Seq(1,2,3)seq: Seq[Int]= List(1,2,3)scala> val indexedSeq = IndexedSeq(1,2,3)indexedSeq: IndexedSeq[Int]= Vector(1,2,3)
Immutable Set
Immutable Map
Mutable Seq
如何选择集合类
各种Immutable Sequence的特性比较
各种Mutable Sequence的特性比较
各种Map的特性比较
各种Set的特性比较
一、常用操作符(操作符其实也是函数)
++ ++[B](that: GenTraversableOnce[B]): List[B] 从列表的尾部添加另外一个列表
++: ++:[B >: A, That](that: collection.Traversable[B])(implicit bf: CanBuildFrom[List[A], B, That]): That 在列表的头部添加一个列表
+: +:(elem: A): List[A] 在列表的头部添加一个元素
:+ :+(elem: A): List[A] 在列表的尾部添加一个元素
:: ::(x: A): List[A] 在列表的头部添加一个元素
::: :::(prefix: List[A]): List[A] 在列表的头部添加另外一个列表
:\ :[B](z: B)(op: (A, B) �6�0 B): B 与foldRight等价
val left = List(1,2,3)
val right = List(4,5,6)
//以下操作等价
left ++ right // List(1,2,3,4,5,6)
left ++: right // List(1,2,3,4,5,6)
right.++:(left) // List(1,2,3,4,5,6)
right.:::(left) // List(1,2,3,4,5,6)
//以下操作等价
0 +: left //List(0,1,2,3)
left.+:(0) //List(0,1,2,3)
//以下操作等价
left :+ 4 //List(1,2,3,4)
left.:+(4) //List(1,2,3,4)
//以下操作等价
0 :: left //List(0,1,2,3)
left.::(0) //List(0,1,2,3)
任何以冒号结果的操作符,都是右绑定的,即 0 :: List(1,2,3) = List(1,2,3).::(0) = List(0,1,2,3) 从这里可以看出操作::其实是右边List的操作符,而非左边Int类型的操作符
5.util包
5.1.架构
http://www.scala-lang.org/docu/files/collections-api/collections.html
The following figure shows all collections in packagescala.collection. These are all high-level abstract classes or traits, which generally have mutable as well as immutable implementations.
The main trait isIterable,which is the supertrait of both mutable and immutable variations of sequences (Seqs), sets, and maps. Sequences are ordered collections, such as arrays and lists. Sets contain at most one of each object, as determined by the==method. Maps contain acollectionof keys mapped to values.
Sequences, classes that inherit from traitSeq,let you work with groups of data lined up in order. Because the elements are ordered, you can ask for the first element, second element, 103rd element, and so on.
scala.collection.immutable
The immutability helps you develop correct, efficient algorithms because you never need to make copies of acollection.
scala.collection.mutable
不可变(collection.immutable._)
可变(collection.mutable._)
Array
ArrayBuffer
List
ListBuffer
String
StringBuilder
/
LinkedList, DoubleLinkedList
List
MutableList
/
Queue
Array
ArraySeq
Stack
Stack
HashMap HashSet
HashMap HashSet
ArrayStack
5.2.集合Array,List,Tuple
Array
长度固定
元素可变
确定长度,后赋值;
List
长度固定
元素不可变
Tuple
长度固定
元素不可变
常用于有多个返回值的函数;或者多个变量的同时定义
Scala2.8中,3者的元素都可以混合不同的类型(转化为Any类型);
Scala2.7中,Array、List都不能混合类型,只有Tuple可以;
Arraysallow you to hold a sequence of elements and efficiently access an element at an arbitrary position,both to get or update the element, with a zero-based index.
Listssupport fast addition and removal of items to the beginning of the list, but theydo notprovidefast accessto arbitrary indexes because theimplementation must iterate through the list linearly.
5.2.1.定义和初始化
5.2.1.1Array
val list1 = new Array[String](0) // Array()
val list2 = new Array[String](3) // Array(null, null, null)
val list3:Array[String] = new Array(3) // // Array(null, null, null)
val list1 = Array("a","b","c","d") //相当于Array.apply("a","b","c","d")
定义一个类型为Any的Array:
val aa = Array[Any](1, 2)
或:
val aa: Array[Any] = Array(1, 2)
或:
val aa: Array[_] = Array(1, 2)
定义:
Array (1,3,5,7,9,11)
也可以用
Array[Int](1 to 11 by 2:_*)
暂时还没有找到Range(例如 1 to 11 by 2)之后跟:_*的依据
Array对应的可变ArrayBuffer:
val ab =collection.mutable.ArrayBuffer[Int]()
ab += (1,3,5,7)
ab ++= List(9,11) // ArrayBuffer(1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11)
ab toArray // Array (1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11)
ab clear // ArrayBuffer()
5.2.1.2List
val list:List[Int]= List(1,3,4,5,6) //或者List(1 to 6:_*)
val list1 = List("a","b","c","d") //或者List('a' to 'd':_*) map (_.toString)
元素合并进List用::
val list2 = "a"::"b"::"c"::Nil // Nil是必须的
val list3 = "begin" :: list2 // list2不变,只能加在头,不能加在尾
多个List合并用++,也可以用:::(不如++)
val list4 = list2++"end"++Nil
val list4 = list2:::"end" :: Nil //相当于list2 ::: List("end")
当import java.util._之后会产生冲突,需要指明包
scala.List(1,2,3)
List对应的可变ListBuffer:
val lb =scala.collection.mutable.ListBuffer(1,2,3)
lb.append(4) // ListBuffer(1, 2, 3, 4)
val lb =collection.mutable.ListBuffer[Int]()
lb += (1,3,5,7)
lb ++= List(9,11) // ListBuffer(1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11)
lb.toList // List(1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11)
lb.clear // ListBuffer()
建议定义方式:
val head::body = List(4,"a","b","c","d")
// head: Any = 4
// body: List[Any] = List(a, b, c, d)
val a::b::c = List(1,2,3)
// a: Int = 1
// b: Int = 2
// c: List[Int] = List(3)
定义固定长度的List:
List.fill(10)(2)// List(2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2)
Array.fill(10)(2)// Array(2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2)
又如:
List.fill(10)(scala.util.Random.nextPrintableChar)
// List(?, =, ^, L, p, <, \, 4, 0, !)
List.fill(10)(scala.util.Random.nextInt(101))
// List(80, 45, 26, 75, 24, 72, 96, 88, 86, 15)
5.2.1.3Tuple
val t1 = ("a","b","c")
var t2 = ("a", 123, 3.14, new Date())
val (a,b,c) = (2,4,6)
最简单的Tuple:
1->"hello world"
和下面的写法是等价的:
(1, "hello world")
To access elements of a tuple, you can use method_1to access the first element,_2to access the second, and so on:
scala> val v = (1, "Nick", 43)
scala> v._1
res179: Int = 1
scala> v._2
res180: String = Nick
scala> v._3
res181: Int = 43
5.2.1.4Vector
Scala2.8为了提高list的随机存取效率而引入的新集合类型(而list存取前部的元素快,越往后越慢)。
val v = Vector.empty
val v2 = 0+:v:+10:+20 // Vector(0, 10, 20), Vector那一边始终有":"
v2(1) // 10
v2updated(1,100) // Vector(0, 100, 20)
这个例子举的不太好,scala.collection.immutable. Vector扩展、updated之后是新生成的vector,原vector保持immutable。这点和List类似。
Seq的缺省实现是List:
Seq(1,2,3) // List(1, 2, 3)
IndexSeq的缺省实现是Vector:
IndexSeq(1,2,3) // Vector(1, 2, 3)
5.2.1.5Range
Range(0, 5) // (0,1,2,3,4)
等同于:
0 until 5
等同于:
0 to 4
两个Range相加:
('0' to '9') ++ ('A' to 'Z') // (0,1,..,9,A,B,...,Z)
Range和序列转换:
1 to 5 toList
相当与:
List(1 to 5:_*)
或者:
Vector(1 to 5: _*) // Vector(1,2,3,4,5)
5.2.1.6Stack Queue (List类的sibling)
先进后出的堆栈:
val s =collection.immutable.Stack()
You push an element onto a stack withpush, pop an element withpop, and peek at the top of the stack without removing it withtop/head.
val s2 = s.push(10,20,30) // Stack(30, 20, 10)
s2.head// 30
s2.pop.pop // Stack(10)
对应的可变Stack:
val ms =collection.mutable.Stack()
ms.push(1,3,5).push(7) // Stack(7, 5, 3, 1)
ms.head // 7
ms.pop // 7, ms = Stack(5,3,1)
先进先出的队列:
val q =collection.immutable.Queue() //也可指定类型Queue[Int]()
//You can append an element to an immutable queue withenqueue:
val q2 = q.enqueue(0).enqueue(List(10,20,30)) // Queue(0, 10, 20, 30)
//To remove an element from the head of the queue, you usedequeue:
q2.dequeue._1 // 0
q2.dequeue._2 // Queue(10, 20, 30)
On immutable queues, thedequeuemethod returns a pair (aTuple2) consisting of the element at the head of the queue, and the rest of the queue with the head element removed.
val qHas123 = Queue(1,2,3)
scala>val(element, has23) = qHas123.dequeueelement: Int = 1has23:scala.collection.immutable.Queue[Int] = Queue(2,3)
对应的可变Queue:
You use a mutable queue similarly to how you use an immutable one, but instead ofenqueue, you use the+=and++=operators to append. Also, on a mutable queue, thedequeuemethod will just remove the head element from the queue and return it.
val mq =collection.mutable.Queue[Int]()
mq+=(1,3,5)
mq++=List(7,9) // Queue(1, 3, 5, 7, 9)
mq dequeue // 1, mq= Queue(3, 5, 7, 9)
mq clear // Queue()
If you need a first-in-first-out sequence, you can use aQueue.
If you need a last-in-first-out sequence, you can use aStack.
5.2.1.7Stream
Stream相当于lazy List,避免在中间过程中生成不必要的集合。
定义生成:
val st = 1#::2#::3#::Stream.empty // Stream(1, ?)
例子:fib数列的Stream版本简单易懂
def fib(a: Int, b: Int): Stream[Int] = a#::fib(b, a+b)
valfibs = fib(1, 1).take(7).toList // List(1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13)
fib数列的前后项比值趋于黄金分割:
def fn(n:Int) = fib(1,1)(n)
1 to 10 map (n=> 1.0*fn(n)/fn(n+1)) // Vector(0.5, 0.666, ..., 0.618)
例子1:
Range(1,50000000).filter (_ % 13==0)(1) // 26,但很慢,需要大量内存
Stream.range(1,50000000).filter(_%13==0)(1) // 26,很快,只计算最终结果需要的内容
注意:
第一个版本在filter后生成一个中间collection,size=50000000/13;而后者不生成此中间collection,只计算到26即可。
例子2:
(1 to 100).map(i=> i*3+7).filter(i=> (i%10)==0).sum // map和filter生成两个中间collection
(1 to 100).toStream.map(i=> i*3+7).filter(i=> (i%10)==0).sum
5.2.2.使用(map, flatMap, filter, exists等)
5.2.2.1map
//类型可以混合:
import java.util._
val list3 = Array("a", 123, 3.14, new Date())
List("a","b","c").map(s=>s.toUpperCase()) //方式1
List("a","b","c").map(_.toUpperCase()) //方式2,类似于Groovy的it
// = List(A, B, C)
5.2.2.2filter filterNot
List(1,2,3,4,5).filter(_%2==0) // List(2, 4)
也可以写成:
for (x<-List(1,2,3,4,5) if x%2==0) yield x
List(1,2,3,4,5).filterNot(_%2==0) // List(1, 3, 5)
5.2.2.3partition span splitAt groupBy
注:val (a,b) = List(1,2,3,4,5).partition(_%2==0) // (List(2,4), List(1,3,5))
可把Collection分成:满足条件的一组,其他的另一组。
和partition相似的是span,但有不同:
List(1,9,2,4,5).span(_<3)// (List(1),List(9, 2, 4, 5)),碰到不符合就结束
List(1,9,2,4,5).partition(_<3)// (List(1, 2),List(9, 4, 5)),扫描所有
List(1,3,5,7,9)splitAt2// (List(1, 3),List(5, 7, 9))
List(1,3,5,7,9)groupBy(5<)// Map((true,List(7, 9)), (false,List(1, 3, 5)))
5.2.2.4foreach
打印:
Array("a","b","c","d").foreach(printf("[%s].",_))
// [a].[b].[c].[d].
5.2.2.5exists
//集合中是否存在符合条件的元素
List(1,2,3,4,5).exists(_%3==0) // true
5.2.2.6find
返回序列中符合条件的第一个。
例子:查找整数的第一个因子(最小因子、质数)
def fac1(n:Int) = if (n>= -1 && n<=1) n else (2 to n.abs) find (n%_==0) get
5.2.2.7sorted sortWith sortBy
例子(排序):
List(1,3,2,0,5,9,7).sorted//List(0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9)
List(1,3,2,0,5,9,7).sortWith(_>_)// List(9, 7, 5, 3, 2, 1, 0)
List("abc", "cb", "defe", "z").sortBy(_.size) //List(z, cb, abc, defe)
List((1,'c'), (1,'b'), (2,'a')).sortBy(_._2)// List((2,a), (1,b), (1,c))
5.2.2.8distinct
例子:(去除List中的重复元素)
def uniq[T](l:List[T]) = l.distinct
uniq(List(1,2,3,2,1)) // List(1,2,3)
5.2.2.9flatMap
flatMap的作用:把多层次的数据结构“平面化”,并去除空元素(如None)。
可用于:得到xml等树形结构的所有节点名称,去除None等
例子1a:(两个List做乘法)
List(1,2,3) * List(10,20,30) = List(10, 20, 30,20, 40, 60,30, 60, 90)
val (a,b) = (List(1,2,3), List(10,20,30))
aflatMap(i=> b map (j=> i*j))
等同于:
for (i<-a; i<-b) yield i*j //这个写法更清晰
例子1b:
如果不用flatMap而是用map,结果就是:
amap(i=> b map (j=> i*j))// List(List(10, 20, 30), List(20, 40, 60), List(30, 60, 90))
等同于:
for (i<-a) yield { for (j<-b) yield i*j } //不如上面的清晰
例子2:
List("abc","def") flatMap (_.toList) // List(a, b, c, d, e, f)
而
List("abc","def") map (_.toList) // List(List(a, b, c), List(d, e, f))
例子3:flatMap结合Option
def toint(s:String) =
try { Some(Integer.parseInt(s)) } catch { case e:Exception => None }
List("123", "12a", "45") flatMap toint // List(123, 45)
List("123", "12a", "45") map toint // List(Some(123), None, Some(45))
5.2.2.10indices,zipWithIndex, slice
得到indices:
val a = List(100,200,300)
aindices// (0,1,2)
azipWithIndex// ((100,0), (200,1), (300,2))
(a indices) zip a // ((0,100), (1,200), (2,300))
截取一部分,相当于String的substring
List(100,200,300,400,500)slice(2,4) // (300,400),取l(2), l(3)
5.2.2.11take drop splitAt
List(1,3,5,7) take 2 // List(1,3)
List(1,3,5,7) drop 2 // List(5,7)
5.2.2.12count
满足条件的元素数目:
例如1000内质数的个数:
def prime(n:Int) = if (n<2) false else 2 to math.sqrt(n).toInt forall (n%_!=0)
1 to 1000countprime // 168
5.2.2.13updated patch
对于immutable的数据结构,使用updated返回一个新的copy:
val v1 = List(1,2,3,4)
v1.updated(3,10) // List(1, 2, 3,10), v1还是List(1, 2, 3,4)
对于可变的数据结构,直接更改:
val mseq =scala.collection.mutable.ArraySeq(1, 2, 4,6)
mseq(3) = 10 // mseq = ArraySeq(1, 2, 4,10)
批量替换,返回新的copy:
val v1 = List(1,2,3,4,5)
val v2 = List(10,20,30)
v1 patch (0, v2, 3) // List(10,20,30,4,5),但v1,v2不变
5.2.2.14reverse reverseMap
1 to 5reverse// Range(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)
"james".reverse.reverse // "james"
reverseMap就是revese + map
1 to 5reverseMap(10*) // Vector(50, 40, 30, 20, 10)
相当于:
(1 to 5 reverse) map (10*)
5.2.2.15contains startsWith endWith
1 to 5contains3 // true,后一个参数是1个元素
1 to 5containsSlice(2 to 4) // true,后一个参数是1个集合
(1 to 5)startsWith(1 to 3) // true后一个参数是1个集合
(1 to 5)endsWith(4 to 5)
(List(1,2,3)correspondsList(4,5,6)) (_<_)// true,长度相同且每个对应项符合判断条件
5.2.2.16集合运算
List(1,2,3,4)intersectList(4,3,6) //交集= List(3, 4)
List(1,2,3,4)diffList(4,3,6) // A-B = List(1, 2)
List(1,2,3,4)unionList(4,3,6) // A+B = List(1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 3, 6)
//相当于
List(1,2,3,4)++List(4,3,6) // A+B = List(1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 3, 6)
5.2.2.17殊途同归
例子:得到(4, 16, 36, 64, 100)
写法1:
(1 to 10)filter(_%2==0)map(x=>x*x)
写法2:
for(x<-1 to 10ifx%2==0)yieldx*x
写法3:
(1 to 10)collect{casexifx%2==0 => x*x }
5.2.2.18其他
对其他语言去重感兴趣,可看看:
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Remove_duplicate_elements
5.2.3.数组元素定位
统一使用(),而不是[],()就是apply()的简写,a(i)===a.apply(i)
// Array
val a = Array(100,200,300) // a(0)=100, a(1)=200, a(3)=300
a(0) // 100,相当于a.apply(0)
a(0)=10 // Array(10, 200, 300),相当于a.update(0, 10)
// List
val list = List("a","b","c")
// list(0)=="a", list(1)=="b", list(2)=="c"
由于List不是index sequence,定位访问成本高,不建议使用。同样不建议使用的还有List 的 length
// Tuple
val t1 = ("a","b","c") // t1._1="a", t1._2="b", t1._3="c"
5.2.4.view
在某类型的集合对象上调用view方法,得到相同类型的集合,但所有的transform函数都是lazy的,从该view返回调用force方法。
对比:
val v = Vector(1 to 10:_*)
v map (1+) map (2*) //Vector(4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22)
以上过程得生成2个新的Vector,而:
val v = Vector(1 to 10:_*)
v.view map (1+) map (2*) force
只在过程中生成1个新的Vector,相当于:
v map (x=>2*(1+x))
又如:
((1 to 1000000000) view).take(3).force // Vector(1,2,3)
使用Stream:
Stream.range(1,1000000000).take(3).force // Stream(1, 2, 3)
5.2.5.和Java集合间的转换(scalaj)
方案一:Java的List很容易通过List.toArray转换到Array,和Scala中的Array是等价的,可使用map、filter等。
方案二:使用第三方的scalaj扩展包(需自行下载设置classpath)
例子1:
val a1 = new java.util.ArrayList[Int]
a1.add(100); a1.add(200); a1.add(300)
//自行转换
val a2 = a1.toArray
a2 map (e=>e.asInstanceOf[Int]) map(2*) filter (300>)
//采用scalaj(http://github.com/scalaj/scalaj-collection)
import scalaj.collection.Imports._
val a3 = a1.asScala
//scala->java
List(1, 2, 3).asJava
Map(1 -> "a", 2 -> "b", 3 -> "c").asJava
Set(1, 2, 3).asJava
// scalaj还可以在java的collection上使用foreach (目前除foreach外,还不支持filter、map)
a1.foreach(println)
scalaj的简易文档如下:
//Java toScala
Java类型
转换方法
java.lang.Comparable[A]
#asScala:scala.math.Ordered[A]
java.util.Comparator[A]
#asScala:scala.math.Ordering[A]
java.util.Enumeration[A]
#asScala:scala.collection.Iterator[A]
#foreach(A => Unit): Unit
java.util.Iterator[A]
#asScala:scala.collection.Iterator[A]
#foreach(A => Unit): Unit
java.lang.Iterable[A]
#asScala:scala.collection.Iterable[A]
#foreach(A => Unit): Unit
java.util.List[A]
#asScala:scala.collection.Seq[A]
#asScalaMutable:scala.collection.mutable.Seq[A]
java.util.Set[A]
#asScala:scala.collection.Set[A]
#asScalaMutable:scala.collection.mutable.Set[A]
java.util.Map[A, B]
#asScala:scala.collection.Map[A, B]
#asScalaMutable:scala.collection.mutable.Map[A, B]
#foreach(((A, B)) => Unit): Unit
java.util.Dictionary[A, B]
#asScala:scala.collection.mutable.Map[A, B]
#foreach(((A, B)) => Unit): Unit
//Scalato Java
Scala类型
转换方法
scala.math.Ordered[A]
#asJava: java.util.Comparable[A]
scala.math.Ordering[A]
#asJava: java.util.Comparator[A]
scala.collection.Iterator[A]
#asJava: java.util.Iterator[A]
#asJavaEnumeration: java.util.Enumeration[A]
scala.collection.Iterable[A]
#asJava: java.lang.Iterable[A]
scala.collection.Seq[A]
#asJava: java.util.List[A]
scala.collection.mutable.Seq[A]
#asJava: java.util.List[A]
scala.collection.mutable.Buffer[A]
#asJava: java.util.List[A]
scala.collection.Set[A]
#asJava: java.util.Set[A]
scala.collection.mutable.Set[A]
#asJava: java.util.Set[A]
scala.collection.Map[A, B]
#asJava: java.util.Map[A, B]
scala.collection.mutable.Map[A, B]
#asJava: java.util.Map[A, B]
#asJavaDictionary: java.util.Dictionary[A, B]
5.3.Map
5.3.1.定义Map
var m = Map[Int, Int]()
var m = Map(1->100, 2->200)
或者
var m = Map((1,100), (2,200))
相加:
val m = Map(1->100, 2->200)++Map(3->300)//Map((1,100), (2,200), (3,300))
可以用zip()生成Map:
List(1,2,3).zip(List(100,200,300)).toMap// Map((1,100), (2,200), (3,300))
注解:zip有“拉拉链”的意思,就是把两排链扣完全对应扣合在一起,非常形象。
5.3.2.不可变Map(缺省)
l定义:
val m2 =Map()
val m3 =Map(1->100, 2->200, 3->300)
指定类型:
val m1:Map[Int,String]= Map(1->"a",2->"b")
注:如果import java.util._后发生冲突,可指明:scala.collection.immutable.Map
保持循序的Map可以使用:
collection.immutable.ListMap
l读取元素:
// m3(1)=100, m3(2)=200, m3(3)=300
// m3.get(1)=Some(100), m3.get(3)=Some(300), m3.get(4)=None
val v = m3.get(4).getOrElse(-1) // -1
或者简化成:
m3.getOrElse(4, -1) // -1
l增加、删除、更新:
Map本身不可改变,即使定义为var,update也是返回一个新的不可变Map:
var m4 = Map(1->100)
m4 += (2->200) // m4指向新的(1->100,2->200), (1->100)应该被回收
另一种更新方式:
m4.updated(1,1000)
增加多个元素:
Map(1->100,2->200)+(3->300, 4->400) // Map((1,100), (2,200), (3,300), (4,400))
删除元素:
Map(1->100,2->200,3->300)-(2,3) // Map((1,100))
Map(1->100,2->200,3->300)--List(2,3) // Map((1,100))
l合并Mpa:
Map(1->100,2->200)++Map(3->300) // Map((1,100), (2,200), (3,300))
5.3.3.可变Map
val map =scala.collection.mutable.Map[String, Any]()
map("k1")=100 //增加元素,方法1
map += "k2"->"v2" //增加元素,方法2
// map("k2")=="v2", map.get("k2")==Some("v2"), map.get("k3")==None
有则取之,无则加之:
val mm =collection.mutable.Map(1->100,2->200,3->300)
mmgetOrElseUpdate(3,-1) // 300, mm不变
mmgetOrElseUpdate(4,-1) // 300, mm=Map((2,200),(4,-1), (1,100), (3,300))
删除:
val mm =collection.mutable.Map(1->100,2->200,3->300)
mm-=1 // Map((2,200), (3,300))
mm-=(2,3) // Map()
mm+=(1->100,2->200,3->300) // Map((2,200), (1,100), (3,300))
mm--=List(1,2) // Map((3,300))
mmremove1 // Some(300), mm=Map()
mm+=(1->100,2->200,3->300)
mm.retain((x,y) => x>1) // mm = Map((2,200), (3,300))
mm.clearn// mm = Map()
改变value:
mmtransform((x,y)=> 0) // mm = Map((2,0), (1,0), (3,0))
mm transform ((x,y)=> x*10) // Map((2,20), (1,10), (3,30))
mm transform ((x,y)=> y+3) // Map((2,23), (1,13), (3,33))
5.3.4.Java的HashMap
使用Java的HashMap:
val m1:java.util.Map[Int, String] = new java.util.HashMap
5.3.5.读取所有元素
上面说过,Map(1->100,2->200,3->300)和Map((1,100),(2,200),(3,300))的写法是一样的,可见Map中的每一个entry都是一个Tuple,所以:
for(e<-map) println(e._1 + ": " + e._2)
或者
map.foreach(e=>println(e._1 + ": " + e._2))
或者(最好)
for ((k,v)<-map) println(k + ": " + v)
也可以进行filter、map操作:
mapfilter(e=>e._1>1)// Map((2,200), (3,300))
mapfilterKeys(_>1)// Map((2,200), (3,300))
map.map(e=>(e._1*10, e._2)) // Map(10->100,20->200,30->300)
mapmap(e=>e._2)// List(100, 200, 300)
相当于:
map.values.toList
5.3.6.多值Map
结合Map和Tuple,很容易实现一个key对应的value是组合值的数据结构:
val m = Map(1->("james",20), 2->("qh",30), 3->("qiu", 40))
m(2)._1 // "qh"
m(2)._2 // 30
for((k,(v1,v2))<- m ) printf("%d: (%s,%d)\n", k, v1, v2)
5.3.7.Common operations for maps
What it isWhat it does
valnums=Map("i"->1,"ii"->2)Creates an immutable map (nums.toStringreturnsMap(i->1,ii->2))
nums+("vi"->6)Adds an entry (returnsMap(i->1,ii->2,vi->6))
nums-"ii"Removes an entry (returnsMap(i->1))
nums++List("iii"->3,"v"->5)Adds multiple entries (returnsMap(i->1,ii->2,iii->3,v->5))
nums--List("i","ii")Removes multiple entries (returnsMap())
nums.sizeReturns the size of the map (returns2)
nums.contains("ii")Checks for inclusion (returnstrue)
nums("ii")Retrieves the value at a specified key (returns2)
nums.keysReturns the keys (returns anIteratorover the strings"i"and"ii")
nums.keySetReturns the keys as a set (returnsSet(i,ii))
nums.valuesReturns the values (returns anIteratorover the integers1and2)
nums.isEmptyIndicates whether the map is empty (returns false)
importscala.collection.mutableMakes the mutable collections easy to access
valwords=
mutable.Map.empty[String,Int]Creates an empty, mutable map
words+=("one"->1)Adds a map entry from"one"to1(words.toStringreturnsMap(one->1))
words-="one"Removes a map entry, if it exists (words.toStringreturnsMap())
words++=List("one"->1,
"two"->2,"three"->3)Adds multiple map entries (words.toStringreturnsMap(one->1,two->2,three->3))
words--=List("one","two")Removes multiple objects (words.toStringreturnsMap(three->3))
5.4.Set
注:BitSet(collection.immutable.BitSet)和Set类似,但操作更快
5.4.1.定义
var s = Set(1,2,3,4,5) //scala.collection.immutable.Set
var s2 = Set[Int]() //scala.collection.immutable.Set[Int]
//增加元素:
s2 += 1 // Set(1)
s2 += 3 // Set(1,3)
s2 += (2,4) // Set(1,3,2,4)
//删除元素
Set(1,2,3) - 2 // Set(1,3)
Set(1,2,3) - (1,2) // Set(3)
Set(1,2,3).empty // Set()全部删除
//判断是否包含某元素
s(3) // true,集合中有元素3
s(0) // false,集合中没有元素0
//合并
Set(1,2,3)++Set(2,3,4) // Set(1, 2, 3, 4)
Set(1,2,3)--Set(2,3,4) // Set(1)
5.4.2.逻辑运算
运算
例子
交集
Set(1,2,3)&Set(2,3,4) // Set(2,3)
Set(1,2,3)intersectSet(2,3,4)
并集
Set(1,2,3)|Set(2,3,4) // Set(1,2,3,4)
Set(1,2,3)unionSet(2,3,4) // Set(1,2,3,4)
差集
Set(1,2,3)&~Set(2,3,4) // Set(1)
Set(1,2,3)diffSet(2,3,4) // Set(1)
5.4.3.可变BitSet
val bs =collection.mutable.BitSet()
bs += (1,3,5) // BitSet(1, 5, 3)
bs ++= List(7,9) // BitSet(1, 9, 7, 5, 3)
bs.clear // BitSet()
5.4.4.Common operations for sets
What it isWhat it does
valnums=Set(1,2,3)Creates an immutable set (nums.toStringreturnsSet(1,2,3))
nums+5Adds an element (returnsSet(1,2,3,5))
nums-3Removes an element (returnsSet(1,2))
nums++List(5,6)Adds multiple elements (returnsSet(1,2,3,5,6))
nums--List(1,2)Removes multiple elements (returnsSet(3))
nums**Set(1,3,5,7)Takes the intersection of two sets (returnsSet(1,3))
nums.sizeReturns the size of the set (returns3)
nums.contains(3)Checks for inclusion (returnstrue)
importscala.collection.mutableMakes the mutable collections easy to access
valwords=
mutable.Set.empty[String]Creates an empty, mutable set (words.toStringreturnsSet())
words+="the"Adds an element (words.toStringreturnsSet(the))
words-="the"Removes an element, if it exists (words.toStringreturnsSet())
words++=List("do","re","mi")Adds multiple elements (words.toStringreturnsSet(do,re,mi))
words--=List("do","re")Removes multiple elements (words.toStringreturnsSet(mi))
words.clearRemoves all elements (words.toStringreturnsSet())
5.5.Iterator
Iterator不属于集合类型,只是逐个存取集合中元素的方法:
val it = Iterator(1,3,5,7) // Iterator[Int] = non-empty iterator
it foreach println // 1 3 5 7
it foreach println //无输出
三种常用的使用模式:
//1、使用while
val it = Iterator(1,3,5,7) 或者 val it = List(1,3,5,7).iterator
while(it.hasNext) println(it.next)
// 2、使用for
for(e<- Iterator(1,3,5,7)) println(e)
//3、使用foreach
Iterator(1,3,5,7)foreachprintln
Iterator也可以使用map的方法:
Iterator(1,3,5,7) map (10*) toList // List(10, 30, 50, 70)
Iterator(1,3,5,7) dropWhile (5>) toList // List(5,7)
由于Iterator用一次后就消失了,如果要用两次,需要toList或者使用duplicate:
val (a,b) = Iterator(1,3,5,7) duplicate // a = b = non-empty iterator
又如:
val it = Iterator(1,3,5,7)
val (a,b) = it duplicate
//在使用a、b前,不能使用it,否则a、b都不可用了。
a toList // List(1,3,5,7)
b toList // List(1,3,5,7)
//此时it也不可用了
5.6.Paralllelcollection
Scala2.9+引入:
(1 to 10).parforeach println
多运行几次,注意打印顺序会有不同