matplotlib的Show面板中提供了放大、移动等交互式操作,但也未能涵盖所有的交互需求,比如希望通过mandelbrot集上的一点来生成对应的Julia集。

  Julia集

  Julia可以说是分形鼻祖,指的是对于给定的一个复数ccc,使得迭代式f(z)=z2+cf(z)=z^2+cf(z)=z2+c收敛的复数zzz的集合。例如,当c=0c=0c=0时,那么其收敛区间为z2<1z^2<1z2<1的单位圆,对应的ccc的Julia集便是cos⁡θ+isin⁡θ\cos\theta+i\sin\thetacosθ+isinθ。

  特别地,当c=zc=zc=z的初始值时,符合收敛条件的zzz的便构成大名鼎鼎的Mandelbrot集

  它的图的颜色表示该点的发散速度,可以理解为开始发散时迭代的次数。其生成代码也非常简单:

  #mbrot.py

  import numpy as np

  import time

  import pyplotlib.pyplot as plt

  #生成z坐标,axis为起始位置,nx,ny为x向和y向的格点个数

  def genZ(axis,nx,ny):

  x0,x1,y0,y1 = axis

  x = np.linspace(x0,x1,nx)

  y = np.linspace(y0,y1,ny)

  real, img = np.meshgrid(x,y)

  z = real + img*1j

  return z

  #获取Julia集,n为迭代次数,m为判定发散点,大于1即可

  def getJulia(z,c,n,m=2):

  t = time.time()

  c = np.zeros_like(z)+c

  out = abs(z)

  for i in range(n):

  absz = abs(z)

  z[absz>m]=0 #对开始发散的点置零

  c[absz>m]=0

  out[absz>m]=i #记录发散点的发散速度

  z = z*z + c

  print("time:",time.time()-t)

  return out

  if __name__ == "__main__":

  axis = np.array([-2,1,-1.5,1.5])

  z0 = genZ(axis,500,500)

  mBrot = getJulia(z0,z0,50)

  plt.imshow(mBrot, cmap=cm.jet, extent=axis)

  plt.gca().set_axis_off()

  plt.show()

  matplotlib绑定事件

  下面希望实现点击Mandelbrot集中的一点,生成相应的Julia集。

  在mpl中,事件绑定函数mpl_connect被封装在cavnas类中,调用格式为canvas.mpl_connect('str', func),其中func事件函数,字符串为被传入事件函数的事件标识,如下所列,望文生义即可

  'button_press_event'

  'button_release_event'

  'draw_event'

  'key_press_event'

  'key_release_event'

  'motion_notify_event'

  'pick_event'

  'resize_event'

  'scroll_event'

  'figure_enter_event'

  'figure_leave_event'

  'axes_enter_event'

  'axes_leave_event'

  'close_event'

  简单起见,可以先检测一下鼠标点击事件'button_press_event',对此我们需要定义一个事件函数,并将上面的入口函数稍加修改:

  def test(evt):

  print(evt.xdata) #xdata即x方向的坐标

  if __name__ == "__main__":

  axis = np.array([-2,1,-1.5,1.5])

  z0 = genZ(axis,500,500)

  mBrot = getJulia(z0,z0,50)

  fig, ax = plt.subplots()

  fig.canvas.mpl_connect('button_press_event', test)#调用事件函数

  plt.imshow(mBrot, cmap=cm.jet, extent=axis)

  plt.gca().set_axis_off()

  plt.show()

  于是点击imshow()出来的图片,即可返回相应的x坐标。

  python mbrot.py

  time: 0.47572827339172363

  -0.8652597402597402

  -0.7840909090909087

  -0.18344155844155807

  0.23051948051948123

  0.8149350649350655

  缩放

  那么生成Julia集只需要重新调用一次getJulia这个函数即可。

  Mandelbrot集的分形特征意味着我们所生成的图片可以无限放大,但是mpl自带的放大工具并不会重新生成数据,所以是虚假的放大。因此需要重新绑定放大操作,其思路是,当右键点击(‘button_press_event’)时,记录此时的坐标,当右键释(‘button_release_event’)放时重新绘制图片,为了防止与左键冲突,所以在点击所对应的事件函数中加入左右键判断。其结果如图

  此外,还可以绑定鼠标滚轮,实现Mandelbrot集在该点的真实缩放,代码如下

  import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

  import numpy as np

  from matplotlib import cm

  import matplotlib.backend_bases as mbb

  import time

  class MandelBrot():

  def __init__(self,x0,x1,y0,y1,n):

  self.oriAxis = np.array([x0,x1,y0,y1]) #初始坐标

  self.axis = self.oriAxis

  self.nx,self.ny,self.nMax = n,n,n #x,y方向的网格划分个数

  self.nIter = 100 #迭代次数

  self.n0 = 0 #预迭代次数

  self.z = genZ(self.oriAxis,self.nx,self.ny)

  self.DrawMandelbrot()

  def DrawMandelbrot(self):

  mBrot = getJulia(self.z,self.z,self.nIter)

  self.fig, ax = plt.subplots()

  plt.imshow(mBrot, cmap=cm.jet, extent=self.axis)

  plt.gca().set_axis_off()无锡妇科医院排行 http://mobile.wxbhnkyy39.com/

  self.fig.canvas.mpl_disconnect(self.fig.canvas.manager.key_press_handler_id)

  self.fig.canvas.mpl_connect('button_press_event', self.OnMouse)

  self.fig.canvas.mpl_connect('button_release_event', self.OnRelease)

  self.fig.canvas.mpl_connect('scroll_event', self.OnScroll)

  plt.show()

  def DrawJulia(self,c0):

  z = genZ([-2,2,-2,2],800,800)

  julia = getJulia(z,c0,self.nIter)

  jFig,jAx = plt.subplots()

  plt.cla()

  plt.imshow(julia, cmap=cm.jet, extent=self.axis)

  plt.gca().set_axis_off()

  plt.show()

  jFig.canvas.draw_idle()

  #滚轮缩放

  def OnScroll(self,evt):

  x0,y0 = evt.xdata,evt.ydata

  if evt.button == "up":

  self.axis = (self.axis+[x0,x0,y0,y0])/2

  elif evt.button == 'down':

  self.axis = 2*self.axis-[x0,x0,y0,y0]

  z = genZ(self.axis,self.nx,self.ny)

  mBrot = getJulia(z,z,self.nIter)

  plt.cla()

  plt.imshow(mBrot, cmap=cm.jet, extent=self.axis)

  plt.gca().set_axis_off()

  mBrot[mBrot<1]==self.n0+self.nIter

  self.n0 = int(np.min(mBrot))

  self.fig.canvas.draw_idle()

  pass

  def OnMouse(self, evt):

  self.xStart = evt.xdata

  self.yStart = evt.ydata

  self.fig.canvas.draw_idle()

  def OnRelease(self,evt):

  x0,y0,x1,y1 = self.xStart,self.yStart,evt.xdata,evt.ydata

  if evt.button == mbb.MouseButton.LEFT:

  self.DrawJulia(x1+y1*1j) #如果释放的是左键,那么就绘制Julia集并返回

  return

  #右键拖动,可以对Mandelbrot集进行真实的放大

  self.axis = np.array([min(x0,x1),max(x0,x1),

  min(y0,y1),max(y0,y1)])

  nxny = self.axis[[1,3]]-self.axis[[0,2]]

  self.nx,self.ny = (nxny/max(nxny)*self.nMax).astype(int)

  z = genZ(self.axis,self.nx,self.ny)

  n = 100 #n为迭代次数

  mBrot = getJulia(z,z,n)

  plt.cla()

  plt.imshow(mBrot, cmap=cm.jet, extent=self.axis)

  plt.gca().set_axis_off()

  mBrot[mBrot<1]==self.n0+n

  self.n0 = int(np.min(mBrot))

  self.fig.canvas.draw_idle()

  def genZ(axis,nx,ny):

  x0,x1,y0,y1 = axis

  x = np.linspace(x0,x1,nx)

  y = np.linspace(y0,y1,ny)

  real, img = np.meshgrid(x,y)

  z = real + img*1j

  return z

  def getJulia(z,c,n,n0=0,m=2):

  t = time.time()

  c = np.zeros_like(z)+c

  out = abs(z)

  for _ in range(n0):

  z = z*z + c

  for i in range(n0,n0+n):

  absz = abs(z)

  z[absz>m]=0

  c[absz>m]=0

  out[absz>m]=i

  z = z*z + c

  print("time:",time.time()-t)

  return out

  if __name__ == "__main__":

  x,y = 0,0

  brot = MandelBrot(-2,1,-1.5,1.5,1000)