列表解析
[x for x in data if x>= 0]
filter函数:
g = filter(lambda x : x >=0, data)
在python3中,得到的是构造器,要用list才可以得到结果
list(g)
字典解析
{k:v for k, v in d.items() if v> 90}
d = {'student%d' %i :randint(50,100) for i in range(1,21)}
{k:v for k,v in d.items() if v>=90}
集合解析
{x for x in s if x%3==0}
student = (‘mubai’,20,’male’,’[email protected]’)
访问里面的数据用下标索引,可读性不好。
NAME,AGE,SEX,EMAIL = range(4)
student[NAME] //mubai
//使用枚举
from enum import IntEnum
class StudentEnum(IntEnum):
NAME = 0
AGE = 1
SEX = 2
EMAIL = 3
student[StudentEnum.AGE] = 20
//使用collections.namedtuple
from collections import namedtuple
Student = namedtuple('Student',['name','age','sex','email'])
s = Student('mubai',20,'male','[email protected]')
//s.name = mubai
根据成绩高低排名:
{
'LiLei':79,
'Jim':88,
'Lucy':92,
...
}
方案一:将字典中的项转化为(值,键)元组。(列表解析或zip )
//随机生成成绩表
from random import randint
g = {k: randint(60,100) for k in 'abcdefgh'}
//列表解析
d = [(v,k) for k,v in g.items()]
//zip函数
d = list(zip(g.values(),g.keys())
m = sorted(d,reverse=True)
方案二:传递sorted函数的key参数
m = sorted(g.items(),key=lambda item:item[1],reverse=True)
最终排名:
n = list(enumerate(m,1)) //对m进行排序,加序号
for i,(k,v) in n: //迭代n,增加排序
g[k] = (i,v) //{'a': (1, 100), 'b': (7, 66), 'c': (8, 65), ...}
o = {k:(i,v) for i,(k,v) in enumerate(m,1)}
某随机序列找到出现次数最高的3个元素,它们出现次数是多少?
data = [randint(0,20) for _ in range(30)]
//新建一个字典,值全为0
d = dict.fromkeys(data,0)
//迭代,值加一
for x in data:
d[x] += 1
m = sorted([(v,k) for k,v in d.items()],reverse=True)
sorted(((v,k) for k,v in d.items()),reverse=True)[:3] //生成器解析 取前三个
//不用sorted全部计算,采用堆
import heapq
m = heapq.nlargest(3,((v,k) for k,v in d.items()))
from collections import Counter
c = Counter(data) //统计词频
c.most_common(3) //选前三
统计文本文件词频:
from collections import Counter
text = open('a.txt').read()
import re //正则表达式
word_list = re.split('\W+',txt) //非字符切割文本
t = Counter(word_list)
t.most_common(10)
场景:指定球员多场球赛进球数。
模拟:随机生成多个字典,找出公共建。
from random import randint,sample
d = sample('abcdefgh',randint(3,6)) #进球的球员
d1 = {k:randint(1,4) for k in d}
d2 = {k:randint(1,4) for k in d}
d3 = {k:randint(1,4) for k in d}
dl = [d1,d2,d3]
//循环迭代
for k in d1:
if k in d2 and k in d3:
print(k)
//列表解析
[k for k in d1 if k in d2 and k in d3]
[k for k in dl[0] if all(map(lambda d:k in d, dl[1:]))]
Step1:使用字典的keys()方法,得到一个字典keys的集合.
Step2:使用map函数,得到每个字典keys的集合.
Step3:使用reduce函数,取所有字典的keys集合的交集.
# reduce()函数介绍
//10的阶乘
from functools import reduce
reduce(lambda a,b : a*b,range(1,11))
d1 = {k:randint(1,4) for k in d}
d2 = {k:randint(1,4) for k in d}
d3 = {k:randint(1,4) for k in d}
d1&d3&d2
//下面是最终结果
reduce(lambda a,b:a&b,map(dict.keys,dl))
Python3.5之前的字典不是有序的,存和取位置并不是对应好的。
案例:编写根据排名获取选手的函数接口
from collections import OrderedDict
players = list('abcdefgh')
from random import shuffle #洗牌函数
shuffle(players)
od = OrderedDict()
for i,p in enumerate(players,1):
od[p] = i
#根据名字查询成绩
def query_by_name(d,name):
return d[name]
from itertools import islice
def query_by_order(d,a,b=null):
a -= 1
if b is None:
b = a + 1
return list(islice(od,a,b))
query_by_order(od,3)
query_by_order(od,3,6)
案例:现在我们制作了一个简单的猜数字的小游戏,如何添加历史记录功能,显示用户最近猜过的数字?
使用标准库collections中的deque,它是一个双端循环队列
from collections import deque
q = deque([],5) //[]初始化 队列长度
q.append(1) //入队
q.appendleft(2) //从左入队
q.pop(1) //出队
pickle.dump(obj, file, [,protocol])
注解:将对象obj保存到文件file中去。
import pickle
pickle.dump(q.open('save.pkl','wb')) #以二进制方式写入
p = pickle.load(open('save.pkl','rb')) #以二进制方式读取