在前两篇文章中简单阐述了Java Future 和Guava ListenableFuture及其相关的应用。我们发现Guava ListenableFuture提供了比Java Future更加强大的功能,而在Google Guava并发包中,某些情况下,Futures这个类起到了不可或缺的作用,而ListenableFuture实现非阻塞的原理是其提供了回调机制(机制),下面将阐述其中的回调机制的实现,主要对Futures的addCallback方法源码进行详细的剖析。
Google Guava框架的 com.google.common.util.concurrent包是并发相关的包,它是对JDK自带concurrent包中Future和线程池相关类的扩展,从而衍生出一些新类,并提供了更为广泛的功能。在项目中常用的该包中类如下所示:
ListenableFuture:该接口扩展了Future接口,增加了addListener方法,该方法在给定的excutor上注册一个监听器,当计算完成时会马上调用该监听器。不能够确保监听器执行的顺序,但可以在计算完成时确保马上被调用。
FutureCallback:该接口提供了OnSuccess和onFailure方法。获取异步计算的结果并回调。
MoreExecutors:该类是final类型的工具类,提供了很多静态方法。例如listeningDecorator方法初始化ListeningExecutorService方法,使用此实例submit方法即可初始化ListenableFuture对象。
ListenableFutureTask:该类是一个适配器,可以将其它Future适配成ListenableFuture。
ListeningExecutorService:该类是对ExecutorService的扩展,重写了ExecutorService类中的submit方法,并返回ListenableFuture对象。
JdkFutureAdapters:该类扩展了FutureTask类并实现ListenableFuture接口,增加了addListener方法。
Futures:该类提供和很多实用的静态方法以供使用。
下面将模拟异步发送请求,并对请求结果进行(回调)监听。这里使用spring框架提供的AsyncRestTemplate,来发送http请求,并获取一个org.springframework.util.concurrent.ListenableFuture对象,此时的对象是spring框架中的ListenableFuture对象。由于org.springframework.util.concurrent包中只提供了最基本的监听功能,没有其它额外功能,这里将其转化成Guava中的ListenableFuture,用到了JdkFutureAdapters这个适配器类。(以下源码来自guava-18.0.jar)
AsyncRestTemplate tp = new AsyncRestTemplate();
org.springframework.util.concurrent.ListenableFuture> response = tp
.getForEntity("http://blog.csdn.net/pistolove", Object.class);
ListenableFuture> listenInPoolThread = JdkFutureAdapters.listenInPoolThread(response);
Futures.addCallback(listenInPoolThread, new FutureCallback
Futures的addCallback方法通过传入ListenableFuture和FutureCallback(一般情况FutureCallback实现为内部类)来实现回调机制。
//com.google.common.util.concurrent.Futures
public static void addCallback(ListenableFuture future,
FutureCallback super V> callback) {
addCallback(future, callback, directExecutor());
}
在addCallback方法中,我们发现多了一个 directExecutor()方法,这里的 directExecutor()方法返回的是一个枚举类型的线程池,这样做的目的是提高性能,而线程池中的execute方法实质执行的是所的传入参数Runnable 的run方法,可以把这里的线程池看作一个”架子”。
//创建一个单实例的线程 接口需要显著的性能开销 提高性能
public static Executor directExecutor() {
return DirectExecutor.INSTANCE;
}
/** See {@link #directExecutor} for behavioral notes. */
private enum DirectExecutor implements Executor {
INSTANCE;
@Override public void execute(Runnable command) {
command.run();
}
}
在具体的addCallback方法中,首先判断FutureCallback是否为空,然后创建一个线程,这个线程的run方法中会获取到一个value值,这里的value值即为http请求的结果,然后将value值传入FutureCallback的onSuccess方法,然后我们就可以在onSuccess方法中执行业务逻辑了。这个线程是如何执行的呢?继续往下看,发现调用了ListenableFuture的addListener方法,将刚才创建的线程和上一步创建的枚举线程池传入。
//增加回调
public static void addCallback(final ListenableFuture future,
final FutureCallback super V> callback, Executor executor) {
Preconditions.checkNotNull(callback);
//每一个future进来都会创建一个独立的线程运行
Runnable callbackListener = new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
final V value;
try {
// TODO(user): (Before Guava release), validate that this
// is the thing for IE.
//这里是真正阻塞的地方,直到获取到请求结果
value = getUninterruptibly(future);
} catch (ExecutionException e) {
callback.onFailure(e.getCause());
return;
} catch (RuntimeException e) {
callback.onFailure(e);
return;
} catch (Error e) {
callback.onFailure(e);
return;
}
//调用callback的onSuccess方法返回结果
callback.onSuccess(value);
}
};
//增加监听,其中executor只提供了一个架子的线程池
future.addListener(callbackListener, executor);
}
在addListener方法中,将待执行的任务和枚举型线程池加入ExecutionList中,ExecutionList的本质是一个链表,将这些任务链接起来。具体可参考下方代码注释。
@Override
public void addListener(Runnable listener, Executor exec) {
//将监听任务和线程池加入到执行列表中
executionList.add(listener, exec);
//This allows us to only start up a thread waiting on the delegate future when the first listener is added.
//When a listener is first added, we run a task that will wait for the delegate to finish, and when it is done will run the listeners.
//这允许我们启动一个线程来等待future当第一个监听器被加入的时候
//当第一个监听器被加入,我们将启动一个任务等待future完成,一旦当前的future完成后将会执行监听器
//判断是否有监听器加入
if (hasListeners.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
//如果当前的future完成则立即执行监听列表中的监听器,执行完成后返回
if (delegate.isDone()) {
// If the delegate is already done, run the execution list
// immediately on the current thread.
//执行监听列表中的监听任务
executionList.execute();
return;
}
//如果当前的future没有完成,则启动线程池执行其中的任务,阻塞等待直到有一个future完成,然后执行监听器列表中的监听器
adapterExecutor.execute(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
try {
/*
* Threads from our private pool are never interrupted. Threads
* from a user-supplied executor might be, but... what can we do?
* This is another reason to return a proper ListenableFuture
* instead of using listenInPoolThread.
*/
getUninterruptibly(delegate);
} catch (Error e) {
throw e;
} catch (Throwable e) {
// ExecutionException / CancellationException / RuntimeException
// The task is done, run the listeners.
}
//执行链表中的任务
executionList.execute();
}
});
}
}
}
在ExecutionList的add方法中,判断是否执行完成,如果没有执行完成,则放入待执行的链表中并返回,否则调用executeListener方法执行任务,在executeListener方法中,我们发现执行的是线程池的execute方法,而execute方法实质的是调用了任务线程的run方法,这样最终会调用OnSuccess方法获取到执行结果。
//将任务放入ExecutionList中
public void add(Runnable runnable, Executor executor) {
// Fail fast on a null. We throw NPE here because the contract of
// Executor states that it throws NPE on null listener, so we propagate
// that contract up into the add method as well.
Preconditions.checkNotNull(runnable, "Runnable was null.");
Preconditions.checkNotNull(executor, "Executor was null.");
// Lock while we check state. We must maintain the lock while adding the
// new pair so that another thread can't run the list out from under us.
// We only add to the list if we have not yet started execution.
//判断是否执行完成,如果没有执行完成,则放入待执行的链表中
synchronized (this) {
if (!executed) {
runnables = new RunnableExecutorPair(runnable, executor, runnables);
return;
}
}
// Execute the runnable immediately. Because of scheduling this may end up
// getting called before some of the previously added runnables, but we're
// OK with that. If we want to change the contract to guarantee ordering
// among runnables we'd have to modify the logic here to allow it.
//执行监听
executeListener(runnable, executor);
}
execute方法是执行任务链表中的任务,由于先加入的任务会依次排列在链表的末尾,所以需要将链表翻转。然后从链表头开始依次取出任务执行并放入枚举线程池中执行。
//执行监听链表中的任务
public void execute() {
// Lock while we update our state so the add method above will finish adding
// any listeners before we start to run them.
//创建临时变量保存列表,并将成员变量置空让垃圾回收
RunnableExecutorPair list;
synchronized (this) {
if (executed) {
return;
}
executed = true;
list = runnables;
runnables = null; // allow GC to free listeners even if this stays around for a while.
}
// If we succeeded then list holds all the runnables we to execute. The pairs in the stack are
// in the opposite order from how they were added so we need to reverse the list to fulfill our
// contract.
// This is somewhat annoying, but turns out to be very fast in practice. Alternatively, we
// could drop the contract on the method that enforces this queue like behavior since depending
// on it is likely to be a bug anyway.
// N.B. All writes to the list and the next pointers must have happened before the above
// synchronized block, so we can iterate the list without the lock held here.
//因为先加入的监听任务会在连边的末尾,所以需要将链表翻转
RunnableExecutorPair reversedList = null;
while (list != null) {
RunnableExecutorPair tmp = list;
list = list.next;
tmp.next = reversedList;
reversedList = tmp;
}
//从链表头中依次取出监听任务执行
while (reversedList != null) {
executeListener(reversedList.runnable, reversedList.executor);
reversedList = reversedList.next;
}
}
在上文中,可以发现每当对一个ListenerFuture增加回调时,都会创建一个线程,而这个线程的run方法中会获取一个value值,这个value值就是通过下面的getUninterruptibly方法获取到的,我们可以发现在方法中调用了while进行阻塞,一直等到future获取到结果,即发送的http请求获取到数据后才会终止并返回。可以看出,回调机制将获取结果中的阻塞分散开来,即使现在有100个线程在并发地发送http请求,那么也只是创建了100个独立的线程并行阻塞,那么运行的总时间则会是这100个线程中最长的时间,而不是100个线程的时间相加,这样就实现了异步非阻塞机制。
//用while阻塞直到获取到结果
public static V getUninterruptibly(Future future)
throws ExecutionException {
boolean interrupted = false;
try {
while (true) {
try {
return future.get();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
interrupted = true;
}
}
} finally {
if (interrupted) {
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
}
}
}
这里实质上执行了线程的run方法,并进行阻塞。
//执行监听器,调用线程池的execute方法,这里线程池并没有提供额外的功能,只提供了执行架子,实际上执行的是监听任务runnable的run方法
//而在监听任务的run方法中,会阻塞获取请求结果,请求完成后回调,已达到异步执行的效果
private static void executeListener(Runnable runnable, Executor executor) {
try {
executor.execute(runnable);
} catch (RuntimeException e) {
// Log it and keep going, bad runnable and/or executor. Don't
// punish the other runnables if we're given a bad one. We only
// catch RuntimeException because we want Errors to propagate up.
log.log(Level.SEVERE, "RuntimeException while executing runnable "
+ runnable + " with executor " + executor, e);
}
}
使用JdkFutureAdaoter适配Spring中的ListenableFuture达到异步调用的结果。在future.get方法中到底阻塞在什么地方呢?
通过调试发现最后调用的是BasicFuture中的阻塞方法。详情见下方源码和中文注释,这里不累赘。
FutureAdapter:
//这里的get方法会调用BasicFuture中的get方法进行阻塞,直到获取到结果
@Override
public T get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
return adaptInternal(this.adaptee.get());
}
BasicFuture:
//在这里会判断当前future是否执行完成,如果没有完成则会等待,一旦执行完成则返回结果。
public synchronized T get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
while (!this.completed) {
wait();
}
return getResult();
}
FutureAdapter:
//这里通过判断状态是否success,如果success则返回成功,如果new, 则阻塞等待结果直到返回,然后改变状态。
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
final T adaptInternal(S adapteeResult) throws ExecutionException {
synchronized (this.mutex) {
switch (this.state) {
case SUCCESS:
return (T) this.result;
case FAILURE:
throw (ExecutionException) this.result;
case NEW:
try {
T adapted = adapt(adapteeResult);
this.result = adapted;
this.state = State.SUCCESS;
return adapted;
}
catch (ExecutionException ex) {
this.result = ex;
this.state = State.FAILURE;
throw ex;
}
catch (Throwable ex) {
ExecutionException execEx = new ExecutionException(ex);
this.result = execEx;
this.state = State.FAILURE;
throw execEx;
}
default:
throw new IllegalStateException();
}
}
}
//这个方法判断
public boolean completed(final T result) {
synchronized(this) {
if (this.completed) {
return false;
}
this.completed = true;
this.result = result;
notifyAll();
}
if (this.callback != null) {
this.callback.completed(result);
}
return true;
}
本文主要剖析了Futures.callback方法的源码,我们只需要一个ListenableFuture的实例,就可以使用该方法来实现回调机制。假设在我们的主线程中,有n个子方法要发送http请求,这时,我们可以创建n个ListenableFuture,对这n个ListenableFuture增加监听,这n个请求就是异步且非阻塞的,这样不旦主线程不会阻塞,而且会大大减少总的响应时间。那Futures.callback是如何实现并发的呢?通过源码,我们发现,对于每一个ListenableFuture,都会创建一个独立的线程对其进行监听,也就是这n个ListenableFuture对应着n个相互独立的线程,而在每一个独立的线程中会各自调用Future.get方法阻塞。
本文只是简单地讲解了Futures.callback方法,并未作深入的探讨和研究,希望本文对你有所帮助。