RHEL7LVM管理和ssm存储管理器使用&磁盘配额

本节所讲内容:

 

建LVM的基本步骤:

准备分区

[root@xuegod61 ~]# ls /dev/sdb*

/dev/sdb /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdb2 /dev/sdb3

 

1创建PV

[root@xuegod61 ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdb{1,2}

  Physical volume "/dev/sdb1" successfully created

  Physical volume "/dev/sdb2" successfully created

 

2创建Vg

[root@xuegod61 ~]# vgcreate Vg1 /dev/sdb{1,2}

  Volume group "Vg1" successfully created

 

3创建LV

[root@xuegod61 ~]# lvcreate -n LV1 -L 1.5G Vg1

  Logical volume "LV1" created.

 

各种查看的命令

#pvs #pvscan #pvdisplay

#vgs #vgscan #vgdisplay

#lvs #lvscan #lvdisplay

 

查看PE大小

[root@xuegod61 ~]# pvdisplay

--- Physical volume ---

  PV Name /dev/sdb2

  VG Name Vg1

  PV Size 1.00 GiB / not usable 4.00 MiB

  Allocatable yes

  PE Size 4.00 MiB

  Total PE 255

  Free PE 126

  Allocated PE 129

  PV UUID BZI5Pv-odsd-ki9c-gkuU-7xoB-AHhr-WHKtEv

 

指定PE的大小:-s

[root@xuegod61 ~]# vgcreate -s 16M VGrm /dev/sdb3

 

使用LVM:

[root@xuegod61 ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/Vg1/LV1

[root@xuegod61 ~]# mkdir /lv1

[root@xuegod61 ~]# mount /dev/Vg1/LV1 /lv1/

 

LV扩容

首先,确定一下是否有可用的扩容空间

[root@xuegod61 ~]# vgs

  VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree

  VGrm 1 0 0 wz--n- 1008.00m 1008.00m

  Vg1 2 1 0 wz--n- 1.99g 504.00m

  rhel 1 2 0 wz--n- 12.00g 4.00m

 

扩容逻辑卷

[root@xuegod61 ~]# lvextend -L +300M /dev/Vg1/LV1

  Size of logical volume Vg1/LV1 changed from 1.50 GiB (384 extents) to 1.79 GiB(459 extents).

  Logical volume LV1 successfully resized.

[root@xuegod61 ~]# lvs

  LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert

  LV1 Vg1 -wi-ao---- 1.79g

  root rhel -wi-ao---- 10.00g

  swap rhel -wi-ao---- 2.00g

 

RHEL7文件系统进行扩容

[root@xuegod61 ~]# xfs_growfs /dev/Vg1/LV1

RHEL6对文件系统进行扩容

[root@xuegod61 ~]# resize2fs /dev/Vg1/LV1

 

VG扩容

[root@xuegod61 ~]# vgextend Vg1 /dev/sdb5

  Physical volume "/dev/sdb5" successfully created

  Volume group "Vg1" successfully extended

 

[root@xuegod61 ~]# pvs

  PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree

  /dev/sda2 rhel lvm2 a-- 12.00g 4.00m

  /dev/sdb1 Vg1 lvm2 a-- 1020.00m 0

  /dev/sdb2 Vg1 lvm2 a-- 1020.00m 204.00m

  /dev/sdb3 VGrm lvm2 a-- 1008.00m 1008.00m

  /dev/sdb5 Vg1 lvm2 a-- 1020.00m 1020.00m

 

 

LVM缩减

lvm支持在线缩小,但是xfs文件系统不支持在线缩小。btrfs支持在线缩小

 

扩展:

Btrfs 简介

一直使用 ext2/3,ext 文件系统以其卓越的稳定性成为了事实上的 Linux 标准文件系统。近年来 ext2/3 暴露出了一些扩展性问题,于是便催生了ext4 。 ext4 的作者 Theodore Tso 也盛赞btrfs 并认为 btrfs 将成为下一代 Linux 标准文件系统。

btrfs 的特性

首先是扩展性 (scalability) 相关的特性,btrfs 最重要的设计目标是应对大型机器对文件系统的扩展性要求。其整体性能而不会随着系统容量的增加而降低。

其次是数据一致性 (data integrity) 相关的特性

第三是和多设备管理相关的特性。 Btrfs 支持创建快照 (snapshot),和克隆 (clone) 。

最后,总结一些特性: 这些特性都是比较先进的技术,能够显著提高文件系统的时间 / 空间性能,包括延迟分配,小文件的存储优化,目录索引等

 

LV可以缩减

LV1缩减1G

[root@xuegod61 ~]# lvs

  LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert

  LV1 Vg1 -wi-ao---- 1.79g

  root rhel -wi-ao---- 10.00g

  swap rhel -wi-ao---- 2.00g

 

[root@xuegod61 ~]# lvreduce -L 1G /dev/Vg1/LV1

  WARNING: Reducing active and open logical volume to 1.00 GiB

  THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.)

Do you really want to reduce LV1? [y/n]: y

  Size of logical volume Vg1/LV1 changed from 1.79 GiB (459 extents) to 1.00 GiB(256 extents).

  Logical volume LV1 successfully resized.

 

VG缩减:

注:缩减时,可以不卸载正在使用中的LV。另外,只能缩减没有被使用的pv。否则会提示以下内容:

[root@xuegod61 ~]# vgreduce Vg1 /dev/sdb1

  Physical volume "/dev/sdb1" still in use

 

缩减之前先确认物理卷是否被使用

[root@xuegod61 ~]# pvs

  PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree

  /dev/sda2 rhel lvm2 a-- 12.00g 4.00m

  /dev/sdb1 Vg1 lvm2 a-- 1020.00m 0

  /dev/sdb2 Vg1 lvm2 a-- 1020.00m 1016.00m

  /dev/sdb3 VGrm lvm2 a-- 1008.00m 1008.00m

  /dev/sdb5 Vg1 lvm2 a-- 1020.00m 1020.00m

 

[root@xuegod61 ~]# vgreduce Vg1 /dev/sdb5

  Removed "/dev/sdb5" from volume group "Vg1"

 

LVM删除

删除之前必须把设备进行卸载,否则会产生以下错误

[root@xuegod61 ~]# lvremove /dev/Vg1/LV1

  Logical volume Vg1/LV1 contains a filesystem in use.

 

卸载设备

[root@xuegod61 ~]# umount /dev/Vg1/LV1

删除LV

[root@xuegod61 ~]# lvremove /dev/Vg1/LV1

Do you really want to remove active logical volume LV1? [y/n]: y

  Logical volume "LV1" successfully removed

删除VG

[root@xuegod61 ~]# vgremove Vg1

  Volume group "Vg1" successfully removed

删除PV

[root@xuegod61 ~]# pvremove /dev/sdb{1,2,5}

  Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdb1" successfully wiped

  Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdb2" successfully wiped

  Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdb5" successfully wiped

 

LVM快照

lvm快照有两大用途,一是用来克隆虚拟机,例如做xen虚拟机时,可先新建一台完整虚拟机,假设大小为10G,然后我们可以在这台10G的虚拟机上创建1个3G的快照,接着通过这个3G的快照启动虚拟机,做完实验后,可以直接删除快照而保持原来完整虚拟机的纯净。

lvm快照的第二大用途是实时备份(moment-in-time),即为了保持系统的一致性,我们先做一个快照冻结当前系统状态,这样快照里面的内容可暂时保持不变,系统本身继续运行,通过备份快照来实现不中断服务的的备份

首先准备一个LV

[root@xuegod61 ~]# vgcreate vg1 /dev/sdb{1,2}

[root@xuegod61 ~]# lvcreate -n lv1 -L 1.5G vg1

 

格式化lv1进行挂载

[root@xuegod61 ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/vg1/lv1

[root@xuegod61 ~]# mount /dev/vg1/lv1 /lv1/

准备一个测试文件

[root@xuegod61 ~]# cp /etc/passwd /lv1/

[root@xuegod61 ~]# ls /lv1/

passwd

 

针对lv1创建一个300M快照

lvcreate -s -n 快照 -L 快照大小 创建快照的设备

[root@xuegod61 ~]# lvcreate -s -n lv1_sp -L 300M vg1/lv1

  Logical volume "lv1_sp" created.

[root@xuegod61 ~]# lvs

  LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert

  root rhel -wi-ao---- 10.00g

  swap rhel -wi-ao---- 2.00g

  lv1 vg1 owi-aos--- 1.50g

  lv1_sp vg1 swi-a-s--- 300.00m lv1 0.00

 

使用快照

[root@xuegod61 ~]# mount /dev/vg1/lv1_sp /opt/

mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/mapper/vg1-lv1_sp,

  missing codepage or helper program, or other error

 

  In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try

  dmesg | tail or so.

[root@xuegod61 ~]# umount /dev/vg1/lv1

[root@xuegod61 ~]# mount /dev/vg1/lv1_sp /opt/

[root@xuegod61 ~]# ls /opt/

passwd

 

系统存储管理器的使用

系统存储管理器(又称ssm)是RHEL7/CentOS7 新增的功能,是一种统一的命令界面,由红帽公司开发,用于管理各种各样的存储设备。目前,有三种可供ssm使用的卷管理后端:LVM、brtfs和crypt

 

1)安装ssm系统存储管理器

[root@xuegod61 ~]# yum -y install system-storage-manager.noarch

 

 

查看ssm命令的帮助信息:

[root@xuegod61 ~]# ssm --help

usage: ssm [-h] [--version] [-v] [-f] [-b BACKEND] [-n]

  {check,resize,create,list,add,remove,snapshot,mount} ...

 

System Storage Manager

 

optional arguments:

  -h, --help show this help message and exit

  --version show program's version number and exit

  -v, --verbose Show aditional information while executing.

  -f, --force Force execution in the case where ssm has some doubts

  or questions.

  -b BACKEND, --backend BACKEND

  Choose backend to use. Currently you can choose from

  (lvm,btrfs,crypt).

  -n, --dry-run Dry run. Do not do anything, just parse the command

  line options and gather system information if

  necessary. Note that with this option ssm will not

  perform all the check as some of them are done by the

  backends themselves. This option is mainly used for

  debugging purposes.

 

Commands:

  {check,resize,create,list,add,remove,snapshot,mount}

  check Check consistency of the file system on the device.

  resize Change or set the volume and file system size.

  create Create a new volume with defined parameters.

  list List information about all detected, devices, pools,

  volumes and snapshots in the system.

  add Add one or more devices into the pool.

  remove Remove devices from the pool, volumes or pools.

  snapshot Take a snapshot of the existing volume.

  mount Mount a volume withfile system to specified locaion.

列出:设备

列出:存储池

列出:卷

列出:快照

 

物理磁盘sdc 添加到LVM存储池

语法格式:ssm add -p 存储池 设备

[root@xuegod61 ~]# ssm add -p vg1 /dev/sdc

[root@xuegod61 ~]# vgs

  VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree

  VGrm 1 0 0 wz--n- 1008.00m 1008.00m

  rhel 1 2 0 wz--n- 12.00g 4.00m

  vg1 3 2 1 wz--n- 21.99g 20.20g

 

扩容LV(不能针对创建了快照的lv进行扩容)

[root@xuegod61 ~]# ssm add -p rhel /dev/sdd

[root@xuegod61 ~]# ssm resize -s+10G /dev/rhel/root

 

使用ssm存储管理器扩容,不需要再针对文进系统进行扩容

 

实例

创建一个名为vg2存储池,并在其上创建一个名lv2大小为1G的lvm卷,格式化xfs文件系统,并将其挂载/lv2目录下

 

创建目录

[root@xuegod61 ~]# mkdir /lv2

 

[root@xuegod61 ~]# ssm create -s 1G -n lv2 --fstype xfs -p vg2 /dev/sde /lv2

File descriptor 7 (/dev/urandom) leaked on lvm invocation. Parent PID 40535: /usr/bin/python

  Physical volume "/dev/sde" successfully created

  Volume group "vg2" successfully created

File descriptor 7 (/dev/urandom) leaked on lvm invocation. Parent PID 40535: /usr/bin/python

  Logical volume "lv2" created.

meta-data=/dev/vg2/lv2 isize=256 agcount=4, agsize=65536 blks

  = sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1

  = crc=0 finobt=0

data = bsize=4096 blocks=262144, imaxpct=25

  = sunit=0 swidth=0 blks

naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=0

log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2

  = sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1

realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0

 

查看挂载状况

[root@xuegod61 ~]# df -h

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on

/dev/mapper/rhel-root 20G 3.2G 17G 16% /

devtmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /dev

tmpfs 2.0G 84K 2.0G 1% /dev/shm

tmpfs 2.0G 9.0M 2.0G 1% /run

tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/sr0 3.8G 3.8G 0 100% /mnt

/dev/sda1 197M 125M 72M 64% /boot

tmpfs 394M 16K 394M 1% /run/user/42

tmpfs 394M 0 394M 0% /run/user/0

/dev/mapper/vg1-lv1_sp 1.5G 33M 1.5G 3% /opt

/dev/mapper/vg2-lv2 1014M 33M 982M 4% /lv2

 

创建快照

[root@xuegod61 ~]# ssm snapshot -s 500M -n lv2_sp /dev/vg2/lv2

使用快照

[root@xuegod61 ~]# umount /lv2/

[root@xuegod61 ~]# mkdir /lv2_snapshot

[root@xuegod61 ~]# mount /dev/vg2/lv2_sp /lv2_snapshot/

 

移除LVM卷

[root@xuegod61 ~]# ssm remove /dev/vg2/lv2_sp

Device '/dev/vg2/lv2_sp' is mounted on '/lv2_snapshot' Unmount (N/y/q) ? Y

File descriptor 7 (/dev/urandom) leaked on lvm invocation. Parent PID 40749: /usr/bin/python

Do you really want to remove active logical volume lv2_sp? [y/n]: y

  Logical volume "lv2_sp" successfullyremoved

 

:删除已经挂载的卷,ssm会自动先将其卸载

 

磁盘配额

RHEL7磁盘配额

确认配额命令已经安装

[root@xuegod61 ~]# rpm -qf `which xfs_quota`

xfsprogs-3.2.2-2.el7.x86_64

 

首先新的测试分区/dev/sda3

 

启用配额

[root@xuegod61 ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/sda3

[root@xuegod61 ~]# mkdir /sda3

[root@xuegod61 ~]# mount -o uquota,gquota /dev/sda3 /sda3/

查看

[root@xuegod61 ~]# mount | grep sda3

/dev/sda3 on /sda3 type xfs (rw,relatime,attr2,inode64,usrquota,grpquota)

 

如何开机自动启动配额

[root@xuegod61 ~]# vim /etc/fstab

/dev/sda3 /sda3 xfs defaults,usrquota,grpquota 0 0

 

设置目录权限,并创建配额用户

[root@xuegod61 ~]# chmod 777 /sda3/

[root@xuegod61 ~]# useradd swk

 

查看配额状态

[root@xuegod61 ~]# xfs_quota -x -c 'report' /sda3/

User quota on /sda3 (/dev/sda3)

  Blocks

User ID Used Soft Hard Warn/Grace

---------- --------------------------------------------------

root 0 0 0 00 [--------]

 

Group quota on /sda3 (/dev/sda3)

  Blocks

Group ID Used Soft Hard Warn/Grace

---------- --------------------------------------------------

root 0 0 0 00 [--------]

 

参数:

-x              使用专家模式,只有此模式才能设置配额

-c              启用命令模式

report       显示配额信息

limit              设置配额

 

设置配额

[root@xuegod61 ~]# xfs_quota -x -c 'limit bsoft=100M bhard=120M -u swk' /sda3/

[root@xuegod61 ~]# xfs_quota -x -c 'report' /sda3/

User quota on /sda3 (/dev/sda3)

  Blocks

User ID Used Soft Hard Warn/Grace

---------- --------------------------------------------------

root 0 0 0 00 [--------]

swk 0 102400 122880 00 [--------]

 

验证

[root@xuegod61 ~]# su - swk

[swk@xuegod61 ~]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=/sda3/swk.txt bs=1M count=130

dd: error writing ‘/sda3/swk.txt’: Disk quota exceeded

121+0 records in

120+0 records out

125829120 bytes (126 MB) copied, 0.426091 s, 295 MB/s

 

[root@xuegod61 ~]# ll -h /sda3/swk.txt

-rw-rw-r-- 1 swk swk 120M Feb 27 09:21 /sda3/swk.txt

 

RHEL6.5 磁盘配额

限定用户或组对磁盘空间的使用。

[root@xuegod63 ~]# rpm -q quota

quota-3.17-16.el6.x86_64

 

2.启用quota磁盘配额功能

[root@xuegod63 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb3

[root@xuegod63 ~]# mkdir /tmp/sdb3

[root@xuegod63 ~]# mount /dev/sdb3 /tmp/sdb3/

[root@xuegod63 ~]# mount -o remount,usrquota,grpquota /tmp/sdb3/

[root@xuegod63 ~]# mount

/dev/sdb3 on /tmp/sdb3 type ext4 (rw,usrquota,grpquota)

 

[root@xuegod63 ~]# tail -n 1 /etc/fstab

/dev/sdb3        /tmp/sdb3                     ext4 defaults,usrquota,grpquota 0 0

 

3.检测磁盘配额并生成配额文件

[root@xuegod63 ~]# quotacheck -cugv /tmp/sdb3/

 

[root@xuegod63 ~]# ll -a /tmp/sdb3/

total 40

drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Feb 2 22:18 .

drwxrwxrwt. 18 root root 4096 Feb 2 22:15 ..

-rw------- 1 root root 6144 Feb 2 22:18 aquota.group

-rw------- 1 root root 6144 Feb 2 22:18 aquota.user

 

setenforce 0 #要关闭selinux

 

4.用户和组账号的配额设置

[root@xuegod63 ~]# useradd rm

[root@xuegod63 ~]# edquota -g rm

Disk quotas for group mk (gid 500):

  Filesystem blocks soft hard inodes soft hard

  /dev/sdb3 0 50 80 0 0 0

激活磁盘配额

[root@xuegod63 ~]# quotaon -ugv /tmp/sdb3/

/dev/sdb3 [/tmp/sdb3]: group quotas turned on

/dev/sdb3 [/tmp/sdb3]: user quotas turned on

验证:

[root@xuegod63 ~]# mkdir /tmp/sdb3/test

[root@xuegod63 ~]# chmod 777 /tmp/sdb3/test/

 

[mk@xuegod63 test]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=mk.txt bs=1K count=70 # 大于50K报警

sdb3: warning, group block quota exceeded.

70+0 records in

70+0 records out

71680 bytes (72 kB) copied, 0.00388255 s, 18.5 MB/s

[mk@xuegod63 test]$ ls

mk.txt

[mk@xuegod63 test]$ rm -rf mk.txt

[mk@xuegod63 test]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=mk.txt bs=1K count=90 # 大于80,报错

sdb3: write failed, group block limit reached.

dd: writing `mk.txt': Disk quota exceeded

 

[mk@xuegod63 test]$ ll -h

total 80K

-rw-rw-r-- 1 mk mk 80K Feb 2 22:30 mk.txt

 

说明:

[root@xuegod63 ~]# tune2fs -l /dev/sdb3 | grep size

Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype needs_recoveryextent flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize

Block size: 4096

Fragment size: 4096

说明,磁盘配额中的 blocks 。一个block是1K。

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