昨晚(Apr 9,2017)金山软件的opsnull发布了一个开源项目和我一步步部署kubernetes集群,下文是结合我之前部署kubernetes的过程打造的kubernetes环境和opsnull的文章创建 kubernetes 各组件 TLS 加密通信的证书和秘钥的实践。之前安装过程中一直使用的是非加密方式,一直到后来使用Fluentd和ElasticSearch收集Kubernetes集群日志时发现有权限验证问题,所以为了深入研究kubernentes。
kubernetes
系统的各组件需要使用 TLS
证书对通信进行加密,本文档使用 CloudFlare
的 PKI 工具集 cfssl 来生成 Certificate Authority (CA) 和其它证书;
生成的 CA 证书和秘钥文件如下:
使用证书的组件如下:
kube-controller
、kube-scheduler
当前需要和 kube-apiserver
部署在同一台机器上且使用非安全端口通信,故不需要证书。
CFSSL
方式一:直接使用二进制源码包安装
$ wget https://pkg.cfssl.org/R1.2/cfssl_linux-amd64
$ chmod +x cfssl_linux-amd64
$ sudo mv cfssl_linux-amd64 /root/local/bin/cfssl
$ wget https://pkg.cfssl.org/R1.2/cfssljson_linux-amd64
$ chmod +x cfssljson_linux-amd64
$ sudo mv cfssljson_linux-amd64 /root/local/bin/cfssljson
$ wget https://pkg.cfssl.org/R1.2/cfssl-certinfo_linux-amd64
$ chmod +x cfssl-certinfo_linux-amd64
$ sudo mv cfssl-certinfo_linux-amd64 /root/local/bin/cfssl-certinfo
$ export PATH=/root/local/bin:$PATH
方式二:使用go命令安装
我们的系统中安装了Go1.7.5,使用以下命令安装更快捷:
$go get -u github.com/cloudflare/cfssl/cmd/...
$echo $GOPATH
/usr/local
$ls /usr/local/bin/cfssl*
cfssl cfssl-bundle cfssl-certinfo cfssljson cfssl-newkey cfssl-scan
在$GOPATH/bin
目录下得到以cfssl开头的几个命令。
创建 CA 配置文件
$ mkdir /root/ssl
$ cd /root/ssl
$ cfssl print-defaults config > config.json
$ cfssl print-defaults csr > csr.json
$ cat ca-config.json
{
"signing": {
"default": {
"expiry": "8760h"
},
"profiles": {
"kubernetes": {
"usages": [
"signing",
"key encipherment",
"server auth",
"client auth"
],
"expiry": "8760h"
}
}
}
}
字段说明
ca-config.json
:可以定义多个 profiles,分别指定不同的过期时间、使用场景等参数;后续在签名证书时使用某个 profile;signing
:表示该证书可用于签名其它证书;生成的 ca.pem 证书中 CA=TRUE
;server auth
:表示client可以用该 CA 对server提供的证书进行验证;client auth
:表示server可以用该CA对client提供的证书进行验证;创建 CA 证书签名请求
$ cat ca-csr.json
{
"CN": "kubernetes",
"key": {
"algo": "rsa",
"size": 2048
},
"names": [
{
"C": "CN",
"ST": "BeiJing",
"L": "BeiJing",
"O": "k8s",
"OU": "System"
}
]
}
Common Name
,kube-apiserver 从证书中提取该字段作为请求的用户名 (User Name);浏览器使用该字段验证网站是否合法;Organization
,kube-apiserver 从证书中提取该字段作为请求用户所属的组 (Group);生成 CA 证书和私钥
$ cfssl gencert -initca ca-csr.json | cfssljson -bare ca
$ ls ca*
ca-config.json ca.csr ca-csr.json ca-key.pem ca.pem
创建 kubernetes 证书签名请求
$ cat kubernetes-csr.json
{
"CN": "kubernetes",
"hosts": [
"127.0.0.1",
"172.20.0.112",
"172.20.0.113",
"172.20.0.114",
"172.20.0.115",
"10.254.0.1",
"kubernetes",
"kubernetes.default",
"kubernetes.default.svc",
"kubernetes.default.svc.cluster",
"kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local"
],
"key": {
"algo": "rsa",
"size": 2048
},
"names": [
{
"C": "CN",
"ST": "BeiJing",
"L": "BeiJing",
"O": "k8s",
"OU": "System"
}
]
}
etcd
集群和kubernetes master
集群使用,所以上面分别指定了 etcd
集群、kubernetes master
集群的主机 IP 和kubernetes
服务的服务 IP(一般是 kue-apiserver
指定的 service-cluster-ip-range
网段的第一个IP,如 10.254.0.1。生成 kubernetes 证书和私钥
$ cfssl gencert -ca=ca.pem -ca-key=ca-key.pem -config=ca-config.json -profile=kubernetes kubernetes-csr.json | cfssljson -bare kubernetes
$ ls kuberntes*
kubernetes.csr kubernetes-csr.json kubernetes-key.pem kubernetes.pem
或者直接在命令行上指定相关参数:
$ echo '{"CN":"kubernetes","hosts":[""],"key":{"algo":"rsa","size":2048}}' | cfssl gencert -ca=ca.pem -ca-key=ca-key.pem -config=ca-config.json -profile=kubernetes -hostname="127.0.0.1,10.64.3.7,10.254.0.1,kubernetes,kubernetes.default" - | cfssljson -bare kubernetes
创建 admin 证书签名请求
$ cat admin-csr.json
{
"CN": "admin",
"hosts": [],
"key": {
"algo": "rsa",
"size": 2048
},
"names": [
{
"C": "CN",
"ST": "BeiJing",
"L": "BeiJing",
"O": "system:masters",
"OU": "System"
}
]
}
kube-apiserver
使用 RBAC
对客户端(如 kubelet
、kube-proxy
、Pod
)请求进行授权;kube-apiserver
预定义了一些 RBAC
使用的 RoleBindings
,如 cluster-admin
将 Groupsystem:masters
与 Role cluster-admin
绑定,该 Role 授予了调用kube-apiserver
的所有 API的权限;system:masters
,kubelet
使用该证书访问 kube-apiserver
时 ,由于证书被 CA 签名,所以认证通过,同时由于证书用户组为经过预授权的system:masters
,所以被授予访问所有 API 的权限;生成 admin 证书和私钥
$ cfssl gencert -ca=ca.pem -ca-key=ca-key.pem -config=ca-config.json -profile=kubernetes admin-csr.json | cfssljson -bare admin
$ ls admin*
admin.csr admin-csr.json admin-key.pem admin.pem
创建 kube-proxy 证书签名请求
$ cat kube-proxy-csr.json
{
"CN": "system:kube-proxy",
"hosts": [],
"key": {
"algo": "rsa",
"size": 2048
},
"names": [
{
"C": "CN",
"ST": "BeiJing",
"L": "BeiJing",
"O": "k8s",
"OU": "System"
}
]
}
system:kube-proxy
;kube-apiserver
预定义的 RoleBinding cluster-admin
将User system:kube-proxy
与 Rolesystem:node-proxier
绑定,该 Role 授予了调用 kube-apiserver
Proxy 相关 API 的权限;生成 kube-proxy 客户端证书和私钥
$ cfssl gencert -ca=ca.pem -ca-key=ca-key.pem -config=ca-config.json -profile=kubernetes kube-proxy-csr.json | cfssljson -bare kube-proxy
$ ls kube-proxy*
kube-proxy.csr kube-proxy-csr.json kube-proxy-key.pem kube-proxy.pem
以 kubernetes 证书为例
Opsnssl
命令$ openssl x509 -noout -text -in kubernetes.pem
...
Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
Issuer: C=CN, ST=BeiJing, L=BeiJing, O=k8s, OU=System, CN=Kubernetes
Validity
Not Before: Apr 5 05:36:00 2017 GMT
Not After : Apr 5 05:36:00 2018 GMT
Subject: C=CN, ST=BeiJing, L=BeiJing, O=k8s, OU=System, CN=kubernetes
...
X509v3 extensions:
X509v3 Key Usage: critical
Digital Signature, Key Encipherment
X509v3 Extended Key Usage:
TLS Web Server Authentication, TLS Web Client Authentication
X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
CA:FALSE
X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
DD:52:04:43:10:13:A9:29:24:17:3A:0E:D7:14:DB:36:F8:6C:E0:E0
X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
keyid:44:04:3B:60:BD:69:78:14:68:AF:A0:41:13:F6:17:07:13:63:58:CD
X509v3 Subject Alternative Name:
DNS:kubernetes, DNS:kubernetes.default, DNS:kubernetes.default.svc, DNS:kubernetes.default.svc.cluster, DNS:kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local, IP Address:127.0.0.1, IP Address:172.20.0.112, IP Address:172.20.0.113, IP Address:172.20.0.114, IP Address:172.20.0.115, IP Address:10.254.0.1
...
Issuer
字段的内容和 ca-csr.json
一致;Subject
字段的内容和 kubernetes-csr.json
一致;X509v3 Subject Alternative Name
字段的内容和 kubernetes-csr.json
一致;X509v3 Key Usage、Extended Key Usage
字段的内容和 ca-config.json
中 kubernetes
profile 一致;Cfssl-Certinfo
命令$ cfssl-certinfo -cert kubernetes.pem
...
{
"subject": {
"common_name": "kubernetes",
"country": "CN",
"organization": "k8s",
"organizational_unit": "System",
"locality": "BeiJing",
"province": "BeiJing",
"names": [
"CN",
"BeiJing",
"BeiJing",
"k8s",
"System",
"kubernetes"
]
},
"issuer": {
"common_name": "Kubernetes",
"country": "CN",
"organization": "k8s",
"organizational_unit": "System",
"locality": "BeiJing",
"province": "BeiJing",
"names": [
"CN",
"BeiJing",
"BeiJing",
"k8s",
"System",
"Kubernetes"
]
},
"serial_number": "174360492872423263473151971632292895707129022309",
"sans": [
"kubernetes",
"kubernetes.default",
"kubernetes.default.svc",
"kubernetes.default.svc.cluster",
"kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local",
"127.0.0.1",
"10.64.3.7",
"10.254.0.1"
],
"not_before": "2017-04-05T05:36:00Z",
"not_after": "2018-04-05T05:36:00Z",
"sigalg": "SHA256WithRSA",
...
将生成的证书和秘钥文件(后缀名为.pem
)拷贝到所有机器的 /etc/kubernetes/ssl
目录下备用;
$ sudo mkdir -p /etc/kubernetes/ssl
$ sudo cp *.pem /etc/kubernetes/ssl