【Python】【整理】廖雪峰Python教程代码整理——9、错误、调试和测试

9 错误、调试和测试

9.1 错误处理

9.1.1 try

机制：

try:
    print('try...')
    r = 10 / 0
    print('result:', r)
except ZeroDivisionError as e:
    print('except:', e)
finally:
    print('finally...')
print('END')

多个except来捕获不同类型的错误：

try:
    print('try...')
    r = 10 / int('a')
    print('result:', r)
except ValueError as e:
    print('ValueError:', e)
except ZeroDivisionError as e:
    print('ZeroDivisionError:', e)
finally:
    print('finally...')
print('END')

当没有错误发生时，会自动执行else语句：

try:
    print('try...')
    r = 10 / int('2')
    print('result:', r)
except ValueError as e:
    print('ValueError:', e)
except ZeroDivisionError as e:
    print('ZeroDivisionError:', e)
else:
    print('no error!')
finally:
    print('finally...')
print('END')

跨越多层调用：

def foo(s):
    return 10 / int(s)

def bar(s):
    return foo(s) * 2

def main():
    try:
        bar('0')
    except Exception as e:
        print('Error:', e)
    finally:
        print('finally...')

9.1.2 调用栈

$ python3 err.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "err.py", line 11, in 
    main()
  File "err.py", line 9, in main
    bar('0')
  File "err.py", line 6, in bar
    return foo(s) * 2
  File "err.py", line 3, in foo
    return 10 / int(s)
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

从上往下追踪错误信息

9.1.3 记录错误

logging模块：

# err_logging.py

import logging

def foo(s):
    return 10 / int(s)

def bar(s):
    return foo(s) * 2

def main():
    try:
        bar('0')
    except Exception as e:
        logging.exception(e)

main()
print('END')

9.1.4 抛出错误

定义一个错误的class，用raise语句抛出：

# err_raise.py
class FooError(ValueError):
    pass

def foo(s):
    n = int(s)
    if n==0:
        raise FooError('invalid value: %s' % s)
    return 10 / n

foo('0')

执行：

$ python3 err_raise.py 
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "err_throw.py", line 11, in 
    foo('0')
  File "err_throw.py", line 8, in foo
    raise FooError('invalid value: %s' % s)
__main__.FooError: invalid value: 0

9.2 调试

9.2.1 断言

def foo(s):
    n = int(s)
    assert n != 0, 'n is zero!'
    return 10 / n

def main():
    foo('0')

关闭：

$ python -O err.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
  ...
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

9.2.2 logging

import logging
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)

s = '0'
n = int(s)
logging.info('n = %d' % n)
print(10 / n)

$ python err.py
INFO:root:n = 0
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "err.py", line 8, in 
    print(10 / n)
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

9.2.3 pdb

 python -m pdb err.py

输入命令l来查看代码：

(Pdb) l
  1     # err.py
  2  -> s = '0'
  3     n = int(s)
  4     print(10 / n)

输入命令p 变量名来查看变量：

(Pdb) p s
'0'
(Pdb) p n
0

输入命令q结束调试，退出程序：

(Pdb) q

9.2.4 pdb.set_trace()

# err.py
import pdb

s = '0'
n = int(s)
pdb.set_trace() # 运行到这里会自动暂停
print(10 / n)

用命令p查看变量，或者用命令c继续运行：

$ python err.py 
> /Users/michael/Github/learn-python3/samples/debug/err.py(7)()
-> print(10 / n)
(Pdb) p n
0
(Pdb) c
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "err.py", line 7, in 
    print(10 / n)
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

9.2.5 IDE

9.3 单元测试

mydict.py定义 Dict 类：

class Dict(dict):

    def __init__(self, **kw):
        super().__init__(**kw)

    def __getattr__(self, key):
        try:
            return self[key]
        except KeyError:
            raise AttributeError(r"'Dict' object has no attribute '%s'" % key)

    def __setattr__(self, key, value):
        self[key] = value

mydict_test.py测试：

import unittest

from mydict import Dict

class TestDict(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_init(self):
        d = Dict(a=1, b='test')
        self.assertEqual(d.a, 1)
        self.assertEqual(d.b, 'test')
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(d, dict))

    def test_key(self):
        d = Dict()
        d['key'] = 'value'
        self.assertEqual(d.key, 'value')

    def test_attr(self):
        d = Dict()
        d.key = 'value'
        self.assertTrue('key' in d)
        self.assertEqual(d['key'], 'value')

    def test_keyerror(self):
        d = Dict()
        with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
            value = d['empty']

    def test_attrerror(self):
        d = Dict()
        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
            value = d.empty

9.3.1 运行单元测试

在mydict_test.py的最后加上两行代码：

if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()

$ python mydict_test.py

或者

$ python -m unittest mydict_test
.....
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 5 tests in 0.000s

OK

9.3.2 setUp与tearDown

class TestDict(unittest.TestCase):

    def setUp(self):
        print('setUp...')

    def tearDown(self):
        print('tearDown...')

9.4 文档测试

# mydict2.py
class Dict(dict):
    '''
    Simple dict but also support access as x.y style.

    >>> d1 = Dict()
    >>> d1['x'] = 100
    >>> d1.x
    100
    >>> d1.y = 200
    >>> d1['y']
    200
    >>> d2 = Dict(a=1, b=2, c='3')
    >>> d2.c
    '3'
    >>> d2['empty']
    Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
    KeyError: 'empty'
    >>> d2.empty
    Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
    AttributeError: 'Dict' object has no attribute 'empty'
    '''
    def __init__(self, **kw):
        super(Dict, self).__init__(**kw)

    def __getattr__(self, key):
        try:
            return self[key]
        except KeyError:
            raise AttributeError(r"'Dict' object has no attribute '%s'" % key)

    def __setattr__(self, key, value):
        self[key] = value

if __name__=='__main__':
    import doctest
    doctest.testmod()