SQL易错锦集

1、LIMIT 语句

分页查询是最常用的场景之一,但也通常也是最容易出问题的地方。比如对于下面简单的语句,一般 DBA 想到的办法是在 type, name, create_time 字段上加组合索引。这样条件排序都能有效的利用到索引,性能迅速提升。

SELECT *
FROM operation
WHERE type = 'SQLStats'

   AND name = 'SlowLog' 

ORDER BY create_time
LIMIT 1000, 10;

好吧,可能90%以上的 DBA 解决该问题就到此为止。但当 LIMIT 子句变成 “LIMIT 1000000,10” 时,程序员仍然会抱怨:我只取10条记录为什么还是慢?

要知道数据库也并不知道第1000000条记录从什么地方开始,即使有索引也需要从头计算一次。出现这种性能问题,多数情形下是程序员偷懒了。

在前端数据浏览翻页,或者大数据分批导出等场景下,是可以将上一页的最大值当成参数作为查询条件的。SQL 重新设计如下:

SELECT *
FROM operation
WHERE type = 'SQLStats'
AND name = 'SlowLog'
AND create_time > '2017-03-16 14:00:00'
ORDER BY create_time limit 10;

在新设计下查询时间基本固定,不会随着数据量的增长而发生变化。

2、隐式转换

SQL语句中查询变量和字段定义类型不匹配是另一个常见的错误。比如下面的语句:

mysql> explain extended SELECT *

 > FROM   my_balance b 
 > WHERE  b.bpn = 14000000123 
 >       AND b.isverified IS NULL ;

mysql> show warnings;
| Warning | 1739 | Cannot use ref access on index 'bpn' due to type or collation conversion on field 'bpn'

其中字段 bpn 的定义为 varchar(20),MySQL 的策略是将字符串转换为数字之后再比较。函数作用于表字段,索引失效。

上述情况可能是应用程序框架自动填入的参数,而不是程序员的原意。现在应用框架很多很繁杂,使用方便的同时也小心它可能给自己挖坑。

3、关联更新、删除

虽然 MySQL5.6 引入了物化特性,但需要特别注意它目前仅仅针对查询语句的优化。对于更新或删除需要手工重写成 JOIN。

比如下面 UPDATE 语句,MySQL 实际执行的是循环/嵌套子查询(DEPENDENT SUBQUERY),其执行时间可想而知。

UPDATE operation o
SET status = 'applying'
WHERE o.id IN (SELECT id

            FROM   (SELECT o.id, 
                           o.status 
                    FROM   operation o 
                    WHERE  o.group = 123 
                           AND o.status NOT IN ( 'done' ) 
                    ORDER  BY o.parent, 
                              o.id 
                    LIMIT  1) t);

执行计划:

id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 PRIMARY o index PRIMARY 8 24 Using where; Using temporary
2 DEPENDENT SUBQUERY Impossible WHERE noticed after reading const tables
3 DERIVED o ref idx_2,idx_5 idx_5 8 const 1 Using where; Using filesort

重写为 JOIN 之后,子查询的选择模式从 DEPENDENT SUBQUERY 变成 DERIVED,执行速度大大加快,从7秒降低到2毫秒。

UPDATE operation o

   JOIN  (SELECT o.id, 
                        o.status 
                 FROM   operation o 
                 WHERE  o.group = 123 
                        AND o.status NOT IN ( 'done' ) 
                 ORDER  BY o.parent, 
                           o.id 
                 LIMIT  1) t
     ON o.id = t.id 

SET status = 'applying'

执行计划简化为:

id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 PRIMARY Impossible WHERE noticed after reading const tables
2 DERIVED o ref idx_2,idx_5 idx_5 8 const 1 Using where; Using filesort

4、混合排序

MySQL 不能利用索引进行混合排序。但在某些场景,还是有机会使用特殊方法提升性能的。

SELECT *
FROM my_order o

   INNER JOIN my_appraise a ON a.orderid = o.id 

ORDER BY a.is_reply ASC,

      a.appraise_time DESC 

LIMIT 0, 20

执行计划显示为全表扫描:

id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE a ALL idx_orderid NULL NULL NULL 1967647 Using filesort
1 SIMPLE o eq_ref PRIMARY PRIMARY 122 a.orderid 1 NULL

由于 is_reply 只有0和1两种状态,我们按照下面的方法重写后,执行时间从1.58秒降低到2毫秒。

SELECT *
FROM ((SELECT *

     FROM   my_order o 
            INNER JOIN my_appraise a 
                    ON a.orderid = o.id 
                       AND is_reply = 0 
     ORDER  BY appraise_time DESC 
     LIMIT  0, 20) 
    UNION ALL 
    (SELECT *
     FROM   my_order o 
            INNER JOIN my_appraise a 
                    ON a.orderid = o.id 
                       AND is_reply = 1 
     ORDER  BY appraise_time DESC 
     LIMIT  0, 20)) t 

ORDER BY is_reply ASC,

      appraisetime DESC 

LIMIT 20;

5、EXISTS语句

MySQL 对待 EXISTS 子句时,仍然采用嵌套子查询的执行方式。如下面的 SQL 语句:

SELECT *
FROM my_neighbor n

   LEFT JOIN my_neighbor_apply sra 
          ON n.id = sra.neighbor_id 
             AND sra.user_id = 'xxx' 

WHERE n.topic_status < 4

   AND EXISTS(SELECT 1 
              FROM   message_info m 
              WHERE  n.id = m.neighbor_id 
                     AND m.inuser = 'xxx') 
   AND n.topic_type <> 5 
         

执行计划为:

id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 PRIMARY n ALL NULL NULL NULL 1086041 Using where
1 PRIMARY sra ref idx_user_id 123 const 1 Using where
2 DEPENDENT SUBQUERY m ref idx_message_info 122 const 1 Using index condition; Using where

去掉 exists 更改为 join,能够避免嵌套子查询,将执行时间从1.93秒降低为1毫秒。

SELECT *
FROM my_neighbor n

   INNER JOIN message_info m 
           ON n.id = m.neighbor_id 
              AND m.inuser = 'xxx' 
   LEFT JOIN my_neighbor_apply sra 
          ON n.id = sra.neighbor_id 
             AND sra.user_id = 'xxx' 

WHERE n.topic_status < 4

   AND n.topic_type <> 5 
         

新的执行计划:

id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE m ref idx_message_info 122 const 1 Using index condition
1 SIMPLE n eq_ref PRIMARY 122 ighbor_id 1 Using where
1 SIMPLE sra ref idx_user_id 123 const 1 Using where

6、条件下推

外部查询条件不能够下推到复杂的视图或子查询的情况有:

聚合子查询;

含有 LIMIT 的子查询;

UNION 或 UNION ALL 子查询;

输出字段中的子查询;

如下面的语句,从执行计划可以看出其条件作用于聚合子查询之后:

SELECT *
FROM (SELECT target,

           Count(*) 
    FROM   operation 
    GROUP  BY target) t 

WHERE target = 'rm-xxxx'

执行计划如下:
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 PRIMARY ref 514 const 2 Using where
2 DERIVED operation index idx_4 idx_4 519 NULL 20 Using index

确定从语义上查询条件可以直接下推后,重写如下:

SELECT target,

   Count(*) 

FROM operation
WHERE target = 'rm-xxxx'
GROUP BY target

执行计划变为:

id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE operation ref idx_4 idx_4 514 const 1 Using where; Using index

关于 MySQL 外部条件不能下推的详细解释说明请参考文章:

http://mysql.taobao.org/month...

7、提前缩小范围

先上初始 SQL 语句:

SELECT *
FROM my_order o

   LEFT JOIN my_userinfo u 
          ON o.uid = u.uid
   LEFT JOIN my_productinfo p 
          ON o.pid = p.pid 

WHERE ( o.display = 0 )

   AND ( o.ostaus = 1 ) 

ORDER BY o.selltime DESC
LIMIT 0, 15

该SQL语句原意是:先做一系列的左连接,然后排序取前15条记录。从执行计划也可以看出,最后一步估算排序记录数为90万,时间消耗为12秒。

id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE o ALL NULL NULL NULL NULL 909119 Using where; Using temporary; Using filesort
1 SIMPLE u eq_ref PRIMARY PRIMARY 4 o.uid 1 NULL
1 SIMPLE p ALL PRIMARY NULL NULL NULL 6 Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop)

由于最后 WHERE 条件以及排序均针对最左主表,因此可以先对 my_order 排序提前缩小数据量再做左连接。SQL 重写后如下,执行时间缩小为1毫秒左右。

SELECT *
FROM (
SELECT *
FROM my_order o
WHERE ( o.display = 0 )

   AND ( o.ostaus = 1 ) 

ORDER BY o.selltime DESC
LIMIT 0, 15
) o

 LEFT JOIN my_userinfo u 
          ON o.uid = u.uid 
 LEFT JOIN my_productinfo p 
          ON o.pid = p.pid 

ORDER BY o.selltime DESC
limit 0, 15

再检查执行计划:子查询物化后(select_type=DERIVED)参与 JOIN。虽然估算行扫描仍然为90万,但是利用了索引以及 LIMIT 子句后,实际执行时间变得很小。

id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 PRIMARY ALL NULL NULL NULL NULL 15 Using temporary; Using filesort
1 PRIMARY u eq_ref PRIMARY PRIMARY 4 o.uid 1 NULL
1 PRIMARY p ALL PRIMARY NULL NULL NULL 6 Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop)
2 DERIVED o index NULL idx_1 5 NULL 909112 Using where

8、中间结果集下推

再来看下面这个已经初步优化过的例子(左连接中的主表优先作用查询条件):

SELECT a.*,

      c.allocated 

FROM (

          SELECT   resourceid 
          FROM     my_distribute d 
               WHERE    isdelete = 0 
               AND      cusmanagercode = '1234567' 
               ORDER BY salecode limit 20) a 

LEFT JOIN

      ( 
          SELECT   resourcesid, sum(ifnull(allocation, 0) * 12345) allocated 
          FROM     my_resources 
               GROUP BY resourcesid) c 

ON a.resourceid = c.resourcesid

那么该语句还存在其它问题吗?不难看出子查询 c 是全表聚合查询,在表数量特别大的情况下会导致整个语句的性能下降。

其实对于子查询 c,左连接最后结果集只关心能和主表 resourceid 能匹配的数据。因此我们可以重写语句如下,执行时间从原来的2秒下降到2毫秒。

SELECT a.*,

      c.allocated 

FROM (

               SELECT   resourceid 
               FROM     my_distribute d 
               WHERE    isdelete = 0 
               AND      cusmanagercode = '1234567' 
               ORDER BY salecode limit 20) a 

LEFT JOIN

      ( 
               SELECT   resourcesid, sum(ifnull(allocation, 0) * 12345) allocated 
               FROM     my_resources r, 
                        ( 
                                 SELECT   resourceid 
                                 FROM     my_distribute d 
                                 WHERE    isdelete = 0 
                                 AND      cusmanagercode = '1234567' 
                                 ORDER BY salecode limit 20) a 
               WHERE    r.resourcesid = a.resourcesid 
               GROUP BY resourcesid) c 

ON a.resourceid = c.resourcesid

但是子查询 a 在我们的SQL语句中出现了多次。这种写法不仅存在额外的开销,还使得整个语句显的繁杂。使用 WITH 语句再次重写:

WITH a AS
(

     SELECT   resourceid 
     FROM     my_distribute d 
     WHERE    isdelete = 0 
     AND      cusmanagercode = '1234567' 
     ORDER BY salecode limit 20)

SELECT a.*,

      c.allocated 

FROM a
LEFT JOIN

      ( 
               SELECT   resourcesid, sum(ifnull(allocation, 0) * 12345) allocated 
               FROM     my_resources r, 
                        a 
               WHERE    r.resourcesid = a.resourcesid 
               GROUP BY resourcesid) c 

ON a.resourceid = c.resourcesid

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