1、为什么要读英文原版书？用
2、为什么要读这本原版书？有逻辑，独立思考
3、怎么读这本原版书？敢dive
第一部分概念（7）
第二部分认知偏见和错误
第三部分如何应对
individual
critical thinking
truth
knowledge
opinion
evidence
argument
Errors of Perspective
Unwarranted Assumptions
Poverty of aspect
The Either/Or Outlook
Mindless Conformity
Absolutism
Relativism
Bias for or Against Change
Errors of Procedure
Biased Consideration of Evidence
Double Standard
Hasty Conclusion
Overgeneralization and Stereotyping
Oversimplification
The Post Hoc Fallacy
Errors of Expression
Contradiction
Arguing in a Circle
Meaningless Statement
Mistaken Authority
False Analogy
Irrational Appeal
Errors of Reaction:
Automatic Rejection
Changing the Subject
Shifting the Burden of Proof
Straw Man
Attacking the Critic
Feeling and thought are perfectly complementary. Feeling, being more spontaneous, is an excellent beginning to the development of conclusions. And thought, being more deliberate, provides a way to identify the best and most appropriate feeling. Both are natural.Thinking, however, is less automatic than feeling. To do it well demands a systematic approach and guided practice.
First, because we live in an age of manipulation. Armies of hucksters and demagogues stand ready with the rich resources of psychology to play upon our emotions and subconscious needs to persuade us that superficial is profound, harmful is beneficial, evil is virtuous. And feelings are especially vulnerable to such manipulation.
The Influence of Time and Place
Not only are you a member of a particular species, Homo sapiens , but you also exist at a particular time in the history of that species and in a particular place on the planet. That time and place are defined by specific circumstances, understandings, beliefs, and customs, all of which limit your experience and influence your thought patterns.
Living in a different age or culture would make you a different person. Even if you rebelled against the values of your time and place, they still would represent the context of your life—in other words, they still would influence your responses
The Influence of Mass Culture
1 Modern advertising typically bombards the public with slogans and testimonials by celebrities. This approach is designed to appeal to emotions and create artificial needs for products and services. As a result, many people develop the habit of responding emotionally, impulsively, and gullibly to such appeals. Ads often portray play as more fulfilling than work, self-gratification as more desirable than self-control, and materialism as more meaningful than idealism.
2 The number of shifts within commercials ranged from 6 to 54 and averaged approximately 17 per fifteen-second commercial. The total number of attention shifts came out to over 800 per hour, or over 14 per minute.
This manipulation has prevented many people from developing a mature attention span. They expect the classroom and the workplace to provide the same constant excitement they get from television. That, of course, is an impossible demand, and when it isn’t met they call their teachers boring and their work unfulfilling. Because such people seldom have the patience to read books that require them to think, many publishers have replaced serious books with light fare written by celebrities.
The Influence of Psychology
1 Whether we agree completely with Frankl, one thing is clear: Contemporary American culture would be markedly different if the emphasis over the past several decades had been on Frankl’s theory rather than on the theories of Maslow and the other humanistic psychologists.
自我超越(Self-transcendence)而非自我实现(Self-actualization)
What Is Critical Thinking?
The essence of critical thinking is evaluation . Critical thinking, therefore, may be defined as the process by which we test claims and arguments and determine which have merit and which do not. In other words, critical thinking is a search for answers, a quest . Not surprisingly, one of the most important techniques used in critical thinking is asking probing questions .