day38 ansible自动化管理实践

SSH批量管理项目如何一键一秒钟完成:一秒完成

1.ssh-keygen非交互式创建秘钥对:

具体命令:

ssh-keygen -f ~/.ssh/id_rsa -P '' -p

参数讲解:

ssh-keygen:密钥对创建工具
[-P old-passphrase] :密码
[-f output_keyfile ]:输出的秘钥文件
[-q ]:不输出信息
[-t dsa ]:指定秘钥类型

2.ssh-copy-id不需要提示yes/no分发秘钥

具体命令:

ssh-copy-id -f -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no 172.16.1.8

参数讲解:

ssh-copy-id -f -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no root172.16.1.8
ssh-copy-id [-f] [-i [identity_file]] [-p port] [[-o ] ...] [user@]hostname
说明:
-f :force mode 强制
[-i [identity_file]] 指定秘钥文件
[[-o ] ...] 指定ssh参数选项。

3.sshpass工具:指定密码文件非人工交互分发秘钥

具体命令:

sshpass -p123456 ssh-copy-id -f -i ~/.ssh_rsaput "-o StrictHostKeyChecking=no" 172.16.1.7

参数讲解:

[root@web02 ~]# sshpass -help
Usage: sshpass [-f|-d|-p|-e] [-hV] command parameters
sshpass -p123456 ssh-copy-id -f -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub "-o StrictHostKeyChecking=no" 172.16.1.7
sshpass [-f|-d|-p|-e] [-hV] command parameters

-p password   Provide password as argument (security unwise)    #指定用户密码操作

4.一键配置实战

把web02作为分发服务器:
web02(8)-->m01(61)
web02(8)-->web01(7)

ssh-keygen -f ~/.ssh/id_rsa  -P '' -q
ssh-copy-id -f -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub "-o StrictHostKeyChecking=no" 172.16.1.7
sshpass -p123456 ssh-copy-id -f -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub "-o StrictHostKeyChecking=no" 172.16.1.7

#!/bin/bash
#yum install sshpass -y
ssh-keygen -f ~/.ssh/id_rsa  -P '' -q
for ip in 7 61
do
  sshpass -p123456 ssh-copy-id -f -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub "-o StrictHostKeyChecking=no" 172.16.1.$ip
done
#test
ssh 172.16.1.7 "ifconfig eth0"
ssh 172.16.1.61 "ifconfig eth0"

一、ansible自动化管理实战

1.ansible介绍

ssh秘钥认证+脚本批量管理。
特点:简单、使用
看起来比较low,需要人工写脚本,类似实时复制的inotify工具。
2013以前这种方式很普遍。

2.批量管理工具历史

SSH+脚本------> CFEngine------> Puppet------> saltack----------------------------> ansible
08年以前 -------->07-08年--------->10-13年------>14-17年(Python开发)------>16- (python开发)

3.为什么用ansible?

简单、方便、容易学习、功能同样强大。
ansible有配置文件,可以多线程直接实现。
不需要写脚本,类似实时复制的sersync。

4.什么是ansible?

ansible是一个用来远程管理服务器的工具软件。
ansible是一个用来批量部署远程主机上服务的工具。这里“远程主机(Remote Host)”是指任何可以通过SSH登录的主机,所以它既可以使远程虚拟机或物理机,也可以是本地主机。
ansible通过SSH协议实现管理节点与远程节点之间的通信。理论上来说,只要能通过SSH登录到远程主机来完成的操作,都可以通过ansible实现批量自动化操作。
涉及管理操作:复制文件、安装服务、服务启动定制管理、配置管理等等。

5.为什么要用批量管理工具运维?

提高效率,百度几万台服务器,阿里几十万台服务器。
如何省钱?
SSD+SATA 热点存储

6.ansible特点

ansible基于Python语言实现,有Paramiko和PyYAML两个关键模块构建。
Shell、Python是Linux运维学员避讳的两门语言。

1)安装部署过程特别简单,学习曲线很平坦
2)不需要单独安装客户端,只是利用现有的SSHD服务(协议)即可
3)不需要服务端(no server)
4)ansible playbook,采用yaml配置,提前编排自动化任务
5)ansible功能模块较多,对于自动化的场景支持丰富。

7.ansible架构介绍

1、连接插件connectior plugins用于连接主机 用来连接被管理端
2、核心模块 core modules 连接主机实现操作, 它依赖于具体的模块来做具体的事情
3、自定义模块 custom modules,根据自己的需求编写具体的模块
4、插件 plugins,完成模块功能的补充
5、剧本 playbooks,ansible的配置文件,将多个任务定义在剧本中,由ansible自动执行
6、主机清单 inventor,定义ansible需要操作主机的范围
最重要的一点是 ansible是模块化的 它所有的操作都依赖于模块

8.ansible实践环境准备

61(m01)====>31(nfs01)
61(m01) ====>41(backup)

9.安装ansible

m01管理机:

yum install epel-release -y
yum install ansible -y

#如果有libselinux-python就不执行下面的命令了。
#rpm -qa |grep libselinux-python
#yum install libselinux-python -y

其他所有机器:

#rpm -qa |grep libselinux-python
#yum install libselinux-python -y

10.zhuji 列表配置

ssh列表实现方法:

for n  in 7 8
do 
 echo 172.16.1.$n
done

/etc/ansible/hosts主机资产清单文件,用于定义被管理主机的认证信息 

例如:ssh登录用户名、密码以及key相关信息。如何配置Inventory文件
1.主机支持主机名通配以及正则表达式,例如web[1:3].oldboy.com代表三台主机
2.主机支持基于非标准的ssh端口,例如web1.oldboyedu.com:6666
3.主机支持指定变量,可对个别主机的特殊配置,如登陆用户\密码
4.主机组支持指定变量[group_name:vars],同时支持嵌套组[game:children]

实践:

cp /etc/ansible/hosts{,.ori}
cat >/etc/ansible/hosts<

11.

直接执行如下命令会报错:

ansible oldboy -m command -a "free -m"

基于SSH秘钥认证的前提下:

如果没有做SSH秘钥认证,可以把用户名写到
/etc//ansible/hosts
[oldboy_pass]
172.16.1.7 ansible_ssh_user=root ansible_ssh_pass=123456
172.16.1.8 ansible_ssh_user=root ansible_ssh_pass=123456

ansible oldboy -m command -a "free -m"
要想成功,先解决yes/no的问题。
1.ssh 连接一遍

ssh 172.16.1.31

2.ssh -o 参数

ansible关闭ssh首次连接时的yes/no提示。

使用ssh连接时,可以使用-o参数将StrictHostKeyChecking设置为no,避免使用ssh连接时避免首次连接时让输入yes/no部分的提示。

方法一:修改/etc/ansible/ansible.cfg中的374行。

369 [ssh_connection]
370 
371 # ssh arguments to use
372 # Leaving off ControlPersist will result in poor performance, so use
373 # paramiko on older platforms rather than removing it, -C controls compression use
374 #ssh_args = -C -o ControlMaster=auto -o ControlPersist=60s

374行改为:
ssh_args = -o ControlMaster=auto -o ControlPersist=60s -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no

方法二:修改/etc/ansible/ansible.cfg中的71行。

70 # uncomment this to disable SSH key host checking
71 #host_key_checking = False
71行的注释取消:host_key_checking = False


目标:ansible是不是需要面秘钥认证(ssh免秘钥认证)?YES

[root@m01 ~]# cat /etc/ansible/hosts
[oldboy]
172.16.1.31
172.16.1.7

还原/etc/ansibleansible.cfg配置,重启服务器:

[root@m01 ~]# ansible oldboy -m command -a "free -m"
The authenticity of host '172.16.1.7 (172.16.1.7)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:qZSBkrmOv7xO/63qOU1uLXkPyNVHdkqvrNAcAmXqNEk.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:23:d0:cb:a9:f4:7c:0b:eb:2d:07:00:e1:a3:12:d8:33.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? The authenticity of host '172.16.1.31 (172.16.1.31)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:qZSBkrmOv7xO/63qOU1uLXkPyNVHdkqvrNAcAmXqNEk.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:23:d0:cb:a9:f4:7c:0b:eb:2d:07:00:e1:a3:12:d8:33.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)?

解决yes/no不需要输入问题:

修改ansible.cfg 374行:(/etc/ansible/ansible.cfg)
ssh_args = -o ControlMaster=auto -o ControlPersist=60s -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no

再执行,报错:

[root@m01 ~]# ansible oldboy -m command -a "free -m"
172.16.1.7 | UNREACHABLE! => {
    "changed": false, 
    "msg": "Failed to connect to the host via ssh: Warning: Permanently added '172.16.1.7' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.\r\nPermission denied (publickey,password).", 
    "unreachable": true
}
172.16.1.31 | UNREACHABLE! => {
    "changed": false, 
    "msg": "Failed to connect to the host via ssh: Warning: Permanently added '172.16.1.31' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.\r\nPermission denied (publickey,gssapi-keyex,gssapi-with-mic,password).", 
    "unreachable": true
}

解决公钥问题:

ssh-keygen -f ~/.ssh/id_rsa  -P '' -q
for ip in 7
do
  sshpass -p123456 ssh-copy-id -f -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub "-o StrictHostKeyChecking=no" 172.16.1.$ip
done
#test
ssh 172.16.1.7 "ifconfig eth0"

执行ansible命令:

[root@m01 ~]# ansible oldboy -m command -a "free -m"
172.16.1.31 | UNREACHABLE! => {
    "changed": false, 
    "msg": "Failed to connect to the host via ssh: Permission denied (publickey,gssapi-keyex,gssapi-with-mic,password).", 
    "unreachable": true
}
172.16.1.7 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:            972          69         807           7          95         771
Swap:           767           0         767

for ip in 31
do
  sshpass -p123456 ssh-copy-id -f -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub "-o StrictHostKeyChecking=no" 172.16.1.$ip
done
#test
ssh 172.16.1.31 "ifconfig eth0"

[root@m01 ~]# ansible oldboy -m command -a "free -m"
172.16.1.7 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:            972          69         807           7          95         771
Swap:           767           0         767

172.16.1.31 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:            972          71         804           7          96         768
Swap:           767           0         767

验证:删除公钥,是不是不可以了?
重启后,不行,重启前可以

[root@m01 ~]# ansible oldboy -m command -a "free -m"
172.16.1.7 | UNREACHABLE! => {
    "changed": false, 
    "msg": "Failed to connect to the host via ssh: Warning: Permanently added '172.16.1.7' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.\r\nPermission denied (publickey,password).", 
    "unreachable": true
}
172.16.1.31 | UNREACHABLE! => {
    "changed": false, 
    "msg": "Failed to connect to the host via ssh: Could not create directory '/root/.ssh'.\r\nWarning: Permanently added '172.16.1.31' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.\r\nPermission denied (publickey,gssapi-keyex,gssapi-with-mic,password).", 
    "unreachable": true
}

修改Host增加用户和密码:

[root@m01 ~]# cat /etc/ansible/hosts
#[oldboy]
#172.16.1.31
#172.16.1.7

[oldboy_pass]
172.16.1.31 ansible_ssh_user=root ansible_ssh_pass=123456
172.16.1.7 ansible_ssh_user=root ansible_ssh_pass=123456

结果:
[root@m01 ~]# ansible oldboy_pass -m command -a "free -m"
172.16.1.31 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:            972          79         791           7         101         758
Swap:           767           0         767

172.16.1.7 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:            972          69         806           7          95         771
Swap:           767           0         767

结论:使用SSH连接:
密码认证: host里主机后面加密码 Paramiko模块 重点:
秘钥认证:提前发公钥,才能用ansible. SSHPASS工具

特殊端口:

[oldboy]
172.16.1.7  ansible_port=52113  ansible_user=root ansible_ssh_pass=123456
172.16.1.8  ansible_port=52113  ansible_user=root ansible_ssh_pass=123456

12.基于SSH秘钥认证的实践

一键创建及分发秘钥:

#!/bin/bash
ssh-keygen -f ~/.ssh/id_rsa  -P '' -q
for ip in 7 8 41 31
do
  sshpass -p123456 ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub "-o StrictHostKeyChecking=no" 172.16.1.$ip
done
[root@m01 ~]# cat /etc/ansible/hosts
[oldboy]
172.16.1.31
172.16.1.41
172.16.1.7

[root@m01 ~]# ansible oldboy -m command -a "free -m" #和前面sh cmd.sh "free -m"

13.ansible命令参数:

-m MODULE_NAME,模块名字,默认command
-a MODULE_ARGS,模块参数
-f FORKS 并发进程数,默认5个
-i INVENTORY (dufauit=/etc/ansible/hosts)指定主机列表文件

ansible
ansible-doc
ansible-playbook
ansible-galaxy

14.ansible模块查看和帮助

查找模块:

ansible-doc -l #模块就是Linux命令了。

查看某个模块的具体参数帮助:

ansible-doc -s command #linux命令参数

1.command模块

1)功能说明:

command Executes a command on a remote node
功能说明: 执行一个命令在远程节点上

操作实践:

ansible oldboy -m command -a "free -m"
ansible oldboy -m command -a "df -h"
ansible oldboy -m command -a "ls /root"
ansible oldboy -m command -a "cat redhat-release"
ansible oldboy -m command -a "cat /etc/redhat-release"
最通用的功能。

[root@m01 ~]# ansible oldboy -m command -a "cat /etc/redhat-release"
172.16.1.7 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
CentOS Linux release 7.6.1810 (Core) 

172.16.1.31 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
CentOS Linux release 7.6.1810 (Core) 

172.16.1.41 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
CentOS Linux release 7.6.1810 (Core) 

[root@m01 ~]# cat /server/scripts/cmd.sh 
for n in 31 41
do
   echo "=====172.16.1.$n======"
   ssh 172.16.1.$n "$1"
done
[root@m01 ~]# sh /server/scripts/cmd.sh "cat /etc/redhat-release"
=====172.16.1.31======
CentOS Linux release 7.6.1810 (Core) 
=====172.16.1.41======
CentOS Linux release 7.6.1810 (Core) 

特殊:不支持的东西,例如 > < | &等 $HOME,替代方案用shell模块
ansible oldboy -m shell -a "ps -ef|grep ssh"
ansible oldboy -m shell -a "echo oldboy >/tmp/a.log"

2)常用参数说明及实践

[root@m01 ~]# ansible-doc -s command
- name: Executes a command on a remote node
  command:
      argv:                  # Allows the user to provide the command as a list vs. a string.  Only the
                               string or the list form can be provided, not
                               both.  One or the other must be provided.
      chdir:                 # Change into this directory before running the command.
      creates:               # A filename or (since 2.0) glob pattern. If it already exists, this step
                               *won't* be run.
      free_form:             # (required) The command module takes a free form command to run.  There is no
                               parameter actually named 'free form'. See the
                               examples!
      removes:               # A filename or (since 2.0) glob pattern. If it already exists, this step *will*  be run.
      stdin:                 # Set the stdin of the command directly to the specified value.
      warn:                  # If command_warnings are on in ansible.cfg, do not warn about this particular
                               line if set to `no'.

参数:chdir=/tmp配置相当于cd /tmp
[root@m01 ~]# ansible oldboy -m command -a "pwd chdir=/etc"
ansible oldboy -m shell -a "cd /etc/;pwd"
参数:creates=/etc 相当于条件测试 [ -e /etc ]||pwd 和下面removes相反
[root@m01 ~]# ansible oldboy -m command -a "pwd creates=/etc"
参数:removes=/root 相当于条件测试 [ -e /root ]&&ls /root
ansible oldboy -m command -a "ls /root removes=/root"
ansible oldboy -m shell -a "[ -d /etc ]||pwd"
[root@m01 ~]# ansible oldboy -m command -a "cat /etc/hosts removes=/etc/hosts"
参数:warn=False 忽略警告
[root@m01 ~]# ansible oldboy -m command -a "chmod 000 /etc/hosts warn=False"

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