0、运维发展历史
人肉运维——自动化运维——平台化——可视化运维——智能化运维(aiops)
开发自动化——开发平台(Python/Shell)——开发可视化(Python/Shell)——开发智能化的产品(大数据+人工智能)机器学习、深度学习
1、ansible软件知识介绍
SSH密钥认证+脚本批量管理,特点:简单、实用;
但是看起来比较LOW,需要人工写脚本,类似实时复制的inotify工具
MySQL高可用MHA集群,要求所有机器互相密钥认证。
大数据集群也需要。
2、批量管理工具历史
SSH+脚本 CFEngine、Puppet、 saltstack、 ansible
08年以前 07-08年 10-13年 14-17(python开发) 16-(python开发)
3、为什么用ansible?
简单、方便、容易学习、功能同样强大。
Ansible有配置文件,可以多线程直接实现。不需要写脚本,类似实时复制的inotify工具
4、什么是ansible?
Ansible是一个用来远程管理服务器的工具软件。这里“远程主机(Remote Host)”是指任何可以通过SSH登录的主机,所以它既可以远程虚拟机或物理机,也可以是本地主机。
Ansible通过SSH协议实现管理节点与远程节点之间的通信。理论上来说,只要能通过SSH登录到远程主机来完成的操作,都可以通过ansible实现批量自动化操作。
涉及管理操作:复制文件、安装服务、服务启动停止管理、配置管理等等。
5、为什么要用批量管理工具运维?
提高效率,百度几万台服务器,阿里几十万台服务器。
6、ansible的特点
Ansible基于python语言实现,由Paramiko和PyYAML两个关键模块构建。
Shell、Python是Linux运维学员必会的两门语言。
1)、安装部署过程特别简单,学习曲线很平坦。
2)、不需要单独安装客户端,只是利用现有的SSHD服务(协议)即可
3)、不需要服务端(no servers)
4)、ansible playbook ,采用yaml配置,提前编排自动化任务。
5)、ansible功能模块较多,对于自动化的场景支持丰富
7、Ansible架构介绍
1)、连接connectior plugins用于连接主机,用来连接被管理端
2)、核心模块core modules连接主机实现操作,它依赖于具体的模块来做具体的事情
3)、自定义模块custom modules,根据自己的需求编写具体的模块
4)、插件plugins,完成模块功能的补充
5)、剧本playbooks,ansible的配置文件,将多个任务定义在剧本中,由ansible自动执行
6)、主机清单inventor,定义ansible需要操作主机的范围
最重要的一点是ansible是模块化的,它所有的操作都依赖于模块
8、实践环境准备:
61(m01)====>31(nfs01)
61(m01) ====>41(backup)
9、安装ansible
m01管理机:
yum install epel-release -y
yum install ansible -y
如果有libselinux-python就不执行下面的命令了。
rpm -qa |grep libselinux-python
yum install libselinux-python -y
其他所有机器:
rpm -qa |grep libselinux-python
yum install libselinux-python -y
10、主机列表配置
ssh列表实现方法:
for n in 7 8
do
echo 172.16.1.$n
done
/etc/ansible/hosts主机资产清单文件,用于定义被管理主机的认证信息,
例如ssh登录用户名、密码以及key相关信息。如何配置Inventory文件
1.主机支持主机名通配以及正则表达式,例如web[1:3].oldboy.com代表三台主机
2.主机支持基于非标准的ssh端口,例如web1.oldboyedu.com:6666
3.主机支持指定变量,可对个别主机的特殊配置,如登陆用户\密码
4.主机组支持指定变量[group_name:vars],同时支持嵌套组[game:children]
实践:
[root@m01~]# cat >/etc/ansible/hosts<
cat /etc/ansible/hosts < ===查看配置文件
/etc/ansible/ansible.cfg #ansible的配置文件
11.小试牛刀
直接执行如下命令或报错
ansible oldboy -m command -a "free -m"
基于SSH秘钥认证的前提下:
如果没有做SSH秘钥认证,可以把用户名密码写到/etc/ansible/hosts
[oldboy_pass]
172.16.1.7 ansible_ssh_user=root ansible_ssh_pass=123456
172.16.1.8 ansible_ssh_user=root ansible_ssh_pass=123456
ansible oldboy -m command -a "free -m" 要想成功,先解决yes/no的问题。
1、ssh连接一遍。
2、ssh -o 参数
上述命令就是sshpass的封装
ansible关闭ssh首次连接时yes/no提示
使用ssh连接时,可以使用-o参数将StrictHostKeyChecking设置为no,
避免使用ssh连接时避免首次连接时让输入yes/no部分的提示。
方法1:修改 /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg中的374行
369 [ssh_connection]
370
371 # ssh arguments to use
372 # Leaving off ControlPersist will result in poor performance, so use
373 # paramiko on older platforms rather than removing it, -C controls compression use
374 #ssh_args = -C -o ControlMaster=auto -o ControlPersist=60s
374行改为:
ssh_args = -o ControlMaster=auto -o ControlPersist=60s -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no
方法2:
修改 /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg中的71行
70 # uncomment this to disable SSH key host checking
71 #host_key_checking = False
71行的注释取消:host_key_checking = False
实验:
[root@m01 /server/scripts]# > ~/.ssh/known_hosts
[root@m01 /server/scripts]# ssh 172.16.1.31
The authenticity of host '172.16.1.31 (172.16.1.31)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:qZSBkrmOv7xO/63qOU1uLXkPyNVHdkqvrNAcAmXqNEk.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:23:d0:cb:a9:f4:7c:0b:eb:2d:07:00:e1:a3:12:d8:33.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? ^C
[root@m01 /server/scripts]# ansible oldboy -m command -a "free -m"
172.16.1.31 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 972 88 592 13 291 708
Swap: 767 0 767
172.16.1.41 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 972 89 572 13 310 706
Swap: 767 0 767
目标:ansible是不是需要免秘钥认证(ssh免秘钥认证)?
[root@m01 ~]# cat /etc/ansible/hosts
[oldboy]
172.16.1.31
172.16.1.7
还原ansible.cfg配置,重启服务器
[root@m01 ~]# ansible oldboy -m command -a "free -m"
The authenticity of host '172.16.1.7 (172.16.1.7)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:qZSBkrmOv7xO/63qOU1uLXkPyNVHdkqvrNAcAmXqNEk.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:23:d0:cb:a9:f4:7c:0b:eb:2d:07:00:e1:a3:12:d8:33.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? The authenticity of host '172.16.1.31 (172.16.1.31)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:qZSBkrmOv7xO/63qOU1uLXkPyNVHdkqvrNAcAmXqNEk.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:23:d0:cb:a9:f4:7c:0b:eb:2d:07:00:e1:a3:12:d8:33.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)?
解决yes/no不需要输入问题:
修改ansible.cfg 374行:
ssh_args = -o ControlMaster=auto -o ControlPersist=60s -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no
在执行报错:
[root@m01 ~]# ansible oldboy -m command -a "free -m"
172.16.1.7 | UNREACHABLE! => {
"changed": false,
"msg": "Failed to connect to the host via ssh: Warning: Permanently added '172.16.1.7' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.\r\nPermission denied (publickey,password).",
"unreachable": true
}
172.16.1.31 | UNREACHABLE! => {
"changed": false,
"msg": "Failed to connect to the host via ssh: Warning: Permanently added '172.16.1.31' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.\r\nPermission denied (publickey,gssapi-keyex,gssapi-with-mic,password).",
"unreachable": true
}
解决公钥问题:
ssh-keygen -f ~/.ssh/id_rsa -P '' -q
for ip in 7
do
sshpass -p123456 ssh-copy-id -f -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub "-o StrictHostKeyChecking=no" 172.16.1.$ip
done
#test
ssh 172.16.1.7 "ifconfig eth0"
执行ansible命令:
[root@m01 ~]# ansible oldboy -m command -a "free -m"
172.16.1.31 | UNREACHABLE! => {
"changed": false,
"msg": "Failed to connect to the host via ssh: Permission denied (publickey,gssapi-keyex,gssapi-with-mic,password).",
"unreachable": true
}
172.16.1.7 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 972 69 807 7 95 771
Swap: 767 0 767
for ip in 31
do
sshpass -p123456 ssh-copy-id -f -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub "-o StrictHostKeyChecking=no" 172.16.1.$ip
done
#test
ssh 172.16.1.31 "ifconfig eth0"
[root@m01 ~]# ansible oldboy -m command -a "free -m"
172.16.1.7 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 972 69 807 7 95 771
Swap: 767 0 767
172.16.1.31 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 972 71 804 7 96 768
Swap: 767 0 767
验证:删除公钥,是不是不可以了?
重启后,不行,重启前可以
[root@m01 ~]# ansible oldboy -m command -a "free -m"
172.16.1.7 | UNREACHABLE! => {
"changed": false,
"msg": "Failed to connect to the host via ssh: Warning: Permanently added '172.16.1.7' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.\r\nPermission denied (publickey,password).",
"unreachable": true
}
172.16.1.31 | UNREACHABLE! => {
"changed": false,
"msg": "Failed to connect to the host via ssh: Could not create directory '/root/.ssh'.\r\nWarning: Permanently added '172.16.1.31' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.\r\nPermission denied (publickey,gssapi-keyex,gssapi-with-mic,password).",
"unreachable": true
}
修改Host增加用户和密码:
[root@m01 ~]# cat /etc/ansible/hosts
#[oldboy]
#172.16.1.31
#172.16.1.7
[oldboy_pass]
172.16.1.31 ansible_ssh_user=root ansible_ssh_pass=123456
172.16.1.7 ansible_ssh_user=root ansible_ssh_pass=123456
结果:
[root@m01 ~]# ansible oldboy_pass -m command -a "free -m"
172.16.1.31 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 972 79 791 7 101 758
Swap: 767 0 767
172.16.1.7 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 972 69 806 7 95 771
Swap: 767 0 767
结论:使用SSH连接:
密码认证 host里主机后面加密码 Paramiko模块 重点:
秘钥认证:提前发公钥,才能用ansible. SSHPASS工具
12.基于SSH秘钥认证的实践
一键创建及分发秘钥:
#!/bin/bash
ssh-keygen -f ~/.ssh/id_rsa -P '' -q
for ip in 7 8 41 31
do
sshpass -p123456 ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub "-o StrictHostKeyChecking=no" 172.16.1.$ip
done
[root@m01 ~]# cat /etc/ansible/hosts
[oldboy]
172.16.1.31
172.16.1.41
172.16.1.7
[root@m01 ~]# ansible oldboy -m command -a "free -m"
和前面sh cmd.sh "free -m"
13.ansible命令参数
-m MODULE_NAME, 模块名字,默认command
-a MODULE_ARGS, 模块参数
-f FORKS 并发进程数,默认5个。
-i INVENTORY(default=/etc/ansible/hosts)指定主机列表文件
14.ansible模块查看和帮助*****
ansible-doc -s command #Linux命令参数
14.1 command模块 *****
1)功能说明:
command Executes a command on a remote node
功能说明:执行一个命令在远程节点上
操作实践:
ansible oldboy -m command -a "free -m"
ansible oldboy -m command -a "df -h"
ansible oldboy -m command -a "ls /root"
ansible oldboy -m command -a "cat redhat-release"
ansible oldboy -m command -a "cat /etc/redhat-release"
最通用的功能。
[root@m01 ~]# ansible oldboy -m command -a "cat /etc/redhat-release"
172.16.1.7 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
CentOS Linux release 7.6.1810 (Core)
172.16.1.31 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
CentOS Linux release 7.6.1810 (Core)
172.16.1.41 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
CentOS Linux release 7.6.1810 (Core)
[root@m01 ~]# cat /server/scripts/cmd.sh
for n in 31 41
do
echo "=====172.16.1.$n======"
ssh 172.16.1.$n "$1"
done
[root@m01 ~]# sh /server/scripts/cmd.sh "cat /etc/redhat-release"
=====172.16.1.31======
CentOS Linux release 7.6.1810 (Core)
=====172.16.1.41======
CentOS Linux release 7.6.1810 (Core)
特殊:不支持的东西,例如 > < | &等 $HOME,替代方案用shell模块
ansible oldboy -m shell -a "ps -ef|grep ssh"
ansible oldboy -m shell -a "echo oldboy >/tmp/a.log"
2)常用参数说明及实践
[root@m01 ~]# ansible-doc -s command
- name: Executes a command on a remote node
command:
argv: # Allows the user to provide the command as a list vs. a string. Only the
string or the list form can be provided, not
both. One or the other must be provided.
chdir: # Change into this directory before running the command.
creates: # A filename or (since 2.0) glob pattern. If it already exists, this step
*won't* be run.
free_form: # (required) The command module takes a free form command to run. There is no
parameter actually named 'free form'. See the
examples!
removes: # A filename or (since 2.0) glob pattern. If it already exists, this step *will* be run.
stdin: # Set the stdin of the command directly to the specified value.
warn: # If command_warnings are on in ansible.cfg, do not warn about this particular
line if set to `no'.
参数:chdir=/tmp配置相当于cd /tmp
[root@m01 ~]# ansible oldboy -m command -a "pwd chdir=/etc"
ansible oldboy -m shell -a "cd /etc/;pwd"
参数:creates=/etc 相当于条件测试 [ -e /etc ]||pwd 和下面removes相反
[root@m01 ~]# ansible oldboy -m command -a "pwd creates=/etc"
参数:removes=/root 相当于条件测试 [ -e /root ]&&ls /root
ansible oldboy -m command -a "ls /root removes=/root"
ansible oldboy -m shell -a "[ -d /etc ]||pwd"
[root@m01 ~]# ansible oldboy -m command -a "cat /etc/hosts removes=/etc/hosts"
参数:warn=False 忽略警告
[root@m01 ~]# ansible oldboy -m command -a "chmod 000 /etc/hosts warn=False"