日常使用SqlServer的笔记

表操作

  • 查表大小

    sp_spaceused 表名
  • 修改表名

    ALTER TABLE table RENAME TO NEW_TABLE_NAME;
  • 修改列名
    不支持

    ALTER TABLE table RENAME COLUMN OLD_COLUMN_NAME TO NEW_COLUMN_NAME

    支持以下两种方式

    sp_rename 'change.Times','TIMES1','column'
    go
    -- 或者
    EXEC sp_rename 'T_WeiBoHot.citme','ctime','column'
    go
    -- change是表名,times是原来的列名,times1是新的列名
  • 修改列的数据类型

    ALTER TABLE dbo.T_Intervene_HistoryDBRate ALTER COLUMN rate REAL;
  • 插入/删除列

    ALTER TABLE table ADD COLUMN_NAME DATATYPE;
    go
    ALTER TABLE table DROP COLUMN COLUMN_NAME;
  • 分区
    建分区

    CREATE PARTITION FUNCTION [fq_function](tinyint) AS RANGE LEFT FOR VALUES (0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07)
    GO
    CREATE PARTITION SCHEME [fq_Scheme] AS PARTITION [fq_function] TO ([PRIMARY], [PRIMARY], [PRIMARY], [PRIMARY], [PRIMARY], [PRIMARY], [PRIMARY], [PRIMARY], [PRIMARY])
    GO

    查询某分区数据

    SELECT * FROM dbo.T_monnewssource_FQTest WITH(NOLOCK) WHERE $PARTITION.fq31_function(fq_date) = 30;

    查当天数据所在分区

    SELECT $PARTITION.fq31_function(datediff(day,'2015-07-01',getdate())%31);

    分区依据

    fq_date TINYINT DEFAULT (datediff(day,'2015-01-01',getdate())%(8))
    -- 分区依据字段值从0~7,分区从1~8
    -- 31个分区时,只保留7个分区
    DECLARE @i TINYINT = 1,@j TINYINT = 25,@str VARCHAR(100) = '';
    WHILE @i < 25
    BEGIN
    SELECT @i = @i + 1;
    SELECT @str = @str + ',' + LTRIM(@j);
    IF @j = 31
    BEGIN
    SELECT @j = 0
    END
    SELECT @j = @j + 1;
    END
    
    SELECT STUFF(@str,1,1,'') AS strs;

过程,作业和触发器等操作

  • 触发器

    禁用触发器:

    ALTER TABLE trig_example DISABLE TRIGGER trig1

    恢复触发器:

    ALTER TABLE trig_example ENABLE TRIGGER trig1

    禁用某个表上的所有触发器

    ALTER TABLE 你的表 DISABLE TRIGGER all

    启用某个表上的所有触发器

    ALTER TABLE 你的表 enable TRIGGER all

    禁用所有表上的所有触发器

    exec sp_msforeachtable 'ALTER TABLE ? DISABLE TRIGGER all'

    启用所有表上的所有触发器

    exec sp_msforeachtable 'ALTER TABLE ? enable TRIGGER all'
  • 查询作业

    select a.name,b.command
    from msdb.dbo.sysjobs a
    inner join msdb.dbo.sysjobsteps b
    on a.job_id = b.job_id
    where b.command like '%P_GZ_HeavyPaste_UpOrder%';
    `
  • 查询过程

    select a.name,b.text
    from sys.objects a
    inner join sys.syscomments b
    on a.object_id = b.id
    where a.type = 'P'
    and b.text like '%T_SEM_PostSnap%';
  • 查询触发器

    SELECT * FROM sys.objects WHERE type = 'tr';
  • 查询视图

    select * from sysobjects where xtype='V';
  • 查看进程

    SELECT PRO.spid
        ,DB_NAME(PRO.dbid) AS DBName
        ,PRO.program_name
        ,waitresource
        ,PRO.loginame AS LoginName
        ,DB.name AS DatabaseName
        ,PRO.[status] as ProcessStatus
        ,PRO.cmd AS Command
        ,PRO.last_batch AS LastBatch
        ,PRO.cpu AS Cpu
        ,PRO.physical_io AS PhysicalIo
        ,PRO.hostname
        ,SES.row_count AS [RowCount]
        ,STM.[text] AS SQLStatement
    FROM sys.sysprocesses AS PRO
        INNER JOIN sys.databases AS DB
            ON PRO.dbid = DB.database_id
        INNER JOIN sys.dm_exec_sessions AS SES
            ON PRO.spid = SES.session_id
        CROSS APPLY sys.dm_exec_sql_text(PRO.sql_handle) AS STM
    WHERE PRO.spid >= 50  -- Exclude system processes
    ORDER BY PRO.physical_io DESC ,PRO.cpu DESC
    go
    
    SELECT *
    FROM sys.sysprocesses AS pro
    CROSS APPLY sys.dm_exec_sql_text(sql_handle) AS sql
    WHERE pro.spid = 135
  • 循环执行过程

    DECLARE @i INT =1
    WHILE @i=1
    BEGIN
    EXEC @i=P_wenda_ExportQuestionDaily; --过程return 1
    END
  • 查看过程执行情况

    SELECT ISNULL(DBS.name, '') AS DatabaseName
        ,OBJECT_NAME(EPS.object_id, EPS.database_id) AS ObjectName
        ,EPS.cached_time AS CachedTime
        ,EPS.last_elapsed_time AS LastElapsedTime
        ,EPS.execution_count AS ExecutionCount
        ,EPS.total_worker_time / EPS.execution_count AS AvgWorkerTime
        ,EPS.total_elapsed_time / EPS.execution_count AS AvgElapsedTime
        ,(EPS.total_logical_reads + EPS.total_logical_writes)
        / EPS.execution_count AS AvgLogicalIO
    FROM sys.dm_exec_procedure_stats AS EPS
    LEFT JOIN sys.databases AS DBS
        ON EPS.database_id = DBS.database_id
    ORDER BY AvgWorkerTime DESC;
  • 查看开销较大过程

    SELECT  ss.SUM_execution_count ,
        t.text ,
        ss.SUM_total_elapsed_time ,
        ss.sum_total_worker_time ,
        ss.sum_total_logical_reads ,
        ss.sum_total_logical_writes
    FROM    ( SELECT    S.plan_handle ,
                    SUM(s.execution_count) SUM_Execution_count ,
                    SUM(s.total_elapsed_time) SUM_total_elapsed_time ,
                    SUM(s.total_worker_time) SUM_total_worker_time ,
                    SUM(s.total_logical_reads) SUM_total_logical_reads ,
                    SUM(s.total_logical_writes) SUM_total_logical_writes
            FROM      sys.dm_exec_query_stats s
            GROUP BY  S.plan_handle
        ) AS ss
        CROSS APPLY sys.dm_exec_sql_text(ss.plan_handle) t
    ORDER BY sum_total_logical_reads DESC

连接

  • full join

    SELECT (CASE WHEN A.customerId IS NULL THEN B.customerId ELSE A.customerId END) AS customerId,
    A.itemMoney AS currentNum, B.itemMoney AS frontNum
    INTO #W
    FROM #CA AS A
    FULL JOIN (SELECT customerId, itemMoney FROM #CA WHERE customerType = 2) AS B
    ON A.customerId = B.customerId
    WHERE A.customerType = 1
    go
    
    SELECT (CASE WHEN W.customerId IS NULL THEN C.customerId ELSE W.customerId END) AS customerId,
    W.currentNum, W.frontNum, C.itemMoney AS lastYearNum
    INTO #WW
    FROM #W AS W
    FULL JOIN (SELECT customerId, itemMoney FROM #CA WHERE customerType = 3) AS C
    ON W.customerId = C.customerId
    go
  • cross apply

    SELECT F.usergroupid, F.row, S.Element
    FROM dbo.T_Cabin_FeatureWords AS F
    CROSS APPLY dbo.ufn_split(row, '-') AS S
    WHERE usergroupid = 21
  • merge

    MERGE dbo.T_I8_CommentGroup AS A
    USING (SELECT @e_id AS id) AS B
    ON A.ug_id = B.id
    WHEN MATCHED THEN
    UPDATE SET ug_useflag = @ug_useflag, os_depict = @os_depict
    WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
    INSERT (ug_id, ug_useflag, os_depict, lasttime)
    VALUES (@e_id, @ug_useflag, @os_depict, CONVERT(VARCHAR(10), GETDATE() - 7, 121))
    go
    
    MERGE dbo.T_I8_CommentUserGroup AS A
    USING
    (
    SELECT @e_id AS id, B.col
    FROM dbo.f_split(@ug_ids,',') AS B
    WHERE B.col > ''
    )AS C
    ON A.e_id = C.id AND A.ug_id = CONVERT(INT, C.col)
    WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
    INSERT (e_id, ug_id)
    VALUES (C.id, C.col)
    WHEN NOT MATCHED BY SOURCE AND A.e_id = @e_id
    THEN DELETE
    go

索引

  • 创建唯一索引并忽略重复值(已有的)

    CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_temp_id ON dbo.temp_lxc (id) WITH(IGNORE_DUP_KEY = ON);
  • 删除索引语句

    DROP INDEX sy ON salary;
  • 指定使用某索引
SELECT 字段名表  FROM 表名表 WITH (INDEX(索引名)) WHERE 查询条件;
  • 建全文索引
    开启全文索引

    execute sp_fulltext_database 'enable';

    定义全文索引目录(fulltext_bbsBoard_PostDay)

    EXEC [sys].[sp_fulltext_catalog]
    @ftcat = 'fulltext_bbsBoard_PostDay', -- sysname
    @action = 'create', -- varchar(20)
    @path = N'D:\fulltext' -- nvarchar(101)

    为表[T_bbsBoard_PostDay]创建全文索引 可索引列为 id

    EXEC [sys].[sp_fulltext_table] @tabname = N'T_bbsBoard_PostDay', -- nvarchar(517)
    @action = 'create', -- varchar(50)
    @ftcat = fulltext_bbsBoard_PostDay, -- sysname
    @keyname = PK__T_bbsBoa__521F78666482D9EB -- sysname

    设置全文索引列名

    EXEC [sys].[sp_fulltext_column] @tabname = N'T_bbsBoard_PostDay', -- nvarchar(517)
    @colname = title, -- sysname
    @action = 'add', -- varchar(20)
    @language = 2052 -- int 2057 is the LCID for 英语 1033 :美语 2052:中文

    激活索引

    EXEC [sys].[sp_fulltext_table] @tabname = N'T_bbsBoard_PostDay', -- nvarchar(517)
    @action = 'activate'

    填充索引,首次创建完全文索引之后先完全填充索引,把数据全部放入全文索引里

    ALTER FULLTEXT INDEX ON dbo.T_bbsBoard_PostDay SET CHANGE_TRACKING OFF
    GO
    ALTER FULLTEXT INDEX ON dbo.T_bbsBoard_PostDay START FULL POPULATION
    GO

    修改填充方式为自动跟踪更改,等数据有变化的时候只需要把变化的部分填充进去全文索引里

    ALTER FULLTEXT INDEX ON dbo.T_bbsBoard_PostDay SET CHANGE_TRACKING AUTO
    GO
  • 使用全文索引
WHERE CONTAINS(Title,'华为 and/or 联想')

约束

  • 建唯一约束

    ALTER TABLE T_WenDa_QuestionZFM ADD CONSTRAINT un_QuestionZFM_autoid UNIQUE(autoid);
    go
    ALTER TABLE dbo.T_MS_TopicBlackList ADD CONSTRAINT pk_TopicBlackList_topicid PRIMARY KEY (topic_id);
  • 删约束

    ALTER TABLE dbo.T_SEM_TriLo DROP CONSTRAINT DF__T_SEM_Tri__ji_fl__4262CC11;
  • 为已有列添加默认值

    ALTER TABLE dbo.T_SEM_ShowJsonShotSnap ADD CONSTRAINT ShowJsonShotSnap_defualt_rgNum DEFAULT(0) FOR rgNum;

时间日期处理

  • 显示年月日部分:

    convert(nvarchar(10), date1, 21)
  • 取得该月第一天:

    DATEADD(DD, -DAY(GETDATE()) + 1, GETDATE())
  • 取得该月最后一天:

    DATEADD(DD, -DAY(GETDATE()), DATEADD(MM, 1, GETDATE()))

算法

  • 返回插入到标识列中的值(SCOPE_IDENTITY/IDENT_CURRENT/@@IDENTITY)
    返回插入数据条数使用 @@ROWCOUNT

    CREATE TABLE #A(id INT);
    INSERT INTO dbo.tongxuelu
            ( t_name, t_sex, t_age )
    OUTPUT INSERTED.t_id INTO #A
    SELECT 'abc','女',0;
  • 遍历

    ;
    WITH SUB(id, fid, word, paths,layer,word_id) AS (
    SELECT C.cls_id,C.cls_fid,C.cls_path_word,C.cls_path_wordstr,C.cls_layer,C.cls_path_id
    FROM QADATA.dbo.T_QA_Class AS C WITH(NOLOCK) WHERE C.cls_id = 868163
    UNION ALL
    SELECT C.cls_id,C.cls_fid,C.cls_path_word,C.cls_path_wordstr,C.cls_layer,C.cls_path_id
    FROM SUB AS S
    INNER JOIN QADATA.dbo.T_QA_Class AS C WITH(NOLOCK) ON S.id = C.cls_fid
    )
    SELECT * FROM SUB ORDER BY layer ASC;
  • 随机函数 NEWID()
  • 组内排序

    ROW_NUMBER() OVER(PARTITION BY A.Url ORDER BY A.Utime DESC) AS n
  • 哈希排重(MD5)

    SELECT CONVERT(UNIQUEIDENTIFIER,HASHBYTES('MD5','LXC'));
    SELECT @titlehash = CONVERT(UNIQUEIDENTIFIER,HASHBYTES('md5', SUBSTRING( ISNULL(@title, ''),1,255)));
    contenthash = CONVERT(UNIQUEIDENTIFIER , HASHBYTES('md5',LEFT(RTRIM(LTRIM(@content)),4000))
  • 拼接字符串

    SELECT t_type + ',' FROM #toolList FOR XML PATH('');
    go
    
    CREATE TABLE #words(id INT,word NVARCHAR(8));
    INSERT INTO #words( id,word )
    SELECT 1,'过去'
    UNION
    SELECT 1,'现在'
    UNION
    SELECT 1,'将来'
    UNION
    SELECT 2,'过去2'
    UNION
    SELECT 3,'现在3'
    UNION
    SELECT 2,'将来2'
    
    SELECT * FROM #words;
    
    DECLARE @a NVARCHAR(max);
    
    SELECT @a = STUFF((SELECT '|' + word FROM #words FOR XML PATH('')),1,1,'');
    SELECT @a;
    go
    
    SELECT B.id,STUFF((SELECT '|' + word FROM #words AS A WHERE A.id = B.id FOR XML PATH('')),1,1,'')
    FROM #words AS B
    GROUP BY B.id
    
    DROP TABLE #words;
    
    CREATE TABLE #temp(id INT);
    
    INSERT INTO #temp
            ( id )
    SELECT 1
    UNION
    SELECT 2
    UNION
    SELECT 3;
    
    SELECT STUFF((SELECT ',' + LTRIM(id) FROM #temp FOR XML PATH('')),1,1,'');
    DROP TABLE #temp;
  • 平均分配(个数/时间)

    CREATE TABLE #temp(id INT,iname VARCHAR(10));
    INSERT INTO #temp( id, iname )
    SELECT 1,'a'
    UNION
    SELECT 2,'b'
    UNION
    SELECT 3,'c'
    
    SELECT * FROM #temp;
    
    SELECT * FROM #temp AS t,dbo.Nums AS n WHERE n.n <= CEILING(10*1.0/3);
    
    DECLARE @endTime DATETIME = GETDATE() + 1;
    SELECT *,DATEADD(MINUTE,(id-1) * DATEDIFF(MINUTE,GETDATE(),@endTime) / 4,GETDATE())
    FROM #temp
  • 计算某词在串中出现个数

    DECLARE @str VARCHAR(100)= 'a,b,c,d'
    SELECT @str
    SELECT LEN(@str) - LEN(REPLACE(@str, 'a', '')) 
  • 构造日期表

    SELECT CAST(GETDATE()-number AS DATE) AS time
    FROM master..spt_values WHERE type='P'
    AND number<30
  • 构造递增表

    SELECT number FROM master..spt_values WHERE type = 'P' AND number < 24
  • 判断字符串是否是纯数字或字母

    -- 纯数字:
    ISNUMERIC(title) = 1
    -- 纯数字:
    PATINDEX('%[^0-9]%','12324') = 0
    -- 纯英文:
    PATINDEX('%[^a-z]%','abc') = 0
    --- 不含汉字和字母:
    PATINDEX('%[吖-咗a-zA-Z]%',Title) = 0
    -- 不含汉字:
    PATINDEX('%[吖-咗]%',title) = 0
  • 正则表达式

    获取字符串中的英文字符

    declare @str varchar(100)
    set @str='xyz123z5'
    select dbo.regexReplace(@str,'[^a-zA-Z]','',1,1)

    获取字符串中的英文字符长度

    declare @str varchar(100)
    set @str='xyz123z5'
    select len(dbo.regexReplace(@str,'[^a-zA-Z]','',1,1))

    语句块例子:

    create function dbo.regexReplace
    (
    @source varchar(5000), --原字符串
    @regexp varchar(1000), --正则表达式
    @replace varchar(1000), --替换值
    @globalReplace bit = 0, --是否是全局替换
    @ignoreCase bit = 0 --是否忽略大小写
    )
    returnS varchar(1000) AS
    begin
    declare @hr integer
    declare @objRegExp integer
    declare @result varchar(5000)
    
    exec @hr = sp_OACreate 'VBScript.RegExp', @objRegExp OUTPUT
    IF @hr <> 0 begin
    exec @hr = sp_OADestroy @objRegExp
    return null
    end
    exec @hr = sp_OASetProperty @objRegExp, 'Pattern', @regexp
    IF @hr <> 0 begin
    exec @hr = sp_OADestroy @objRegExp
    return null
    end
    exec @hr = sp_OASetProperty @objRegExp, 'Global', @globalReplace
    IF @hr <> 0 begin
    exec @hr = sp_OADestroy @objRegExp
    return null
    end
    exec @hr = sp_OASetProperty @objRegExp, 'IgnoreCase', @ignoreCase
    IF @hr <> 0 begin
    exec @hr = sp_OADestroy @objRegExp
    return null
    end 
    exec @hr = sp_OAMethod @objRegExp, 'Replace', @result OUTPUT, @source, @replace
    IF @hr <> 0 begin
    exec @hr = sp_OADestroy @objRegExp
    return null
    end
    exec @hr = sp_OADestroy @objRegExp
    IF @hr <> 0 begin
    return null
    end
    
    return @result
    end
    GO

其他

  • 创建数据库

    create database stuDB 
    on  primary  -- 默认就属于primary文件组,可省略
    (
    /*--数据文件的具体描述--*/
        name='stuDB_data',  -- 主数据文件的逻辑名称
        filename='D:\stuDB_data.mdf', -- 主数据文件的物理名称
        size=5mb, --主数据文件的初始大小
        maxsize=100mb, -- 主数据文件增长的最大值,不限制的话可用“unlimited”
        filegrowth=15%--主数据文件的增长率,也可指定大小
    )
    log on
    (
    /*--日志文件的具体描述,各参数含义同上--*/
        name='stuDB_log',
        filename='D:\stuDB_log.ldf',
        size=2mb,
        filegrowth=1mb --也可用增长率
    )
    一个数据库中,只可以有一个 主数据文件(扩展名: .mdf),多个次数据文件(扩展名: .ndf),多个日志文件(扩展名: .Ldf);

    多文件及文件组示例:

    CREATE DATABASE Sales
    ON PRIMARY
    ( NAME = SPri1_dat,
        FILENAME = 'D:\SalesData\SPri1dat.mdf',
        SIZE = 10,
        MAXSIZE = 50,
        FILEGROWTH = 15% ),
    ( NAME = SPri2_dat,
        FILENAME = 'D:\SalesData\SPri2dt.ndf',
        SIZE = 10,
        MAXSIZE = 50,
        FILEGROWTH = 15% ),
    FILEGROUP SalesGroup1
    ( NAME = SGrp1Fi1_dat,
        FILENAME = 'D:\SalesData\SG1Fi1dt.ndf',
        SIZE = 10,
        MAXSIZE = 50,
        FILEGROWTH = 5 ),
    ( NAME = SGrp1Fi2_dat,
        FILENAME = 'D:\SalesData\SG1Fi2dt.ndf',
        SIZE = 10,
        MAXSIZE = 50,
        FILEGROWTH = 5 ),
    FILEGROUP SalesGroup2
    ( NAME = SGrp2Fi1_dat,
        FILENAME = 'D:\SalesData\SG2Fi1dt.ndf',
        SIZE = 10,
        MAXSIZE = 50,
        FILEGROWTH = 5 ),
    ( NAME = SGrp2Fi2_dat,
        FILENAME = 'D:\SalesData\SG2Fi2dt.ndf',
        SIZE = 10,
        MAXSIZE = 50,
        FILEGROWTH = 5 )
    LOG ON
    ( NAME = Sales_log,
        FILENAME = 'E:\SalesLog\salelog.ldf',
        SIZE = 5MB,
        MAXSIZE = 25MB,
        FILEGROWTH = 5MB ) ;
    GO
  • 关闭/开启 Transact-SQL 语句或存储过程影响的行计数的消息

    SET NOCOUNT ON
    go
    SET NOCOUNT OFF
    go
    SET NOCOUNT ON
  • 符号
    回车符:char(13)
    换行符:char(10)
    制表符: CHAR(9)
  • 开启/关闭自增列
    显示值插入(修改会话中的IDENTITY_INSERT ),临时性 ,不彻底改表列性质

    SET IDENTITY_INSERT [ database_name . [ schema_name ] . ] table { ON | OFF }
  • 查服务器名

    SELECT @@SERVERNAME;
  • 页面无法执行过程时,环境设置

    SET ANSI_WARNINGS ON;
    SET ANSI_PADDING ON;
    SET CONCAT_NULL_YIELDS_NULL ON;

  • 查死锁

    select   request_session_id   spid,OBJECT_NAME(resource_associated_entity_id) tableName  
    from   sys.dm_tran_locks where resource_type='OBJECT'
    AND OBJECT_NAME(resource_associated_entity_id) = 'MonNews_floors_ContentText';
    
    select   request_session_id   spid,OBJECT_NAME(resource_associated_entity_id) tableName  
    from   sys.dm_tran_locks where resource_type='OBJECT';
    
    select top 100* from master..sysprocesses a cross apply sys.dm_exec_sql_text(a.sql_handle) b
    where a.spid>50 AND b.text LIKE '%T_bbsBoard_PostDay%' order by hostname;
    
    select   request_session_id spid,OBJECT_NAME(resource_associated_entity_id) tableName   
    from sys.dm_tran_locks  
    where resource_type='OBJECT;

    解锁

    declare @spid  int
    Set @spid  = 57 --锁表进程
    declare @sql varchar(1000)
    set @sql='kill '+cast(@spid  as varchar)
    exec(@sql)

    检索死锁进程

    select spid, blocked, loginame, last_batch, status, cmd, hostname, program_name
    from sysprocesses
    where spid in
    (select blocked from sysprocesses where blocked <> 0 ) or (blocked <>0)
  • 表A数据量很大,现需要保留表A的少量数据
    删除A耗时长而且会增加数据库负载,可以考虑更换表名的方法达到目的
    假设表A有自增id

    1).新建与表 A 结构相同的表 B;
    2).停止表 A 的作业修改过程 让表A数据不再变化;
    3).将 表 A 要保留数据 指定相同自增id 插入 表 B;

    SET IDENTITY_INSERT B ON
    INSERT B
    SELECT ... FROM A WHERE ...
    SET IDENTITY_INSERT B OFF

    4).指定 表 B 自增id;
    查询 表 A 自增id当前值DBCC CHECKIDENT (A)
    指定表 B 为 与 表 A 一样的新值DBCC CHECKIDENT (B, RESEED, value)
    5).重命名的方式到达 备份删除目的;

    EXEC sp_rename A,A1
    EXEC sp_rename B,A
  • 查询相邻两条记录间的数据增加或减少值
    通过查询原来的数据库,建立两个临时表。临时表中添加一个字段作为顺序标签。
    第一个临时表中顺序标签是0开始,第二个临时表从1开始。然后两个表直接通过顺序标签这一列进行内联,这样不就能直接计算增量值了啊。在查询的时候还能直接把其他相关的时间等信息都带出来。

    注意,这样是让两个表格对应错位,以便求增量,所以两个临时表中都有一行在内联中丢失掉。

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