Section 3 A Strategy
策略
16 Knowing Yourself
了解你自己
这一章同样是复习环节，与上一章不同的是，这一章讲的是个各种锻炼培养你批判性思维的方法以及指出了，知道和做到之间还是有差别的。每个人在批判性思维上的欠缺点不同，通过一系列的问题和反省，诚实的回答自己，观察自己的思考过程，找到自己的盲点，然后再之后的思考过程中刻意的多留意这一部分的方向，避免自己犯错。
最初可行性方法就是列个问题清单，逐一对照，虽然慢，不过的确有效。
认识自己是解决自己问题的最关键因素，决定你如何做出全部的决策。
认识自己是一个伴随着自己一生的问题，随着你思想的不断进步，你自己对自己的认识也应当随着进步更新。
发现自己虽然成长的比较慢，但是对于认识自己来说，一点弯路都没有吧（有些夸张）。
Western philosophy virtually began with Socrates' advice, "Know thyself."Ever since, thoughtful men and women have realized that knowing oneself is the key to wisdom. Why is self-knowledge so important? Because so many of the obstacles to clear thinking are found not in the problems we must deal with, but in ourselves.
西方哲学几乎从苏格拉底的建议开始，“认识你自己”。从那以后，有思想的男人和女人都意识到认识自己是智慧的关键。为什么自我认知如此重要？因为如此多的阻碍清晰思考的障碍不在我们必须处理的问题中，而在我们自己中。
Of course, innumerable factors contribute to how we feel and think and act. To be complete, any inventory of them would have to include answers to the following questions:
当然，无数的因素会影响我们的感受，思考和行为。为了完整，它们的任何清单都必须包含以下问题的答案：
Am I quiet or talkative? Generally optimistic or pessimistic? Hard-working or lazy? Fearful or brave?Serious or easygoing? Modest or proud? Competitive or noncompetitive? Am I nervous or at ease with stranger ? Do I retain my poise and presence of mind in emergencies? Am I confident in everything I do? Do I resent certain types of people? (The popular classmate, for example.) Would I be more accurately classified as a leader or a follower?
我安静还是健谈？一般乐观还是悲观？努力工作还是懒惰？恐惧还是勇敢？严肃还是轻松？谦虚还是自豪？有竞争力还是非竞争力？我与陌生人紧张或安逸吗？在紧急情况下我是否保持自己的态度和精神状态？我对我所做的一切充满信心吗？我讨厌某些类型的人吗？ （例如流行的同学。）我会被更准确地归类为领导者还是追随者？
How trustworthy am I ? Can I keep a secret or must I reveal it to at least one or two others? Am I loyal to my friends/ do I ever "use" people? How sensitive am I to the feelings of others/ do I ever purposely hurt others? Am I jealous of anyone? Do I enjoy causing trouble, sowing seeds of suspicion and dissension among people? Do I rush to spread the latest gossip? Do I talk behind friends'backs? Are my comments about others usually favorable or unfavorable? Do I criticize other's real or imagined faults as a means of boosting my own ego? Do I keep my promises? How tolerant am I of people's faults and mistakes?
我有多可信？我可以保密吗？还是必须向至少一两个人透露它？我忠于我的朋友/我曾经“使用”过人吗？我对别人的感受有多敏感/是否故意伤害别人？我嫉妒任何人吗？我是否喜欢惹麻烦，在人群中播下猜疑和分歧的种子？我是否急于传播最新的八卦？我会在朋友的背后说话吗？我对他人的评论通常是有利还是不利？我是否批评他人的真实或想象的缺点，以此作为提升自己的自我的手段？我遵守我的承诺吗？我对人的错误和错误有多宽容？
Am I truthful with other people? With myself? How objective am I in assessing my skills and talents? How intelligent am I? How studious am I in school? How many different roles do I play with other people? Which of those roles are authentic? Which are masks designed to hid parts of myself I would be ashamed or embarrassed to have others see? How reasonable are my plans for the future? Do I work well under pressure?
我对他人真诚吗？用我自己？我在评估自己的技能和才能时有多客观？我有多聪明？我在学校有多好学？我和其他人一起玩多少个不同的角色？哪些角色是真实的？哪些是为了掩饰自己的一部分而设计的面具我会感到羞耻或尴尬，让别人看到？我对未来的计划有多合理？我在压力下工作良好吗？
CRITICAL THINKING INVENTORY
批判性思维清单
In addition to the foregoing questions, numerous questions are suggested by the previous fifteen chapters. To assist you in taking inventory of the habits and attitudes that affect your critical thinking, ask yourself these questions:
除前述问题外，前十五章还提出了许多问题。为了帮助您清点影响您批判性思维的习惯和态度，请问自己这些问题：
1 Exactly what influences have shaped my identity? How have they done so?How has my self-image been affected? In what situations am I less an individual because of these influences?
究竟是什么影响塑造了我的身份？他们是如何做到的？我的自我形象如何受到影响？由于这些影响，我在哪些情况下没有体现个人特征？
2 In what ways am I like the good thinker (as outlined in Chapter 2)? In what ways like the poor thinker? What kinds of situations seem to bring out my best and worst qualities?
在什么方面我像一个好的思考者（如第2章所述）？什么方面像一个差的思想者？什么样的情况似乎能影响我表现出我最好和最差的品质？
3 To what extent has my perspective on truth tended to be reasonable?(See Chapter 3 again, if necessary.)
我对真相的看法在多大程度上趋于合理？（如有必要，请再次参阅第3章。）
4 How careful am I about separating hearsay and rumor from fact? About distinguishing knowing from assuming, guessing, or speculating?
关于将传闻和传闻从事实中分离出来，我有多小心？关于将假设与猜测或推测区分开来？
5 How often do I take the trouble to make my opinions informed?
我多长时间不费吹灰之力才能确定我的意见？
6 To what extend do I think that "mine is better"? (Not only the personal "mine," but the ethnocentric "mine," as well.)In what ways has this kind of thinking affected my view of personal problems and public issues?
我认为“我的更好”是什么？（不仅是个人的“我的”，还有以民族为中心的“我的”）。这种思想在哪些方面影响了我对个人问题和公共问题的看法？
7 In what matters am I most resistant to change? Is the cause of my resistance insecurity? Is it fear of something? If so, of what?
在哪些方面我最难改变？我的抗拒原因是什么不安全么？是对某事的恐惧吗？如果是这样，具体是什么？
8 To what or whom do I feel the strongest urge to conform? In what situations as this conformist tendency interfered with my judgment?
我最最强烈的冲动是希望遵守什么或服从谁？这种顺从倾向在什么情况下会干扰我的判断？
9 How strong is my need to save face? What aspect of my image is most precious to me? Which of my roles am I most sensitive about? Which people am I most anxious to have think well of me? In what situations have my face-saving maneuvers corrupted my thinking?
我需要保存面子的强度有多大？我的形象的哪个方面对我来说最为珍贵？我最感兴趣的是哪些角色？我最渴望哪些人对我有好感？在哪些情况下，我的面子挽救机动会破坏我的思想？
10 Do I tend to make hard generalizations (stereotypes) about members of my own race or other races? Religions? Political or social organizations? Any of the other people, places, or ideas mentioned in Chapter 10? What caused me to first form those stereotyped views? In what ways have those views interfered with my evaluation of particular people, places, or ideas?
我是否倾向于对自己的种族或其他种族的成员进行武断的概括（刻板印象）？宗教？政治或社会组织？第10章中提到的其他任何人，地点或想法？是什么使我首先形成那些刻板印象的观点？这些观点以什么方式干扰我对特定人物，地点或想法的评价？
11 To what extend do I tend to oversimplify complex matters? Am I just unwilling to take the trouble to learn the truth in its complexity? Or do I feel threatened by answers that are not neat and tidy? What has made me this way?
我多大程度上倾向于将复杂问题简单化？我是否不愿意花时间学习复杂性的真相？或者我觉得这些答案不够整齐？是什么让我这样？
12 To what extend do I tend to jump to conclusions? Do I tend to do so in some areas but not in others? If so, which areas? And why the difference? Do I draw my conclusions prematurely out of convenience? If so, is my purpose to sound authoritative and impress people? In what recent situations have I formed hasty conclusions?
我会倾向于得出什么结论？我倾向于在某些领域这样做，而不是在其他领域这样做？如果是这样，哪些领域？有什么区别？我是否过早地从中得出结论？如果是这样，我的目的是要发挥权威和令人印象深刻的人吗？在最近的情况下，我形成了草率的结论？
13 Am I aware of the degree to which I assume certain things to be so? In what matters am I most inclined to assume too much, to take too much for granted?
我是否意识到我考虑某些事情是什么样的的程度？在哪些方面我最倾向于假设太多，认为太理所当然了？
14 Which of my beliefs have been influenced by logical fallacies: specifically, by illogical conclusions, either-or thinking, attacking the person, shifting the burden of proof, false cause, straw man, or irrational appeals?
我的哪些信念受到逻辑谬误的影响：特别是通过不合逻辑的结论，二选一思维，人身攻击，转移举证责任，虚假原因，偷换概念还是无理呼吁？
15 To what extent have the problems listed above combined to undermine my thinking about important personal and public issues?
上述问题在多大程度上结合在一起，破坏了我对重要个人和公共问题的思考？
16 Which of the problems in questions 1 through 15 interfere with my thinking most frequently and significantly?
问题1到问题15中的哪个问题最频繁和最显着地干扰了我的思维？
USING YOUR INVENTORY
使用你的清单
As important as the foregoing questions are, there is one question that is considerably more important –how can you most effectively use your personal inventory to improve your critical thinking performance?The answer is by following these steps:
与上述问题一样重要的是，这是一个更重要的问题 - 如何最有效地利用个人清单来提高您的批判性思维效果？ 答案是按照以下步骤进行：
First,answer all the questions in the critical thinking inventory honestly and thoroughly, acknowledging not only the pleasant facts about yourself but also the unpleasant ones. (If you ignore the latter, they will influence you noless; in fact, your refusal to face them may intensify the harm they do.)
首先，诚实而彻底地回答批判性思维清单中的所有问题，不仅承认关于你自己的愉快事实，还承认不愉快的事实。（如果你忽视后者，他们将同样影响你;事实上，你拒绝面对他们可能会加剧他们的伤害。）
Next reflect on your answers, noting the areas in which you are especially vulnerable. Don't expect to be equally vulnerable in all circumstances; it is common for some to be more troublesome than others. Your goal here is to know your intellectual habits so we that you can predict exactly which thinking problem will arise for you in any particular situation.
接下来反思你的答案，注意你在哪些方面特别容易敏感。不要指望在任何情况下都同样敏感; 正常情况下有些人比其他人更敏感。您的目标是了解您的智力习惯，以便您可以在任何特定情况下准确预测出您的思维问题。
Finally,whenever you are addressing an issue, anticipate what problems are likely to undermine your thinking, and make a conscious effort to resist their influence.
最后，无论何时你正在处理一个问题，预测哪些问题可能会破坏你的思维，并且有意识地努力抵制他们的影响。
CHALLENGE AND REWARD
挑战和奖励
It is one thing to understand the steps to improving your thinking and quite another to use them effectively. The latter task is a formidable challenge. It will take continuing effort over a long period of time.
理解改进思维的步骤是一回事，而有效地使用它们则是另一回事。后一项任务是一项艰巨的挑战。这需要很长一段时间的持续努力。
Is the challenge worth the effort? Let's consider what is known about the role of thinking in everyday life. The most respected educators stress the importance of getting beyond mere memorizing and reflecting on the significance and application of facts.Thinking skill is necessary to understand and profit form college courses.Business and professional leaders stress that proficiency in thinking is necessary to solve problems and make decisions on the job. (All the books written in recent years about excellence underline the value of thinking skills.)
这项挑战值得付出吗？让我们来思考一下关于日常生活中思维角色的知识。最受尊敬的教育工作者强调，不能仅仅记住和反思事实的重要性和应用。思维能力对于理解大学课程并从中获益是必要的。商界和专业领导者强调，思考能力是解决问题和做出工作决策的必要条件。（所有近年来关于卓越的书籍都强调了思考技能的价值。）
In addition, more and more psychologists are affirming that thinking skills play a crucial role in our personal lives. The leading form of psychotherapy in this country, in fact, is cognitive therapy. It is based on the idea that most mental problems(neuroses) result form faulty thinking habits. Noted psychologist Albert Ellis,founder of the Institute of Rational-Emotive Therapy, writes, "Man can live the most self-fulfilling, creative, and emotionally satisfying life by intelligently organizing and disciplining his thinking."
此外，越来越多的心理学家肯定思维技能在我们的个人生活中扮演着至关重要的角色。事实上，这个国家心理治疗的主要形式是认知疗法。它基于大多数精神问题（神经症）根本原因是错误的思维习惯的观点。理性情绪疗法研究所的创始人，着名心理学家艾伯特·埃利斯写道：“通过智能地组织和训练他的思想，人类可以过上最自我实现，创造性和情感上满足的生活。”
Like other famous psychologists before him, Ellis notes that to organize our thinking we must wrestle with our own negative tendencies. "As Freud and his daughter Anna accurately observed," he says, "and as Adler agreed, humans are prone to avoid focusing on and coping with their problems and instead often sweep them under the rug by resorting to rationalization, denial, compensation, identification, projection, avoidance, repression, and other defensive maneuvers."
和其他着名的心理学家一样，埃利斯指出，为了组织我们的思维，我们必须与自己的负面倾向搏斗。“正如弗洛伊德和他的女儿安娜准确地观察到的那样，”他说，“正如阿德勒所认为的那样，人类很容易避免专注于并解决他们的问题，而是经常通过合理化，拒绝，补偿，鉴定，投射，回避，压制和其他防御性演习。“
In short, though the challenge of improving your thinking is great, no other kind of self-improvement can affect every area of your life so positively.
总而言之，尽管改善思维的挑战很大，但没有其他自我提升能够如此积极地影响你生活中的每个领域。
APPLICATIONS
应用
1 Examine yourself in light of the questions presented in the chapter.Don't settle for things you already know about yourself. Try to expand yourself-awareness. And don't ignore your less favorable characteristics. Discussthe results of your self-examination.
根据本章提出的问题检查自己。不要满足于你已经了解的事情。尝试扩大你的自我意识。不要忽视你不太熟悉喜欢的特点。讨论你的自我反省的结果。
2 Apply your critical thinking to each of the following cases. Make a conscious effort to apply your new self-knowledge, anticipate the problems in thinking to which you will be vulnerable, and resist their influence on yourjudgment.
将您的批判性思维应用于以下每种情况。有意识地努力应用你的新自我知识，预测你将面临的脆弱问题，并抵制他们对你的判断力的影响。
Some educators are urging that the colleges become more selective than they have been in the past few decades.Specifically, these people propose that remedial courses be eliminated and entrance requirements tightened. This would mean that students who are deficient in basic skills, and poor marks in high school, or did poorly on admissions tests would not be accepted for college. Do you agree with thisview?
一些教育工作者正在敦促学院变得比过去几十年更具有选择性。具体来说，这些人提出补救课程被取消，入学要求更加严格。这意味着那些缺乏基本技能，高中不好或者入学考试成绩不佳的学生不会被大学录取。你是否同意这种观点？
The San Francisco Board of Supervisors approved an ordinance that would allow "live-in lovers" to qualify for the city's employee insurance programs. The measure was designed to allow homosexuals and unmarried heterosexuals to establish domestic partnerships and qualify for the same life and health insurance benefits traditionally limited to husbands and wives. Many people, including a majority of the gay community, endorsed the proposal. Others opposed it. The SanFrancisco Examiner, for example, editorialized against it, reasoning that"the notion that an unmarried relationship is the equivalent of marriage is an attack on social norms." The mayor voted the proposal. Do you believe she was correct in doing so?
旧金山监事会批准了一项法令，允许“同居的恋人”有资格参加该市的员工保险计划。该措施旨在允许同性恋者和未婚异性恋者建立家庭伙伴关系，并有资格享受传统上限于丈夫和妻子的相同生活和医疗保险福利。许多人，包括同性恋群体的大多数人，都赞同这一提议。其他人反对。举例来说，旧金山考官对此进行了社论，认为“未婚关系相当于婚姻的概念是对社会规范的攻击”。市长投票表决。你认为她这样做是对的吗？
An outstanding senior English major (with a 3.7 grade-point average out of a possible 4.0) at Princet on University submitted an analysis of a novel for her Spanish-American novel course. Her professor determined that the paper was plagiarized; that is, that it was copied, virtually word for word, from a scholarly reference work without proper acknowledgment. The student subsequently claimed she had committed only a "technical error." The case was referred to a faculty-student committee on discipline, which after hearing it recommended withholding the student's degree for one year and notifying the law schools to which she had applied of the details of their decision. Believing the penalty was too harsh,the student took the matter to court. Do you believe the committee's decision was too harsh?
普林斯顿大学一位杰出的高级英语专业（平均分数为3.7分，也可能平均分数为4.0分）提交了一部分析她的西班牙裔美国人小说课程的小说。她的教授确定该文件被抄袭;也就是说，如果没有得到适当的承认，它从学术参考著作中逐字逐句复制。这名学生后来声称她只犯了一个“技术错误”。该案件被提交给一个教师 - 学生纪律委员会，听证会后，它建议保留学生的学位一年，并通知她所申请的法学院该决定所有细节。认为惩罚过于苛刻，学生将此事告上法庭。你认为委员会的决定过于苛刻吗？
A federal court has ruled that Christmas (like Hanukkah, Easter, and Passover) may be observed in the public schools as a cultural event but not as a religious holiday. Educational lawyers interpret that as meaning that songs like Silent Night may be sung in a class learning about religious customs or in a music appreciation class but not as an areligious celebration. Do you support the idea of banning all religious celebrations from the schools in this manner?
联邦法院已经裁定圣诞节（如光明节，复活节和逾越节）可能在公立学校中被视为一种文化，甚至不属于宗教节日。教育律师认为这意味着像“平静的夜晚”这样的歌曲可以在学习宗教习俗的课程中或在音乐欣赏课中演唱，但不能作为宗教庆典。你是否支持以这种方式禁止学校所有宗教庆典的想法？
When Elizabeth Taylor learned that a TV movie based on her life was in preparation, she went to court to block its production, claiming that the so-called docudrama was "simply a fancy new name for old-fashioned invasion of privacy, defamation, and violation of an actor's right." Some people would say her request should be denied because it represents censorship. What do you think? (Would you think differently if the docudrama concerned the life of a deceased celebrity, like Elvis Presley?)
当伊丽莎白泰勒得知以她的生活为基础的电视电影正在准备，她去法院阻止其制作，声称所谓的docudrama“只是一个老式的侵犯隐私，诽谤的新名称，和侵犯演员的权利“。有些人会说她的请求应该被拒绝，因为它代表了审查制度。你怎么看？（如果纪录片涉及已故名人生活的话，你会不同地思考一下，埃尔维斯普雷斯利？）
Shirley MacLaine, the well-known actress, is now a best selling author. In her books she claims to have lived a number of former lives. For example, she says she once lived as a male teacher who committed suicide on the lost continent of Atlantis. Do you find such claims believable?
著名女演员雪莉麦克莱恩现在是畅销书作家。在她的书中，她声称曾经活过一些前生。例如，她说她曾经是一个在失落的亚特兰蒂斯大陆上自杀的男老师。你觉得这种说法可信吗？
Group discussion exercise: Select one of the cases you analyzed inapplication 2 and discuss it with two or three of your classmates. Try to reach a consensus on the issue. Be prepared to present your idea(s) to the class.
小组讨论练习：选择你在应用2中分析的一个案例，并与两个或三个同学讨论。尝试就此问题达成共识。准备好向班级介绍你的想法。
这个系列是对超越感觉：批判性思考指南 07版做的翻译练习，如果觉得有帮助可以点链接购买第九版中文，英文原版在这里Beyond Feelings：A Guide to Critical Thinking （英语）