重要结论:
- 2019-nCoV发病和年龄、吸烟无关;
- 男性易感;
- 华南海鲜市场是否不是唯一感染源?证据不充分,需要追踪第一例患者的家族史和日常接触地点,加以判断;主要原因:2019-nCoV无症状态可以感染,且在年轻人或儿童中表现不发热症状;潜伏期2-12天,使得感染源存在很多不确定性;
- 普通医用外科口罩真的能有效隔离病毒,不需要N95;
Findings:
本文分析截至2020.1.2,医院确诊阳性41例病人:
- 27例有华南海鲜市场暴露史,13例有基础性疾病;
- 13例ICU患者,其中6例死亡;
- ICU患者血浆细胞因子含量较高,有细胞因子风暴;
【SARS 细胞因子】
Early studies have shown that increased amounts of proinflammatory cytokines in serum (eg, IL1B, IL6, IL12, IFNγ, IP10, and MCP1) were associated with pulmonary inflammation and extensive lung damage in SARS patients.
【MERS 细胞因子】
MERS-CoV infection was also reported to induce increased concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines (IFNγ, TNFα, IL15, and IL17).
【2019-nCoV 细胞因子】
We noted that patients infected with 2019-nCoV also had high amounts of IL1B, IFNγ, IP10, and MCP1, probably leading to activated T-helper-1 (Th1) cell re- sponses.
Moreover, patients requiring ICU admission had higher concentrations of GCSF, IP10, MCP1, MIP1A, and TNFα than did those not requiring ICU admission, suggesting that the cytokine storm was associated with disease severity.
为啥皮质激素治疗SARS可能有用?主要原理是减低细胞因子引起的免疫炎症,但是事实证明对没有降低致死率,WHO不建议用作常规抗病毒治疗方法。
In view of the high amount of cytokines induced by SARS-CoV,22,24 MERS-CoV,25,26 and 2019-nCoV infections, corticosteroids were used frequently for treatment of patients with severe illness, for possible benefit by reducing inflammatory-induced lung injury.
However, current evidence in patients with SARS and MERS suggests that receiving corticosteroids did not have an effect on mortality, but rather delayed viral clearance.27–29 Therefore, corticosteroids should not be routinely given systemically, according to WHO interim guidance.
一开始就可以确定人传人..
- 第一例病例,19年12月1日发现,没有任何华南海鲜市场接触史,其家庭成员也未表现发热或其他呼吸道症状,且第一例病人和后续病例没有任何关联。
【目前说华南海鲜市场不是唯一感染源,证据尚不充分,需要追踪第一例患者的家族发病史和日常接触地点】
【重要讯息,文章尚未揭露更多信息】
- 第一例死亡病例,7天发烧、咳嗽、呼吸困难症状,其患病5天后,她妻子也表现肺炎感染症状,她妻子没有任何华南海鲜市场暴露史
【第一例死亡病例就可以确认,可人传人】
港大深圳医院的家族聚集案例
结论:
- 部分年轻感染者可能不发热,当前网络描述的发热、干咳、呼吸困难的症状可能普遍存在于年纪大患者中;
- 无症状患者可能胸部CT呈现毛玻璃状,提示是感染者;
- 无症状感染者具有感染能力,和SARS潜伏期不具感染性不同;
- 口罩可有效隔离病毒,P6在武汉全程口罩,未受到感染;
案例描述: 由6位患者组成的家庭聚类(1至6位患者)于2019年12月29日从深圳飞往武汉,并于2020年1月4日飞往深圳,他们没有与动物接触的历史,也没有参观过包括武汉华南海鲜批发市场在内的市场,也没有在餐馆吃野味的历史。整个旅行过程中,一家人住在同一家酒店。患者1和2住在一个房间,患者3–6则住在另一个房间。
The boxes with an internal red cross are the dates on which patients 1 and 3 or relatives 1, 2, and 3 had stayed overnight (white boxes) at or had visited (blue boxes) the hospital in which relative 1 was admitted for febrile pneumonia.
The information of relatives 1–5 was provided by patient 3.
【最早病例P4,12.29接触发烧的亲戚1,2020.1.1发病,其次是P3,二者夫妻】在患者4在2020年1月1日发烧和腹泻之后,患者5和6与患者1和2呆在同一房间,患者3与患者4呆在一起。
患者1-6与亲戚见过(亲戚2-5): 在武汉逗留期间,每天有一位女表亲和三位病人的3位阿姨在武汉吃饭。
【亲戚4经常访问湿市场,但没有去过华南海鲜批发市场,卫生部门曾暗示该市场是流行中心。】
【亲戚1,2019.12.26发病,亲戚2-6 2020.1.4发病】
自2020年1月4日起,亲戚2至5出现发烧,咳嗽和虚弱。患者1和3于2019年12月29日在武汉一家医院接受了高热性肺炎治疗的亲属1,亲属2的儿子和亲戚2的儿子(亲戚2在亲戚1陪同下过夜) ;
亲戚1之后康复,并于2019年12月31日出院。患者3(而非患者1)在医院就诊时戴了口罩。潜伏期估计为3至6天。
患者1-4有症状,仅在症状发作后6-10天才到我们医院(香港大学深圳医院)就诊。对于两个无症状的儿童(患者5和6),患者5具有通过CT扫描确定的毛玻璃样肺部混浊。与年龄10岁且不符合父母指导的5号患者不同,6号患者 在武汉期间,她的母亲报告她大部分时间戴外科口罩,当时她7岁,她没有被病毒学或放射学调查所感染。患者6的血液检查和CT扫描正常。
在2020年1月4日返回深圳后,患者3–6一直住在患者7的同一家庭(患者4的母亲),患者7:直到2020年1月11日,患者7没有去武汉或去深圳的集市。前14天出现背部疼痛和全身无力,并于2020年1月8日在另一家当地医院的门诊就诊。她接受了头孢克洛治疗3天,但无改善。她出现发烧和干咳,并在同一家门诊就诊,并于2020年1月12日接受静脉注射头孢唑啉(两剂)治疗。她于2020年1月15日入院,
为什么2019-nCoV的症状都是下呼吸道症状?
nCoV已有细胞试验验证,和SARS病毒一样通过结合细胞表面ACE2受体,感染人类。
近期单细胞分析表示,ACE2受体在肺部一个细胞亚群type II alveolar cells(AT2)高表达.
- 作者分析8个捐赠者正常肺组织,43134个单细胞,鉴定8~11个细胞亚群。
In total, we analyzed 43,134 cells derived from normal lung tissue of 8 adult donors. We performed unsupervised graph-based clustering (Seurat version 2.3.4) and for each individual, we identified 8~11 transcriptionally distinct cell clusters based on their marker gene expression profile. Typically the clusters include type II alveolar cells (AT2), type I alveolar cells (AT1), airway epithelial cells (ciliated cells and Club cells), fibroblasts, endothelial cells and various types of immune cells. The cell cluster map of a representative donor (Asian male, 55-year-old)
0.64%人肺部细胞表达ACE2受体,大部分细胞是AT2细胞;
- 1.4% 的AT2细胞表达ACE2;
- 部分内皮细胞和AT1细胞也表达ACE2。
we analyzed the cell-type-specific expression pattern of ACE2 in each individual. For all donors, ACE2 is expressed in 0.64% of all human lung cells. The majority of the ACE2-expressing cells (averagely 83%) are AT2 cells. Averagely 1.4±0.4% of AT2 cells expressed ACE2. Other ACE2 expressing cells include AT1 cells, airway epithelial cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and macrophages. However, their ACE2-expressing cell ratio is low and variable among individuals.
同时AT2细胞高表达一些基因,这些基因参与积极调控病毒复制和转移的过程。
To further understand the special population of ACE2-expressing AT2, we performed gene ontology enrichment analysis to study which biological processes are involved with this cell population by comparing them with the AT2 cells not expressing ACE2. Surprisingly, we found that multiple viral process-related GO are significantly over-presented, including “positive regulation of viral process” (P value=0.001), “viral life cycle” (P value=0.005), “virion assembly” (P value=0.03) and “positive regulation of viral genome replication” (P value=0.04). These highly expressed viral process-related genes in ACE2-expressing AT2 include: SLC1A5, CXADR, CAV2, NUP98, CTBP2, GSN,HSPA1B,STOM, RAB1B, HACD3, ITGB6, IST1,NUCKS1,TRIM27, APOE, SMARCB1,UBP1,CHMP1A,NUP160,HSPA8,DAG1,STAU1,ICAM1,CHMP5,D EK, VPS37B, EGFR, CCNK, PPIA, IFITM3, PPIB, TMPRSS2, UBC, LAMP1 and CHMP3. Therefore, it seems that the 2019-nCov has cleverly evolved to hijack this population of AT2 cells for its reproduction and transmission.
为何亚洲男性易感?
下图是亚洲男性肺部细胞类型
男性肺部ACE2-expressing cells数量远远高于女性。
男性表达ACE2受体的细胞数量比女性多,1.66% VS 0.41%,细胞类型也较女性多,5 VS 2~4.
Of note, the 2 male donors have a higher ACE2-expressing cell ratio than all other 6 female donors (1.66% vs. 0.41% of all cells, P value=0.07, Mann Whitney Test)
In addition, the distribution of ACE2 is also more widespread in male donors than females: at least 5 different types of cells in male lung express this receptor, while only 2~4 types of cells in female lung express the receptor.
亚洲男性比非洲美洲男性易感,亚洲男性ACE2细胞比例多,2.5% VS 0.47%
We also noticed that the only Asian donor (male) has a much higher ACE2- expressing cell ratio than white and African American donors (2.50% vs. 0.47% of all cells).
和年龄、吸烟状态无关
No association was detected between the ACE2- expressing cell number and the age or smoking status of donors,这和Lancet 的文章统计的前41例结果相似。