1.Homo sapiens (斜体！＋大写H) 智人(现代人的学名)
homo sapiens/homo-sapiens 人类(h小写，不用斜体)
表示人类的还有:human beings，mankind
2.If you had lived in America in colonial times, you likely would have had no objection to the practice of barring women from serving on a jury ,entering into a legal contract ,owning property ,or voting.
(1)[in colonial times]殖民时期
(2)[bar sb from doing sth]禁止/阻止某人做某事，同意思的还有词组 prevent/stop/keep sb from doing sth,这里需要注意的是，bar/stop/keep/prevent sb from doing sth这些词组中，只有keep sb from doing sth 中的from不可省略。
bar这个词特别有意思。bar作名词时最熟知的意思是①“酒吧”，a cocktail bar鸡尾酒酒吧；还有一个与“酒吧”相关的意思②“(出售饮料等的)柜台”，eg.She was sitting at the bar.(在酒吧、在吧台一般用at the bar)她坐在酒吧的柜台那里；③“(专售某类饮食的)小馆子，小吃店”也用bar，eg. a coffee bar咖啡馆，a sandwich bar三明治店；④bar也指“(巧克力/肥皂的)条/块”，词组:a bar of chocolate/soap, eg.In town he bought a bar of chocolate for his daughter.说到巧克力想起了圣诞节时的“拐杖糖”叫 candy canes哦~附张图~
⑤(金属/木材的)长条，棒，栏杆(常用作护栏)，英文解释就是(a long straight piece of mental or wood),但是这个bars是经常被用作stop sb from getting through a space,举个列子感受一下，All the ground floor windows were fitted with bars.底层的窗户都装了铁栅。用作此意思时，还有一个特别生动的表达，I wad behind bars.意思是“我在监狱里过”，bar是“木条，棒”，可以喻指“监狱”，想一下如果犯人在那些“棒，条”后，就是在监狱里，放张图感受一下:
所以，behind bars就是“在监狱”的意思~在写作时用这个词组是不是比 I was in prison.表达地更生动、更好呢~
除此之外，bar 也可用作动词，是及物动词。①(用铁条或木条)封，堵。eg. With these criminals behind bars, people feel so safe that many do not even bother to bar their doors at night.②阻挡，拦住(sb/sth block a road,path etc.so that nobady can pass. ) eg1. Two police officers were barring her exit出口. eg2.We found our way barred by rocks.③阻止。就是本句的用法~
bar作介词时，“除...之外”=except/except for。
(3)[serve on]及物动词短语，“担任...的职；担当(担任)；成为...中的一员”。
[serve to]起作用，有助于。
3.If you had been raised in the Middle East, you would stand much closer to people you converse with than you do in America.
如果你被抚养在中东(if you had been raised in the Middle East),这是直接根据单词对应着翻译的，然后，稍微理解一下就是，如果你在中东长大/如果你成长在中东；你将会与与你交谈的人(people you converse with,一个定从)站地更近(stand much closer)，比起你在美国的站得距离(you do in America,do代指前面stand 这个动作)。
(1)[raise]抚养，养育；筹集(钱)；举起，提起，使抬高；增加，提高。
(2)这里people是名词，people也可用作动词，“居住在(国家或地区)”。
4.That time and place are defined by sepcial circumstances,understanding...
[define]及物动词，①确定，界定；②给...下定义，解释。这里是①。