听说读写是英语的四大技能，本文简单总结阅读英语文章的基本策略与技巧，希望能帮你梳理英语阅读理解的基本方法。
1 略读和扫读（Skimming & Scanning)
在拿到一篇英文阅读材料时，先通过略读快速浏览标题及全文的重要信息，看看这篇文章是否是自己感兴趣的或者对自己有用的，来决定是否需要进一步精读下去；通过扫读则可以快速寻找自己想要找到的信息。
2 细节阅读 (Detailed Reading)
在确定需要认真读一篇英文阅读材料之后，则需要通过逐字阅读的细节阅读来真正理解文章的内容、论述。细节阅读显然要慢于扫读，在做细节阅读之前可以先看一下开篇段落和结论来把握全文的主题。在做细节阅读时要对文章的重要观点、事实以及数字敏感。
在阅读时可以做文本标记以及做笔记来更好的理解文章：
段落层面：
大部分文章的段落在开头处会有主题句
大部分文章的段落在结尾处会有一个结论
对那些没有结论的段落，多半包含了解释和论述的过程。
句子层面：
从总体上把握句子的意思
找到一句话中的关键词
读懂单词在句子中的含义
可以在全程使用自己的方式来做标识和笔记。
3 猜测生词(Guessing Unknown Words)
在阅读英语文章时，不可避免会遇到生词，建议在阅读第一遍时，不要去查词典，而是通过技巧猜测词义，等阅读结束之后在去查阅生词。
1) 利用上下文线索（Using contest clues）
2) 分析构词法 （Analyzing word-formation）
3) 利用语法以及标点线索（Using grammar and punctuation clues）
4 识别文章结构(Recognizing Reading Structure)
阅读一篇英语文章时，一定要从文章的整体框架逻辑结构去把握全文。
不同的段落通常会包含一个主题句；
理解文章中的代词所指；
理解一个段落怎样展开的（最常见的结构是主题句+支撑细节）
5 看懂大意(Understanding the Main Idea)
理解文章的中心意思很重要，在阅读英语文章时，要先把握全文的中心思想以及每个段落的大意。
中心思想一般会出现在标题处以及一段话的开头／结尾／中间的位置。
怎样快速找到文章的中心思想请参看思维导图中的总结。
6 识别信号词(Recognizing Signal Words)
信号词可以体现意义之间的连接，通过把握信号词，可以快速识别文章的逻辑论述结构。以下列举最常见的物种类型信号词以及举例
1) 强调型信号词（ Emphasis Words）
most of all a significant factor, a primary concern, a key feature, the main value, especially valuable, mot noteworthy, remember that, a major event, the chief outcome, the principal item, pay particular attention to, the chief factor, a vital force, above all, central issue, a distinctive quality, especially relevant, should be noted, the most substantial issue.
2) 附加型信号词（Addition Words）
also, another,finally, first, first of all for one thing, furthermore, in addition, last of all, likewise, moreover, next, and, second, the third reason.....
3) 对照型信号词（Comparison & Contrast Words）
like, likewise, just, unlike, equally, in the same way, lake similarly, just as,
4) 解释型信号词 （Illustration Words）
for example, to illustrate, specifically, once, for instance, once, such as
5) 因果型信号词（Cause-and-Effect Words）
because, therefore, so that, cause, reason, effect, thus, consequently, since, as a result, if...then, result in
练习
下面这篇文章的出处见注释1，为了方便同屏阅读，把文章摘抄在下方。
如果感兴趣，可以用这篇文章来做练习所有本篇文章提高的阅读技巧。
我以“技巧4识别文章结构”为例，把我对这篇文章理解的框架结构用思维导读的方式放在这里，在你读完之后，可以对照参考，看看你是否把握了全文的基本结构以及论证的方法。
Secrets of Straight-A Students 全优生的秘诀
This text is taken from Improve Your English Through Comprehension Practice by Christina Lim Cher Kee. System Publishing House Pte. Ltd. Singapore. 2001.
A professor of education who has conducted major studies of super-achieving students revealed that top grades do not always go to the brightest students. According to him, other education experts top students themselves, it is far more important for a student to know how to make the most of his or her innate abilities.
The students at the top of the class attain academic excellence by mastering a few basic principles that others can easily learn. To begin with, top students know how to set their priorities right. Study time is never compromised for phone calls, television programmes or snacks. In other words, it is always placed above recreation. In addition, top students make a point of study anywhere or everywhere. A top student who is also a top athlete memorises biology terms as he works out every day. Another student learns a new word every morning while brushing his teeth. Among all the students interviewed, every one agreed that study times are strictly a matter of personal preference. Some thrive at night when all is silent. Others prefer to study as soon as they come home from school when the lessons are fresh in their minds. However, all agreed that consistency is a main factor if one is to perform well at all times.
A student must also learn to be organised. For example, a top student who is actively involved in his school band, track field, rugby association debate team disclosed that he keeps his things in their proper places because he simply cannot afford time-wasting searches. Another student immediately files the day's notes in colour-coded folders so that they are available for review nearing examination time.Another technique advocated by top students is to read effectively. This includes speed-reading, improving one's memory or retention ability, actively asking questions that will lead to a full understanding of the author's message.
It is also important for students to know how to schedule their time. They must know how to pace each assignment or project according to their daily timetable work ability so that they might not be overwhelmed by the tasks at hand. Being able to set timetables not only allows students more time to review polish their work, it also prevents them from procrastinating. Top students believe that a secret of their success is the taking down of good notes during lessons using them for revision. One student revealed that she writes notes from the text on one side of her notebook those from her teachers' lectures on the other side. This allows her to review both aspects of each lesson at once. The student also revealed that instead of wasting time whispering to friends getting ready to rush out of the class just before the bell rings, she uses those few minutes to jot down a two or three-sentence summary of the lesson's principal points. She then scans the notes to refresh her memory before the next day's class.
Another winning formula which teachers promote lies in a student's ability to hin neat work. According to one professor, the student who turns in neat work is already on the way to scoring an A. In the classroom context, it is equally important for students to speak up ask questions. This is perhaps the best way for a student to clarify any doubts. Classroom participation also demonstrates a student's intellectual curiosity. As a student concisely puts it, "Better grades come from better understanding."
The value of studying together was demonstrated in an experiment conducted at one top university. The study revealed that students who discussed homework problems together, tried different approaches explained their solutions to one another scored higher than those who laboured on their own. The experiment also illuminated the value of hypothetical tests conducted among the students on their own. This means that students frame tentative test questions based on their notes give each other or themselves written examinations the day before a test. Experts confirmed that students who devise possible test questions often find many of the same questions during the real examination thus score higher.
Another technique employed by top students is to do more than the assigned homework. A student revealed that if her teacher gives five problems, she will undertake ten. In the student's words, "Part of learning is practising. The more you practise, the more you learn." Last but not least, all experts top students agree that the most important "secret" of super-achievers lies in the crucial contribution by parents. From infancy, super-achievers were taught the importance of learning by their parents. The latter set high standards for their children held them to those standards. They encouraged their children in their studies but did not undertake the work for them. Instead of pressuring their children, these parents were always loving, gentle took pains to explain motivate. They impressed the lessons of responsibility on their children, the children delivered.
注：本文内容总结自《致用大学英语快速阅读教程》
1, Secrets of Straight-A Students (taken from Improve Your English Through Comprehension Practice by Christina Lim Cher Kee. System Publishing House Pte. Ltd. Singapore. 2001.）
2，两张思维导图都是原图上传，试了好多次发现手机上看不清楚，在电脑端点击查看原图就能看的比较清楚。