引子: Android耗时操作的处理需要独立在新线程中处理,经常用到的AsyncTask或者是Handler和Thread的配合使用.
本文介绍一种在Service中处理耗时操作的方法而存在的抽象类IntentService.
IntentService特点:
它可以用于在后台执行耗时的异步任务，当任务完成后会自动停止
它拥有较高的优先级，不易被系统杀死（继承自Service的缘故），因此比较适合执行一些高优先级的异步任务
它内部通过HandlerThread和Handler实现异步操作
创建IntentService时，只需实现onHandleIntent和构造方法，onHandleIntent为异步方法，可以执行耗时操作
直接源码开撸,其实很短很简单
IntentService
/*
* Copyright (C) 2008 The Android Open Source Project
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package android.app;
import android.annotation.WorkerThread;
import android.annotation.Nullable;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.os.Handler;
import android.os.HandlerThread;
import android.os.IBinder;
import android.os.Looper;
import android.os.Message;
/**
* IntentService is a base class for {@link Service}s that handle asynchronous
* requests (expressed as {@link Intent}s) on demand. Clients send requests
* through {@link android.content.Context#startService(Intent)} calls; the
* service is started as needed, handles each Intent in turn using a worker
* thread, and stops itself when it runs out of work.
*
* This "work queue processor" pattern is commonly used to offload tasks
* from an application's main thread. The IntentService class exists to
* simplify this pattern and take care of the mechanics. To use it, extend
* IntentService and implement {@link #onHandleIntent(Intent)}. IntentService
* will receive the Intents, launch a worker thread, and stop the service as
* appropriate.
*
*
All requests are handled on a single worker thread -- they may take as
* long as necessary (and will not block the application's main loop), but
* only one request will be processed at a time.
*
*
* Developer Guides
* For a detailed discussion about how to create services, read the
* Services developer
* guide.
*
*
* @see android.os.AsyncTask
*/
public abstract class IntentService extends Service {
private volatile Looper mServiceLooper;
private volatile ServiceHandler mServiceHandler;
private String mName;
private boolean mRedelivery;
private final class ServiceHandler extends Handler {
public ServiceHandler(Looper looper) {
super(looper);
}
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
onHandleIntent((Intent)msg.obj);
stopSelf(msg.arg1);
}
}
/**
* Creates an IntentService. Invoked by your subclass's constructor.
*
* @param name Used to name the worker thread, important only for debugging.
*/
public IntentService(String name) {
super();
mName = name;
}
/**
* Sets intent redelivery preferences. Usually called from the constructor
* with your preferred semantics.
*
* If enabled is true,
* {@link #onStartCommand(Intent, int, int)} will return
* {@link Service#START_REDELIVER_INTENT}, so if this process dies before
* {@link #onHandleIntent(Intent)} returns, the process will be restarted
* and the intent redelivered. If multiple Intents have been sent, only
* the most recent one is guaranteed to be redelivered.
*
*
If enabled is false (the default),
* {@link #onStartCommand(Intent, int, int)} will return
* {@link Service#START_NOT_STICKY}, and if the process dies, the Intent
* dies along with it.
*/
public void setIntentRedelivery(boolean enabled) {
mRedelivery = enabled;
}
@Override
public void onCreate() {
// TODO: It would be nice to have an option to hold a partial wakelock
// during processing, and to have a static startService(Context, Intent)
// method that would launch the service & hand off a wakelock.
super.onCreate();
HandlerThread thread = new HandlerThread("IntentService[" + mName + "]");
thread.start();
mServiceLooper = thread.getLooper();
mServiceHandler = new ServiceHandler(mServiceLooper);
}
@Override
public void onStart(@Nullable Intent intent, int startId) {
Message msg = mServiceHandler.obtainMessage();
msg.arg1 = startId;
msg.obj = intent;
mServiceHandler.sendMessage(msg);
}
/**
* You should not override this method for your IntentService. Instead,
* override {@link #onHandleIntent}, which the system calls when the IntentService
* receives a start request.
* @see android.app.Service#onStartCommand
*/
@Override
public int onStartCommand(@Nullable Intent intent, int flags, int startId) {
onStart(intent, startId);
return mRedelivery ? START_REDELIVER_INTENT : START_NOT_STICKY;
}
@Override
public void onDestroy() {
mServiceLooper.quit();
}
/**
* Unless you provide binding for your service, you don't need to implement this
* method, because the default implementation returns null.
* @see android.app.Service#onBind
*/
@Override
@Nullable
public IBinder onBind(Intent intent) {
return null;
}
/**
* This method is invoked on the worker thread with a request to process.
* Only one Intent is processed at a time, but the processing happens on a
* worker thread that runs independently from other application logic.
* So, if this code takes a long time, it will hold up other requests to
* the same IntentService, but it will not hold up anything else.
* When all requests have been handled, the IntentService stops itself,
* so you should not call {@link #stopSelf}.
*
* @param intent The value passed to {@link
* android.content.Context#startService(Intent)}.
* This may be null if the service is being restarted after
* its process has gone away; see
* {@link android.app.Service#onStartCommand}
* for details.
*/
@WorkerThread
protected abstract void onHandleIntent(@Nullable Intent intent);
}
1.构造方法
/**
* Creates an IntentService. Invoked by your subclass's constructor.
*
* @param name Used to name the worker thread, important only for debugging.
*/
public IntentService(String name) {
super();
mName = name;
}
很简单,传入一个String name用于工作线程的命名.
2.onCreate()
@Override
public void onCreate() {
// TODO: It would be nice to have an option to hold a partial wakelock
// during processing, and to have a static startService(Context, Intent)
// method that would launch the service & hand off a wakelock.
super.onCreate();
HandlerThread thread = new HandlerThread("IntentService[" + mName + "]");
thread.start();
mServiceLooper = thread.getLooper();
mServiceHandler = new ServiceHandler(mServiceLooper);
}
onCreate方法中启动HandlerThread,接着创建一个ServiceHandler（继承Handler），传入HandlerThread的Looper对象，这样ServiceHandler就变成可以处理异步线程的执行类了（因为Looper对象与HandlerThread绑定，而HandlerThread又是一个异步线程，我们把HandlerThread持有的Looper对象传递给Handler后，ServiceHandler内部就持有异步线程的Looper，自然就可以执行异步任务了），那么IntentService是怎么启动异步任务的呢？其实IntentService启动后还会去调用onStartCommand方法，而onStartCommand方法又会去调用onStart方法，我们看看它们的源码.
3.onStart() and onStartCommand()
@Override
public void onStart(@Nullable Intent intent, int startId) {
Message msg = mServiceHandler.obtainMessage();
msg.arg1 = startId;
msg.obj = intent;
mServiceHandler.sendMessage(msg);
}
/**
* You should not override this method for your IntentService. Instead,
* override {@link #onHandleIntent}, which the system calls when the IntentService
* receives a start request.
* @see android.app.Service#onStartCommand
*/
@Override
public int onStartCommand(@Nullable Intent intent, int flags, int startId) {
onStart(intent, startId);
return mRedelivery ? START_REDELIVER_INTENT : START_NOT_STICKY;
}
在onStart方法中，IntentService通过mServiceHandler的sendMessage方法发送了一个消息，这个消息将会发送到HandlerThread中进行处理（因为HandlerThread持有Looper对象，所以其实是Looper从消息队列中取出消息进行处理，然后调用mServiceHandler的handleMessage方法）
5.handleMessage()
private final class ServiceHandler extends Handler {
public ServiceHandler(Looper looper) {
super(looper);
}
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
onHandleIntent((Intent)msg.obj);
stopSelf(msg.arg1);
}
}
这里的onHandleIntent是运行在工作线程的方法,待其结束后会调用 stopSelf(msg.arg1)方法,msg.arg1是startId.为什么不直接用stopSelf(),是因为stopSelf()会直接杀死服务,而stopSelf(startId)会等到任务全部完成后才会结束服务.
当该service被多次启动时候,stopSelf(startId)会等到最后一个startId的service结束后才会去结束服务.
onHandleIntent方法是一个抽象方法，所以我们在创建IntentService时必须实现该方法，通过上面一系列的分析可知，onHandleIntent方法也是一个异步方法。这里要注意的是如果后台任务只有一个的话，onHandleIntent执行完，服务就会销毁，但如果后台任务有多个的话，onHandleIntent执行完最后一个任务时，服务才销毁。最后我们要知道每次执行一个后台任务就必须启动一次IntentService，而IntentService内部则是通过消息的方式发送给HandlerThread的，然后由Handler中的Looper来处理消息，而Looper是按顺序从消息队列中取任务的，也就是说IntentService的后台任务时顺序执行的，当有多个后台任务同时存在时，这些后台任务会按外部调用的顺序排队执行.
实际使用
- 继承IntentService的Service只需要实现其构造方法,另外将异步耗时任务写到onHandleIntent()方法中.
- 多个任务需要多次启动IntentService,如普通Service一样,IntentService会在创建是走一次onCreat,重复走onStartCommand和onStart.这样的会多次向ServiceHandler发送消息,按照顺序一个个执行耗时任务.等到全部任务被执行完毕,结束服务.
按照上文分析下来,我们发现IntentService实际上能有效的解决单个耗时任务的问题.如果有多个耗时任务,实际上会在workthread里排序等待.那么如果有多个耗时任务希望多线程处理该如何进行呢?个人以为可以在ServiceHandler的handleMessage方法里只处理消息,开辟线程池处理原先放在onHandleIntent中耗时任务.