运维自动化对系统管理员十分重要性，尤其是对于在服务器数量按几百台、几千台增加的公司而言，单单是装系统，如果不通过自动化来完成，根本是不可想象的。
运维自动化安装方面，早期一般使用人工配置pxe+dhcp+tftp配合kickstart，现在开源工具就多了，如cobbler，OpenQRM和Spacewalk。本文重点介绍Cobbler。
Cobbler介绍
Cobbler是一个快速网络安装linux的服务，而且在经过调整也可以支持网络安装windows。该工具使用python开发，小巧轻便（才15k行代码），使用简单的命令
即可完成PXE网络安装环境的配置，同时还可以管理DHCP，DNS，以及yum包镜像。Cobbler支持命令行管理，web界面管理，还提供了API接口，可以方便二次
开发使用。和Kickstart不同的是，使用cobbler不会因为在局域网中启动了dhcp而导致有些机器因为默认从pxe启动在重启服务器后加载tftp内容导致启动终止。
此次安装的系统为：
CentOS release 6.9 (Final)
安装服务，关闭selinux
禁用selinux：
Setenforce 0 临时禁用，重启失效，永久生效需要修改以下：
Shutdown -r now 重启系统
额外需要的服务还有tftp，rsync，xinetd，httpd。所以如果安装系统的时候如果这几个包没装上，请手动安装。
yum install tftp-server rsync xinetd httpd pykickstart dhcp
chkconfig xinetd on
chkconfig tftp on
service xinetd start
Cobber：协同各个模块共同完成操作系统部署的一个平台
httpd： 为cobbler提供一个可以使用http访问的界面
rsync、tftp-server：用于在客户机启动时为客户机传输启动镜像及安装文件
xinetd：超级守护进程，用于管理rysnc和tftp这两个瞬时守护进程
dhcp：为要安装OS的机器启动时分配IP地址
python-cypes：python的一个外部库，提供和C语言兼容的数据类型
cobbler****安装
Yum 源安装
rpm -ivh http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/x86_64/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm
You could try using --skip-broken to work around the problem
You could try running: rpm -Va --nofiles --nodigest
解决方法如下：
yum clean all
rpm --rebuilddb
yum update
yum install cobbler -y
如果想要web界面还需要安装cobbler-web
yum install cobbler-web -y 此yum源没有cobbler-web的安装包
启动cobbler,启动httpd服务
[root@node6 tmp]# /etc/init.d/cobblerd start
[root@node6 tmp]# /etc/init.d/httpd start
检查配置，执行（如果check完有下列报错，请执行cobbler重启）
[root@node6 tmp]# cobbler check （不同的系统check出来信息是不一样的，请仔细核对自己的信息，按照信息提示修改）
The following are potential configuration items that you may want to fix:
1 : The 'server' field in /etc/cobbler/settings must be set to something other than localhost, or kickstarting features will not work. This should be a resolvable hostname or IP for the boot server as reachable by all machines that will use it.
2 : For PXE to be functional, the 'next_server' field in /etc/cobbler/settings must be set to something other than 127.0.0.1, and should match the IP of the boot server on the PXE network.
3 : SELinux is enabled. Please review the following wiki page for details on ensuring cobbler works correctly in your SELinux environment:
https://github.com/cobbler/cobbler/wiki/Selinux
4 : some network boot-loaders are missing from /var/lib/cobbler/loaders, you may run 'cobbler get-loaders' to download them, or, if you only want to handle x86/x86_64 netbooting, you may ensure that you have installed a recent version of the syslinux package installed and can ignore this message entirely. Files in this directory, should you want to support all architectures, should include pxelinux.0, menu.c32, elilo.efi, and yaboot. The 'cobbler get-loaders' command is the easiest way to resolve these requirements.
5 : change 'disable' to 'no' in /etc/xinetd.d/rsync
6 : since iptables may be running, ensure 69, 80/443, and 25151 are unblocked
7 : debmirror package is not installed, it will be required to manage debian deployments and repositories
8 : The default password used by the sample templates for newly installed machines (default_password_crypted in /etc/cobbler/settings) is still set to 'cobbler' and should be changed, try: "openssl passwd -1 -salt 'random-phrase-here' 'your-password-here'" to generate new one
9 : fencing tools were not found, and are required to use the (optional) power management features. install cman or fence-agents to use them
Restart cobblerd and then run 'cobbler sync' to apply changes.
根据check的内容，使用cobbler需要完成的9个步骤
修改 vim /etc/cobbler/settings
1****) 找到server这行，将ip地址修改，server参数的值为提供cobbler服务的主机相应的IP地址或主机名（server:）
2****) 找到next_server这行，将ip地址修改，next_server参数的值为提供PXE服务的主机相应的IP地址 （next_server:）
3) 关闭并确认SELinux 处于关闭状态
Getenforce 查看selinux状态
临时关闭setenforce 0
vi /etc/sysconfig/selinux
SELINUX=disabled #修改为disabled
[
4****)****执行 cobbler get-loaders 命令
5****) vim /etc/xinetd.d/rsync
将disable设置为no
6) 放行防火墙端口 69，80/443，和25151
vim /etc/sysconfig/iptables
-A INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 69 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -m state --state NEW -m udp -p udp --dport 69 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 25151 -j ACCEPT
重启防火墙/etc/init.d/iptables restart
7)****生成一串密码
openssl passwd -1 -salt 'cobbler' 'cobbler'
vim /etc/cobbler/settings
将生成的密码写入default_password_crypted
**8) **yum -y install cman fence-agents
9) 重启/etc/init.d/cobblerd restart
配置dhcp
vim /etc/cobbler/settings
将manage_dhcp:的值改成1
修改dhcp的模板文件
vim /etc/cobbler/dhcp.template （安装自己的需求修改）
subnet 192.168.30.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { #设置网段
option routers 192.168.30.1; #设置网关
option domain-name-servers 192.168.30.5,192.168.30.6; #设置dns服务器地址
option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0; #设置子网掩码
range dynamic-bootp 192.168.30.60 192.168.30.70; #设置dhcp服务器IP地址租用的范围
default-lease-time 21600; #默认租约时间
max-lease-time 43200; #最大租约时间
next-server $next_server;
重启cobbler
/etc/init.d/cobblerd restart
启动xinetd
/etc/init.d/xinetd start
同步cobbler
cobbler sync
cat /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
查看生成的dhcp配置文件
管理cobbler
此挂载是挂载的本机系统的镜像，一个范例：
mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/ #挂在ISO光盘至服务器
cobbler import --path=/mnt/ --name=CentOS-7.1-x86_64 --arch=x86_64 # 导入镜像文件
--path 镜像路径 （/usr/local/src/）
--name 为安装源定义一个名字
--arch 指定安装源是32位、64位、ia64, 目前支持的选项有: x86│x86_64│ia64
镜像存放目录，cobbler会将镜像中的所有安装文件拷贝到本地一份，放在/var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror下的CentOS-7.1-x86_64-distro-x86_64目录下。因此/var/www/cobbler目录必须具有足够容纳安装文件的空间。
实例挂载：
挂载系统安装镜像到http服务器站点目录
上传系统安装镜像文件CentOS-6.5-x86_64-minimal.iso到/usr/local/src/目录
上传系统安装镜像文件CentOS-7-x86_64-Minimal-1708.iso到/usr/local/src/目录
mkdir -p /var/www/html/os/centos-6.5-x86_64 #创建挂载目录
mkdir -p /var/www/html/os/centos-7.0-x86_64 #创建挂载目录
mount -t iso9660 -o loop /usr/local/src/CentOS-6.5-x86_64-minimal.iso /var/www/html/os/centos-6.5-x86_64/ #挂载系统镜像
mount -t iso9660 -o loop /usr/local/src/CentOS-7-x86_64-Minimal-1708.iso /var/www/html/os/centos-7.0-x86_64/ #挂载系统镜像
vi /etc/fstab #添加以下代码。实现开机自动挂载
/usr/local/src/CentOS-6.5-x86_64-minimal.iso /var/www/html/os/centos-6.5-x86_64/ iso9660 defaults,ro,loop 0 0
/usr/local/src/CentOS-7-x86_64-Minimal-1708.iso /var/www/html/os/centos-7.0-x86_64/ iso9660 defaults,ro,loop 0 0
备注：iso9660使用df -T 查看设备 卸载：umount /var/www/html/os/CentOS-5.10-x86_64
重复上面的操作，把自己需要安装的CentOS系统镜像文件都挂载到/var/www/html/os/目录下
cobbler import --path=/var/www/html/os/centos-6.5-x86_64 --name=centos-6.5-x86_64 --arch=x86_64 # 导入镜像文件
cobbler import --path=/var/www/html/os/centos-7.0-x86_64 --name=centos-7.0-x86_64 --arch=x86_64 # 导入镜像文件
管理profile
cobbler profile
cobbler profile list 查看导入的镜像文件
cobbler profile report 查看profile的内容
cobbler profile edit --name=centos-6.5-x86_64 --kickstart=/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/centos-6.5-x86_64
cobbler profile edit --name=centos-7.0-x86_64 --kickstart=/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/centos-7.0-x86_64
修改名称为CentOS-7.1-x86_64和CentOS-6.8-x86_64的自定义的kickstart文件
centos-6.5-x86_64文件（标准）
#Kickstart Configurator for cobbler by Jason Zhao
#platform=x86, AMD64, or Intel EM64T
key --skip
#System language
lang en_US
#System keyboard
keyboard us
#Sytem timezone
timezone Asia/Shanghai
#Root password
rootpw --iscrypted $default_password_crypted
#Use text mode install
text
#Install OS instead of upgrade
install
#Use NFS installation Media
url --url=$tree
#System bootloader configuration
bootloader --location=mbr
#Clear the Master Boot Record
zerombr yes
#Partition clearing information
clearpart --all --initlabel
#Disk partitioning information
part /boot --fstype ext4 --size 1024 --ondisk sda
part swap --size 16384 --ondisk sda
part / --fstype ext4 --size 1 --grow --ondisk sda
#System authorization infomation
auth --useshadow --enablemd5
#Network information
$SNIPPET('network_config')
#network --bootproto=dhcp --device=em1 --onboot=on
#Reboot after installation
reboot
#Firewall configuration
firewall --disabled
#SELinux configuration
selinux --disabled
#Do not configure XWindows
skipx
#Package install information
%packages
@ base
@ chinese-support
@ core
sysstat
iptraf
ntp
e2fsprogs-devel
keyutils-libs-devel
krb5-devel
libselinux-devel
libsepol-devel
lrzsz
ncurses-devel
openssl-devel
zlib-devel
OpenIPMI-tools
mysql
lockdev
minicom
nmap
%post
#/bin/sed -i 's/#Protocol 2,1/Protocol 2/' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
/bin/sed -i 's/^ca::ctrlaltdel:/#ca::ctrlaltdel:/' /etc/inittab
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 diskdump off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 dc_server off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 nscd off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 netfs off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 psacct off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 mdmpd off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 netdump off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 readahead off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 wpa_supplicant off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 mdmonitor off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 microcode_ctl off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 xfs off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 lvm2-monitor off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 iptables off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 nfs off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 ipmi off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 autofs off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 iiim off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 cups off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 openibd off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 saslauthd off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 ypbind off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 auditd off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 rdisc off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 tog-pegasus off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 rpcgssd off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 kudzu off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 gpm off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 arptables_jf off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 dc_client off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 lm_sensors off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 apmd off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 sysstat off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 cpuspeed off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 rpcidmapd off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 rawdevices off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 rhnsd off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 nfslock off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 winbind off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 bluetooth off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 isdn off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 portmap off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 anacron off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 irda off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 NetworkManager off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 acpid off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 pcmcia off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 atd off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 sendmail off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 haldaemon off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 smartd off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 xinetd off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 netplugd off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 readahead_early off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 xinetd off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 ntpd on
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 avahi-daemon off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 ip6tables off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 restorecond off
/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 postfix off
centos-7.0-x86_64文件（标准）
#Kickstart Configurator for cobbler by Jason Zhao
#platform=x86, AMD64, or Intel EM64T
#System language
lang en_US
#System keyboard
keyboard us
#Sytem timezone
timezone Asia/Shanghai
#Root password
rootpw --iscrypted $default_password_crypted
#Use text mode install
text
#Install OS instead of upgrade
install
#Use NFS installation Media
url --url=$tree
#System bootloader configuration
bootloader --location=mbr
#Clear the Master Boot Record
zerombr
#Partition clearing information
clearpart --all --initlabel
#Disk partitioning information
part /boot --fstype xfs --size 1024 --ondisk sda
part swap --size 16384 --ondisk sda
part / --fstype xfs --size 1 --grow --ondisk sda
#System authorization infomation
auth --useshadow --enablemd5
#Network information
$SNIPPET('network_config')
#network --bootproto=dhcp --device=em1 --onboot=on
# Reboot after installation
reboot
#Firewall configuration
firewall --disabled
#SELinux configuration
selinux --disabled
#Do not configure XWindows
skipx
#Package install information
%pre
$SNIPPET('log_ks_pre')
$SNIPPET('kickstart_start')
$SNIPPET('pre_install_network_config')
# Enable installation monitoring
$SNIPPET('pre_anamon')
%end
%packages
@ base
@ core
sysstat
iptraf
ntp
lrzsz
ncurses-devel
openssl-devel
zlib-devel
OpenIPMI-tools
mysql
nmap
screen
%end
%post
systemctl disable postfix.service
%end
在此附上公司大数据系统的配置文件（centos7.2-1511，双盘6002=riad1，单盘2.4T14=单盘riad0)
）
#Kickstart Configurator for cobbler by Jason Zhao
#platform=x86, AMD64, or Intel EM64T
#System language
lang en_US
#System keyboard
keyboard us
#Sytem timezone
timezone Asia/Shanghai
#Root password
rootpw --iscrypted $default_password_crypted
#Use text mode install
text
#Install OS instead of upgrade
install
#Use NFS installation Media
url --url=$tree
#System bootloader configuration
bootloader --location=mbr --driveorder=sda
#Clear the Master Boot Record
zerombr
#Partition clearing information
clearpart --all --initlabel
#fstab
clearpart --all --drives=sda,sdb,sdc,sdd,sde,sdf,sdg,sdh,sdi,sdj,sdk,sdl,sdm,sdn,sdo
part / --fstype ext4 --size 51200 --ondisk sda
part swap --size 8192 --ondisk sda
part /data --fstype ext4 --size 1 --grow --ondisk sda
part /data1 --fstype ext4 --size 1 --grow --ondisk sdb
part /data2 --fstype ext4 --size 1 --grow --ondisk sdc
part /data3 --fstype ext4 --size 1 --grow --ondisk sdd
part /data4 --fstype ext4 --size 1 --grow --ondisk sde
part /data5 --fstype ext4 --size 1 --grow --ondisk sdf
part /data6 --fstype ext4 --size 1 --grow --ondisk sdg
part /data7 --fstype ext4 --size 1 --grow --ondisk sdh
part /data8 --fstype ext4 --size 1 --grow --ondisk sdi
part /data9 --fstype ext4 --size 1 --grow --ondisk sdj
part /data10 --fstype ext4 --size 1 --grow --ondisk sdk
part /data11 --fstype ext4 --size 1 --grow --ondisk sdl
part /data12 --fstype ext4 --size 1 --grow --ondisk sdm
part /data13 --fstype ext4 --size 1 --grow --ondisk sdn
part /data14 --fstype ext4 --size 1 --grow --ondisk sdo
firstboot --disable
#System authorization infomation
auth --useshadow --enablemd5
#Network information
#$SNIPPET('network_config')
network --bootproto=dhcp --device=em1 --onboot=on
# Reboot after installation
reboot
#Firewall configuration
firewall --disabled
#SELinux configuration
selinux --disabled
#Do not configure XWindows
skipx
#Package install information
%pre
$SNIPPET('log_ks_pre')
$SNIPPET('kickstart_start')
$SNIPPET('pre_install_network_config')
# Enable installation monitoring
$SNIPPET('pre_anamon')
%end
%packages
@ base
@ core
#sysstat
#iptraf
lrzsz
wget
ntp
ntpdate
bash-completion
#ncurses-devel
#openssl-devel
#zlib-devel
#OpenIPMI-tools
#mysql
#nmap
screen
%end
%post
systemctl disable postfix.service
%end
cobbler profile edit --name=centos-7.0-x86_64 --kopts='net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0'
修改centos7内核
cobbler profile report centos-7.0-x86_64 查看centos-7.0-x86_64的更改内容是否完成
cobbler sync ****每次修改profile都需要同步