用linux上 用python对mysql进行连接
前提遇到的问题记录:
在linux上安装 
(base) [sqoop@flink-slave5 bin]$ ./pip install mysql                  
Looking in indexes: http://pypi.douban.com/simple
Collecting mysql
  Downloading http://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/bf/5f/b574ac9f70811df0540e403309f349a8b9fa1a25d3653824c32e52cc1f28/mysql-0.0.2.tar.gz (1.9 kB)
Collecting mysqlclient
  Downloading http://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/d0/97/7326248ac8d5049968bf4ec708a5d3d4806e412a42e74160d7f266a3e03a/mysqlclient-1.4.6.tar.gz (85 kB)
     |████████████████████████████████| 85 kB 4.0 MB/s 
    ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1:
     command: /data/python_test/bin/python -c 'import sys, setuptools, tokenize; sys.argv[0] = '"'"'/tmp/pip-install-s6ioj0n3/mysqlclient/setup.py'"'"'; __file__='"'"'/tmp/pip-install-s6ioj0n3/mysqlclient/setup.py'"'"';f=getattr(tokenize, '"'"'open'"'"', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('"'"'\r\n'"'"', '"'"'\n'"'"');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, '"'"'exec'"'"'))' egg_info --egg-base /tmp/pip-install-s6ioj0n3/mysqlclient/pip-egg-info
         cwd: /tmp/pip-install-s6ioj0n3/mysqlclient/
    Complete output (12 lines):
    /bin/sh: mysql_config: command not found
    /bin/sh: mariadb_config: command not found
    /bin/sh: mysql_config: command not found
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "", line 1, in 
      File "/tmp/pip-install-s6ioj0n3/mysqlclient/setup.py", line 16, in 
        metadata, options = get_config()
      File "/tmp/pip-install-s6ioj0n3/mysqlclient/setup_posix.py", line 61, in get_config
        libs = mysql_config("libs")
      File "/tmp/pip-install-s6ioj0n3/mysqlclient/setup_posix.py", line 29, in mysql_config
        raise EnvironmentError("%s not found" % (_mysql_config_path,))
    OSError: mysql_config not found
    ----------------------------------------
ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1: python setup.py egg_info Check the logs for full command output.

解决方法: [root@flink-slave5 ~]# yum install mysql-devel gcc gcc-devel python-devel 
参考链接 https://www.jianshu.com/p/5b6deb15bd21 

(base) [sqoop@flink-slave5 bin]$ pwd
/data/python_test/bin
(base) [sqoop@flink-slave5 bin]$ ./pip install mysql
Looking in indexes: http://pypi.douban.com/simple
Collecting mysql
  Downloading http://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/bf/5f/b574ac9f70811df0540e403309f349a8b9fa1a25d3653824c32e52cc1f28/mysql-0.0.2.tar.gz (1.9 kB)
Collecting mysqlclient
  Downloading http://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/d0/97/7326248ac8d5049968bf4ec708a5d3d4806e412a42e74160d7f266a3e03a/mysqlclient-1.4.6.tar.gz (85 kB)
     |████████████████████████████████| 85 kB 14.8 MB/s 
Building wheels for collected packages: mysql, mysqlclient
  Building wheel for mysql (setup.py) ... done
  Created wheel for mysql: filename=mysql-0.0.2-py3-none-any.whl size=1243 sha256=81bb94d982e366e617bf2dd96df9735009fea2ad983b60198d054773df25dde2
  Stored in directory: /home/sqoop/.cache/pip/wheels/42/09/8b/d90224fd8b5636800fa21b9ede51f208bb1781bf7f52b89085
  Building wheel for mysqlclient (setup.py) ... done
  Created wheel for mysqlclient: filename=mysqlclient-1.4.6-cp37-cp37m-linux_x86_64.whl size=59120 sha256=1d83233315a664a264e51acb1b0288979b0f621da6c15a0fc3688e5f1c09fda4
  Stored in directory: /home/sqoop/.cache/pip/wheels/f9/8e/98/19b6ee3ca946f2f107a41bc88a15c3844d406ceeae32446784
Successfully built mysql mysqlclient
Installing collected packages: mysqlclient, mysql
Successfully installed mysql-0.0.2 mysqlclient-1.4.6

然后执行: (base) [sqoop@flink-slave5 bin]$ ./pip install mysql-connector 
...
...
...
在linux环境上测试成功 

(base) [sqoop@flink-slave5 majihui_test]$ /data/python_test/bin/python python_connect_mysql.py 
MySQL版本: 8.0.13 
(base) [sqoop@flink-slave5 majihui_test]$ pwd
/data/majihui_test
(base) [sqoop@flink-slave5 majihui_test]$ cat python_connect_mysql.py 
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import mysql.connector
# 打开数据库连接
db = mysql.connector.connect(
       host="10.9.36.253",
       user="rpt",
       passwd="Rpt1234!", # 写上你的数据库密码
       database='rpt',
       auth_plugin='mysql_native_password'
)
# 获取操作游标
cursor = db.cursor()
# 执行SQL语句
cursor.execute("SELECT VERSION()")
# 获取一条数据
data = cursor.fetchone()
print("MySQL版本: %s " % data)
# 关闭游标&数据库连接
cursor.close()
db.close()
(base) [sqoop@flink-slave5 majihui_test]$ /data/python_test/bin/python python_connect_mysql.py 
MySQL版本: 8.0.13 

第三:  对数据表进行增删改查
    1、首先我们给student的表增加一个学生用户:
        mysql> select * from student ;
            +-----------+--------+------+------+-------+
            | Sno       | Sname  | Ssex | Sage | Sdept |
            +-----------+--------+------+------+-------+
            | 100215122 | 刘晨   | 女   |   19 | CS    |
            | 100215123 | 王敏   | 女   |   18 | MA    |
            | 200215121 | 李勇   | 女   |   20 | CS    |
            +-----------+--------+------+------+-------+
            3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 插入学生代码
sql = "INSERT INTO student (Sno, Sname, Ssex,Sage,Sdept) VALUES (%s, %s, %s, %s, %s)"
val = (200215122, "马吉辉", "男", 27, CS)
cursor.execute(sql, val)
db.commit()
print(cursor.rowcount, "记录插入成功。")

完整代码如下:  执行了2次,插入了2次数据 
(base) [sqoop@flink-slave5 majihui_test]$ cat python_connect_mysql_insert.py                             
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import mysql.connector
# 打开数据库连接
db = mysql.connector.connect(
       host="10.9.36.253",
       user="rpt",
       passwd="Rpt1234!", # 写上你的数据库密码
       database='rpt',
       auth_plugin='mysql_native_password'
)

# 获取操作游标
cursor = db.cursor()
# 插入学生代码
sql = "INSERT INTO student (Sno, Sname, Ssex,Sage,Sdept) VALUES (%s, %s, %s, %s, %s)"
val = (200215123, "王金灿", "男", 30, "CS")
# 执行SQL语句
cursor.execute(sql, val)
# 提交sql语句对事务进行提交
db.commit()
# 打印结果 
# 使用cursor.rowcount,返回查询结果集中的行数。如果没有查询到数据或者还没有查询,则结果为 -1,否则会返回查询得到的数据行数;
print(cursor.rowcount, "记录插入成功。")
# 关闭游标&数据库连接
cursor.close()
db.close()

(base) [sqoop@flink-slave5 majihui_test]$ /data/python_test/bin/python python_connect_mysql_insert.py 
1 记录插入成功。

mysql> select * from student ;
+-----------+-----------+------+------+-------+
| Sno       | Sname     | Ssex | Sage | Sdept |
+-----------+-----------+------+------+-------+
| 100215122 | 刘晨      | 女   |   19 | CS    |
| 100215123 | 王敏      | 女   |   18 | MA    |
| 200215121 | 李勇      | 女   |   20 | CS    |
| 200215122 | 马吉辉    | 男   |   27 | CS    |
| 200215123 | 王金灿    | 男   |   30 | CS    |
+-----------+-----------+------+------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

代码解释:
        我们使用 cursor.execute 来执行相应的 SQL 语句,
        val 为 SQL 语句中的参数,SQL 执行后使用 db.commit() 进行提交。
        需要说明的是,我们在使用 SQL 语句的时候,可以向 SQL 语句传递参数,
        这时 SQL 语句里要统一用(%s)进行占位,否则就会报错。
        不论插入的数值为整数类型,还是浮点类型,都需要统一用(%s)进行占位。
        另外在用游标进行 SQL 操作之后,还需要使用 db.commit() 进行提交,否则数据不会被插入。
小结:
    上面这段代码中有两个重要的对象你需要了解下,分别是 Connection 和 Cursor。
        Connection 就是对数据库的当前连接进行管理,我们可以通过它来进行以下操作:
        1、通过指定 host、user、passwd 和 port 等参数来创建数据库连接,这些参数分别对应着数据库 IP 地址、用户名、密码和端口号;
        2、使用 db.close() 关闭数据库连接;
        3、使用 db.cursor() 创建游标,操作数据库中的数据;
        4、使用 db.begin() 开启事务;
        5、使用 db.commit() 和 db.rollback(),对事务进行提交以及回滚。
    当我们通过cursor = db.cursor()创建游标后,就可以通过面向过程的编程方式对数据库中的数据进行操作:
        1、使用cursor.execute(query_sql),执行数据库查询;
        2、使用cursor.fetchone(),读取数据集中的一条数据;
        3、使用cursor.fetchall(),取出数据集中的所有行,返回一个元组 tuples 类型;
        4、使用cursor.fetchmany(n),取出数据集中的多条数据,同样返回一个元组 tuples;
        5、使用cursor.rowcount,返回查询结果集中的行数。如果没有查询到数据或者还没有查询,则结果为 -1,否则会返回查询得到的数据行数;
        6、使用cursor.close(),关闭游标。 

2、# 查询年龄大于20的
sql = 'SELECT * FROM student WHERE Sage>=20'
cursor.execute(sql)
data = cursor.fetchall()
for each_player in data:
  print(each_player)

完整代码如下:
(base) [sqoop@flink-slave5 majihui_test]$ /data/python_test/bin/python python_connect_mysql_select.py 
('200215121', '李勇', '女', 20, 'CS')
('200215122', '马吉辉', '男', 27, 'CS')
('200215123', '王金灿', '男', 30, 'CS')
(base) [sqoop@flink-slave5 majihui_test]$ cat python_connect_mysql_select.py                             
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import mysql.connector
# 打开数据库连接
db = mysql.connector.connect(
       host="10.9.36.253",
       user="rpt",
       passwd="Rpt1234!", # 写上你的数据库密码
       database='rpt',
       auth_plugin='mysql_native_password'
)

# 获取操作游标
cursor = db.cursor()
# 查询年龄大于20的
sql = 'SELECT * FROM student WHERE Sage>=20'
cursor.execute(sql)
data = cursor.fetchall()
for each_student in data:
  print(each_student)
# 关闭游标&数据库连接
cursor.close()
db.close()
(base) [sqoop@flink-slave5 majihui_test]$ /data/python_test/bin/python python_connect_mysql_select.py                          
('200215121', '李勇', '女', 20, 'CS')
('200215122', '马吉辉', '男', 27, 'CS')
('200215123', '王金灿', '男', 30, 'CS')

----
3、如何修改数据呢?
# 修改马吉辉的CS 修改成SS 
sql = 'UPDATE student SET Sdept = %s WHERE Sname = %s'
val = ("SS", "马吉辉")
cursor.execute(sql, val)
db.commit()
print(cursor.rowcount, "记录被修改。")

完整代码如下:
(base) [sqoop@flink-slave5 majihui_test]$ cat python_connect_mysql_update.py                             
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import mysql.connector
# 打开数据库连接
db = mysql.connector.connect(
       host="10.9.36.253",
       user="rpt",
       passwd="Rpt1234!", # 写上你的数据库密码
       database='rpt',
       auth_plugin='mysql_native_password'
)

# 获取操作游标
cursor = db.cursor()
sql = 'UPDATE student SET Sdept = %s WHERE Sname = %s'
val = ("SS", "马吉辉")
cursor.execute(sql, val)
db.commit()
print(cursor.rowcount, "记录被修改。")
# 关闭游标&数据库连接
cursor.close()
db.close()
(base) [sqoop@flink-slave5 majihui_test]$ /data/python_test/bin/python python_connect_mysql_update.py    
1 记录被修改。

mysql> select * from student where Sname = "马吉辉";
+-----------+-----------+------+------+-------+
| Sno       | Sname     | Ssex | Sage | Sdept |
+-----------+-----------+------+------+-------+
| 200215122 | 马吉辉    | 男   |   27 | SS    |
+-----------+-----------+------+------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

---------
4、最后我们看下如何删除王金灿这个同学的数据:
# 删除王金灿这个同学的数据
sql = 'DELETE FROM student WHERE Sname = %s'
val = ("王金灿",)
cursor.execute(sql, val)
db.commit()
print(cursor.rowcount, "记录删除成功。")

完整代码如下:
(base) [sqoop@flink-slave5 majihui_test]$ cat python_connect_mysql_delete.py                             
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import mysql.connector
# 打开数据库连接
db = mysql.connector.connect(
       host="10.9.36.253",
       user="rpt",
       passwd="Rpt1234!", # 写上你的数据库密码
       database='rpt',
       auth_plugin='mysql_native_password'
)

# 获取操作游标
cursor = db.cursor()
# 删除王金灿这个同学的数据
sql = 'DELETE FROM student WHERE Sname = %s'
val = ("王金灿",)
cursor.execute(sql, val)
db.commit()
print(cursor.rowcount, "记录删除成功。")
# 关闭游标&数据库连接
cursor.close()
db.close()

(base) [sqoop@flink-slave5 majihui_test]$ /data/python_test/bin/python python_connect_mysql_delete.py    
1 记录删除成功。

mysql> select * from student ;
+-----------+-----------+------+------+-------+
| Sno       | Sname     | Ssex | Sage | Sdept |
+-----------+-----------+------+------+-------+
| 100215122 | 刘晨      | 女   |   19 | CS    |
| 100215123 | 王敏      | 女   |   18 | MA    |
| 200215121 | 李勇      | 女   |   20 | CS    |
| 200215122 | 马吉辉    | 男   |   27 | SS    |
+-----------+-----------+------+------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

第四:
    针对上面的操作过程,你可以模拟下数据的 CRUD 操作,但有几点你需要注意。
    1. 打开数据库连接以后,如果不再使用,则需要关闭数据库连接,以免造成资源浪费。
    2. 在对数据进行增加、删除和修改的时候,可能会出现异常,这时就需要用try...except捕获异常信息。
    3、比如针对插入同学王金灿这个操作,你可以写成下面这样:

第五:  
    加入python异常完整代码如下:

(base) [sqoop@flink-slave5 majihui_test]$ cat python_connect_mysql_insert_traceback.py                         
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import mysql.connector
import traceback
# 打开数据库连接
db = mysql.connector.connect(
       host="10.9.36.253",
       user="rpt",
       passwd="Rpt1234!", # 写上你的数据库密码
       database='rpt',
       auth_plugin='mysql_native_password'
)

# 获取操作游标
cursor = db.cursor()
# 插入学生代码
try:
    sql = "INSERT INTO student (Sno, Sname, Ssex,Sage,Sdept) VALUES (%s, %s, %s, %s, %s)"
    val = (200215123, "王金灿", "男", 30, "CS")
    # 执行SQL语句
    cursor.execute(sql, val)
    # 提交sql语句对事务进行提交
    db.commit()
    # 打印结果 
    # 使用cursor.rowcount,返回查询结果集中的行数。如果没有查询到数据或者还没有查询,则结果为 -1,否则会返回查询得到的数据行数;
    print(cursor.rowcount, "记录插入成功。")
except Exception as e:
    # 打印异常信息
    traceback.print_exc()
    # 回滚  
    db.rollback()
finally:
    # 关闭游标&数据库连接
    cursor.close()
    db.close()

(base) [sqoop@flink-slave5 majihui_test]$ /data/python_test/bin/python python_connect_mysql_insert_traceback.py
1 记录插入成功。
mysql> select * from student ;
+-----------+-----------+------+------+-------+
| Sno       | Sname     | Ssex | Sage | Sdept |
+-----------+-----------+------+------+-------+
| 100215122 | 刘晨      | 女   |   19 | CS    |
| 100215123 | 王敏      | 女   |   18 | MA    |
| 200215121 | 李勇      | 女   |   20 | CS    |
| 200215122 | 马吉辉    | 男   |   27 | SS    |
| 200215123 | 王金灿    | 男   |   30 | CS    |
+-----------+-----------+------+------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

再执行一次,就会报错:
(base) [sqoop@flink-slave5 majihui_test]$ /data/python_test/bin/python python_connect_mysql_insert_traceback.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "python_connect_mysql_insert_traceback.py", line 20, in 
    cursor.execute(sql, val)
  File "/data/python_test/lib/python3.7/site-packages/mysql/connector/cursor.py", line 551, in execute
    self._handle_result(self._connection.cmd_query(stmt))
  File "/data/python_test/lib/python3.7/site-packages/mysql/connector/connection.py", line 490, in cmd_query
    result = self._handle_result(self._send_cmd(ServerCmd.QUERY, query))
  File "/data/python_test/lib/python3.7/site-packages/mysql/connector/connection.py", line 395, in _handle_result
    raise errors.get_exception(packet)
mysql.connector.errors.IntegrityError: 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '200215123' for key 'PRIMARY'

第八:
    我们在python代码中写了 mysql的账号和密码如何 # 建议吧数据库链接信息写到配置文件里,防止密码泄露。

import json
import traceback
import mysql.connector

# 读取数据库链接配置文件
with open('mysql.json', encoding='utf-8') as con_json:
    con_dict = json.load(con_json)

# 打开数据库链接
db = mysql.connector.connect(
    host=con_dict['host'],
    user=con_dict['user'],
    passwd=con_dict['passwd'],
    database=con_dict['database'],
    auth_plugin=con_dict['auth_plugin'],
)

# 获取操作游标
cursor = db.cursor()
try:
    sql = 'SELECT id, name, hp_max FROM heros WHERE hp_max>6000'
    cursor.execute(sql)
    data = cursor.fetchall()
    print(cursor.rowcount, '查询成功。')
    for each_hero in data:
        print(each_hero)
except Exception as e:
    # 打印异常信息
    traceback.print_exc()
finally:
    cursor.close()
    db.close()
# 建议吧数据库链接信息写到配置文件里,防止密码泄露。