Ubuntu18.04兼容Python2.7、Python3.6、Python3.8以及pip、pip2、pip3问题

此为记录我重装Ubuntu后安装Python的过程

安装Python3.8

 目前Ubuntu自带的Python版本为3.6,但官方都出3.8了,能不试一下新的功能吗?

  第一步:下载Python3.8的源码

    打开https://www.python.org/downloads/source/

    选择下载tgz包(“Download Gzipped source tarball ”),解压

  第二步:更新包列表并安装构建Python源所需的包

    输入这三个命令

    sudo apt update
    sudo apt install build-essential zlib1g-dev libncurses5-dev libgdbm-dev libnss3-dev libssl-dev libreadline-dev libffi-dev wget
    sudo apt-get install make

  第三步:安装Python3.8

    cd 到Python解压目录,然后输入以下命令

    sudo ./configure --enable-optimizations
    sudo make altinstall

  到这里Python3.8已经安装完成,但是只能输入python3.8打开,这里等到下面一并解决

安装pip和pip3

  直接输入,安装 

  sudo apt install python-pip
  sudo apt install python3-pip

  此时,ubuntu给我安装了Python2.7、pip、pip2、pip3

 

解决兼容问题

  我的想法是:Python2.7、Python3.6、Python3.8之间可以随便切换,而且pip和pip3会动态指向我切换的Python版本上(pip2就让他指向Python2.7吧)

 第一步:解决Python版本切换问题

  目前网上已经有很好的教程了,使用update-alternatives 来为整个系统更改Python 版本的方法更好。

  找到各个Python的路径,使用which命令

   which python2.7
   which python3.6
  which python3.8

  记录好他们所在路径,我这里是

  /usr/bin/python2.7

  /usr/bin/python3.6

  /usr/local/bin/python3.8

  接下来就是重点了,使用update-alternatives命令:

    sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/python  python  /usr/bin/python2.7  1

    sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/python  python  /usr/bin/python3.6  2

    sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/python  python /usr/local/bin/python3.8 3

  这里的最后一个参数是优先级,数越大越高,倒数第二个参数是各个版本Python所在位置,即我们上一步记录的东西

  输入

    sudo update-alternatives --config python

  选择并切换Python版本,至此,Python版本兼容性问题已经解决

 

 第二步:解决pip、pip2、pip3指向问题

  当我切换到Python3.8输入pip -V,查看pip指向哪里之时,会报错

    “ from pip import main ImportError: cannot import name 'main' ”

  听网上说,主要是由于ubuntu升级pip的版本后导致的

  我的做法是修改pip文件

  注:一定要备份pip文件,包括pip、pip2、pip3、pip3.8(Python3.8的)

  输入echo $PATH,可以看到环境变量

  /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games:/snap/bin

  不巧的是pip和pip3在/usr/local/bin目录下,而/usr/bin目录下也有pip和pip3,由优先级知道输入pip命令会优先执行/usr/local/bin目录下的。

  所以我这里修改的是/usr/local/bin下的pip、pip3、pip3.8和/usr/bin下的pip2,假如想改/usr/bin下的pip和pip3的话可以直接cp过去(注意先备份)

  下面是修改的代码,可以直接复制粘贴过去

  pip

  

#!/usr/bin/python
# GENERATED BY DEBIAN

import sys

# Run the main entry point, similarly to how setuptools does it, but because
# we didn't install the actual entry point from setup.py, don't use the
# pkg_resources API.
if sys.version_info.major == 3 and sys.version_info.minor == 8:
    from pip import __main__

    if __name__ == '__main__':
        sys.exit(__main__._main())
else:
    from pip import main
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        sys.exit(main())

  pip2

#!/usr/bin/python2.7
# GENERATED BY DEBIAN

import sys

# Run the main entry point, similarly to how setuptools does it, but because
# we didn't install the actual entry point from setup.py, don't use the
# pkg_resources API.
from pip import main
if __name__ == '__main__':
    sys.exit(main())

  pip3和pip3.8

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
# GENERATED BY DEBIAN

import sys
import os

# Run the main entry point, similarly to how setuptools does it, but because
# we didn't install the actual entry point from setup.py, don't use the
# pkg_resources API.
if sys.version_info.major == 3:
    if sys.version_info.minor == 8:
        from pip import __main__

        if __name__ == '__main__':
            sys.exit(__main__._main())
    else:
        from pip import main

        if __name__ == '__main__':
            sys.exit(main())
else:
    msg = "当前Python版本为Python%s.%s,不能使用pip3!" % (sys.version_info.major, sys.version_info.minor)
    os.system("echo %s" % msg)
    os.system("""echo "请使用'update-alternatives --config python' 切换Python版本" """)

 

    

参考资料:

  https://www.jb51.net/article/163112.htm

  https://blog.csdn.net/qq_38522539/article/details/80678412

  

 

 

  

 

       

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