Urllib库详解
什么是Urllib：
Python内置的HTTP请求库
- urllib.request 请求模块
- urllib.error 异常处理模块
- urllib.parse url 解析模块
urlopen
urllib.request.urlopen(url, data=None, [timeout, ]*, cafile=None, capath=None, cadefault=False, context=None)
- url 传入url
- data 用于POST提交数据
- timeout 设置最大响应接受时间
import urllib.request
response = urllib.request.urlopen('http://www.baidu.com')
print(response.read().decode('utf-8'))
import urllib.parse
import urllib.request
data = bytes(urllib.parse.urlencode({'word': 'hello'}), encoding='utf8')
response = urllib.request.urlopen('http://httpbin.org/post', data=data)
print(response.read())
import socket
import urllib.request
import urllib.error
try:
response = urllib.request.urlopen('http://httpbin.org/get', timeout=0.1)
except urllib.error.URLError as e:
if isinstance(e.reason, socket.timeout):
print('TIME OUT')
响应
响应类型
import urllib.request
response = urllib.request.urlopen('https://www.python.org')
print(type(response))
状态码、响应头
import urllib.request
response = urllib.request.urlopen('https://www.python.org')
print(response.status)
print(response.getheaders())
print(response.getheader('Server'))
import urllib.request
response = urllib.request.urlopen('https://www.python.org')
print(response.read().decode('utf-8'))
Request
import urllib.request
request = urllib.request.Request('https://python.org')
response = urllib.request.urlopen(request)
print(response.read().decode('utf-8'))
from urllib import request, parse
url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
headers = {
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)',
'Host': 'httpbin.org'
}
dict = {
'name': 'Germey'
}
data = bytes(parse.urlencode(dict), encoding='utf8')
req = request.Request(url=url, data=data, headers=headers, method='POST')
response = request.urlopen(req)
print(response.read().decode('utf-8'))
输出：
{
"args": {},
"data": "",
"files": {},
"form": {
"name": "Germey"
},
"headers": {
"Accept-Encoding": "identity",
"Connect-Time": "1",
"Connection": "close",
"Content-Length": "11",
"Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
"Host": "httpbin.org",
"Total-Route-Time": "0",
"User-Agent": "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)",
"Via": "1.1 vegur",
"X-Request-Id": "f96e736e-0b8a-4ab4-9dcc-a970fcd2fbbf"
},
"json": null,
"origin": "219.238.82.169",
"url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}
from urllib import request, parse
url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
dict = {
'name': 'Germey'
}
data = bytes(parse.urlencode(dict), encoding='utf8')
req = request.Request(url=url, data=data, method='POST')
req.add_header('User-Agent', 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)')
response = request.urlopen(req)
print(response.read().decode('utf-8'))
输出：
{
"args": {},
"data": "",
"files": {},
"form": {
"name": "Germey"
},
"headers": {
"Accept-Encoding": "identity",
"Connect-Time": "0",
"Connection": "close",
"Content-Length": "11",
"Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
"Host": "httpbin.org",
"Total-Route-Time": "0",
"User-Agent": "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)",
"Via": "1.1 vegur",
"X-Request-Id": "a624bcaa-3581-4b93-84b0-037940338e71"
},
"json": null,
"origin": "219.238.82.169",
"url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}
Handler
代理
import urllib.request
proxy_handler = urllib.request.ProxyHandler({
'http': 'http://127.0.0.1:9743',
'https': 'https://127.0.0.1:9743'
})
opener = urllib.request.build_opener(proxy_handler)
response = opener.open('http://httpbin.org/get')
print(response.read())
Cookie
import http.cookiejar, urllib.request
cookie = http.cookiejar.CookieJar()
handler = urllib.request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie)
opener = urllib.request.build_opener(handler)
response = opener.open('http://www.baidu.com')
for item in cookie:
print(item.name+"="+item.value)
输出：
BAIDUID=E77BF84491E332F6F8F1D451AD0063D3:FG=1
BIDUPSID=E77BF84491E332F6F8F1D451AD0063D3
H_PS_PSSID=1466_21127_22075
PSTM=1490198051
BDSVRTM=0
BD_HOME=0
把cookie保存到文件中
import http.cookiejar, urllib.request
filename = "cookie.txt"
cookie = http.cookiejar.MozillaCookieJar(filename)
handler = urllib.request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie)
opener = urllib.request.build_opener(handler)
response = opener.open('http://www.baidu.com')
cookie.save(ignore_discard=True, ignore_expires=True)
从cookie保存文件中读取cookie信息
import http.cookiejar, urllib.request
filename = 'cookie.txt'
cookie = http.cookiejar.LWPCookieJar(filename)
handler = urllib.request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie)
opener = urllib.request.build_opener(handler)
response = opener.open('http://www.baidu.com')
cookie.save(ignore_discard=True, ignore_expires=True)
import http.cookiejar, urllib.request
cookie = http.cookiejar.LWPCookieJar()
cookie.load('cookie.txt', ignore_discard=True, ignore_expires=True)
handler = urllib.request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie)
opener = urllib.request.build_opener(handler)
response = opener.open('http://www.baidu.com')
print(response.read().decode('utf-8'))
异常处理
from urllib import request, error
try:
response = request.urlopen('http://cuiqingcai.com/index.htm')
except error.URLError as e:
print(e.reason)
from urllib import request, error
try:
response = request.urlopen('http://cuiqingcai.com/index.htm')
except error.HTTPError as e:
print(e.reason, e.code, e.headers, sep='\n')
except error.URLError as e:
print(e.reason)
else:
print('Request Successfully')
输出：
Not Found
404
Server: nginx/1.10.1
Date: Wed, 22 Mar 2017 15:59:55 GMT
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Connection: close
Vary: Cookie
Expires: Wed, 11 Jan 1984 05:00:00 GMT
Cache-Control: no-cache, must-revalidate, max-age=0
Link: import socket
import urllib.request
import urllib.error
try:
response = urllib.request.urlopen('https://www.baidu.com', timeout=0.01)
except urllib.error.URLError as e:
print(type(e.reason))
if isinstance(e.reason, socket.timeout):
print('TIME OUT')
TIME OUT
URL解析
urlparse
urllib.parse.urlparse(urlstring, scheme='', allow_fragments=True)
from urllib.parse import urlparse
result = urlparse('http://www.baidu.com/index.html;user?id=5#comment')
print(type(result), result)
输出：
ParseResult(scheme='http', netloc='www.baidu.com', path='/index.html', params='user', query='id=5', fragment='comment')
from urllib.parse import urlparse
result = urlparse('www.baidu.com/index.html;user?id=5#comment', scheme='https')
print(result)
输出：
ParseResult(scheme='https', netloc='', path='www.baidu.com/index.html', params='user', query='id=5', fragment='comment')
from urllib.parse import urlparse
result = urlparse('http://www.baidu.com/index.html;user?id=5#comment', allow_fragments=False)
print(result)
输出：
ParseResult(scheme='http', netloc='www.baidu.com', path='/index.html', params='user', query='id=5#comment', fragment='')
from urllib.parse import urlparse
result = urlparse('http://www.baidu.com/index.html#comment', allow_fragments=False)
print(result)
输出：
ParseResult(scheme='http', netloc='www.baidu.com', path='/index.html#comment', params='', query='', fragment='')
urlunparse
from urllib.parse import urlunparse
data = ['http', 'www.baidu.com', 'index.html', 'user', 'a=6', 'comment']
print(urlunparse(data))
输出：
http://www.baidu.com/index.html;user?a=6#comment
urljoin
from urllib.parse import urljoin
print(urljoin('http://www.baidu.com', 'FAQ.html'))
print(urljoin('http://www.baidu.com', 'https://cuiqingcai.com/FAQ.html'))
print(urljoin('http://www.baidu.com/about.html', 'https://cuiqingcai.com/FAQ.html'))
print(urljoin('http://www.baidu.com/about.html', 'https://cuiqingcai.com/FAQ.html?question=2'))
print(urljoin('http://www.baidu.com?wd=abc', 'https://cuiqingcai.com/index.php'))
print(urljoin('http://www.baidu.com', '?category=2#comment'))
print(urljoin('www.baidu.com', '?category=2#comment'))
print(urljoin('www.baidu.com#comment', '?category=2'))
输出：
http://www.baidu.com/FAQ.html
https://cuiqingcai.com/FAQ.html
https://cuiqingcai.com/FAQ.html
https://cuiqingcai.com/FAQ.html?question=2
https://cuiqingcai.com/index.php
http://www.baidu.com?category=2#comment
www.baidu.com?category=2#comment
www.baidu.com?category=2
urlencode
from urllib.parse import urlencode
params = {
'name': 'germey',
'age': 22
}
base_url = 'http://www.baidu.com?'
url = base_url + urlencode(params)
print(url)
输出：
http://www.baidu.com?name=germey&age=22