项目使用的Spring Cloud为Hoxton版本,Spring Boot为2.2.2.RELEASE版本
序号 | 内容 | 链接地址 |
---|---|---|
1 | Spring Cloud入门-十分钟了解Spring Cloud | https://blog.csdn.net/ThinkWon/article/details/103715146 |
2 | Spring Cloud入门-Eureka服务注册与发现(Hoxton版本) | https://blog.csdn.net/ThinkWon/article/details/103726655 |
3 | Spring Cloud入门-Ribbon服务消费者(Hoxton版本) | https://blog.csdn.net/ThinkWon/article/details/103729080 |
4 | Spring Cloud入门-Hystrix断路器(Hoxton版本) | https://blog.csdn.net/ThinkWon/article/details/103732497 |
5 | Spring Cloud入门-Hystrix Dashboard与Turbine断路器监控(Hoxton版本) | https://blog.csdn.net/ThinkWon/article/details/103734664 |
6 | Spring Cloud入门-OpenFeign服务消费者(Hoxton版本) | https://blog.csdn.net/ThinkWon/article/details/103735751 |
7 | Spring Cloud入门-Zuul服务网关(Hoxton版本) | https://blog.csdn.net/ThinkWon/article/details/103738851 |
8 | Spring Cloud入门-Config分布式配置中心(Hoxton版本) | https://blog.csdn.net/ThinkWon/article/details/103739628 |
9 | Spring Cloud入门-Bus消息总线(Hoxton版本) | https://blog.csdn.net/ThinkWon/article/details/103753372 |
10 | Spring Cloud入门-Sleuth服务链路跟踪(Hoxton版本) | https://blog.csdn.net/ThinkWon/article/details/103753896 |
11 | Spring Cloud入门-Consul服务注册发现与配置中心(Hoxton版本) | https://blog.csdn.net/ThinkWon/article/details/103756139 |
12 | Spring Cloud入门-Gateway服务网关(Hoxton版本) | https://blog.csdn.net/ThinkWon/article/details/103757927 |
13 | Spring Cloud入门-Admin服务监控中心(Hoxton版本) | https://blog.csdn.net/ThinkWon/article/details/103758697 |
14 | Spring Cloud入门-Oauth2授权的使用(Hoxton版本) | https://blog.csdn.net/ThinkWon/article/details/103761687 |
15 | Spring Cloud入门-Oauth2授权之JWT集成(Hoxton版本) | https://blog.csdn.net/ThinkWon/article/details/103763364 |
16 | Spring Cloud入门-Oauth2授权之基于JWT完成单点登录(Hoxton版本) | https://blog.csdn.net/ThinkWon/article/details/103766368 |
17 | Spring Cloud入门-Nacos实现注册和配置中心(Hoxton版本) | https://blog.csdn.net/ThinkWon/article/details/103769680 |
18 | Spring Cloud入门-Sentinel实现服务限流、熔断与降级(Hoxton版本) | https://blog.csdn.net/ThinkWon/article/details/103770879 |
19 | Spring Cloud入门-Seata处理分布式事务问题(Hoxton版本) | https://blog.csdn.net/ThinkWon/article/details/103786102 |
20 | Spring Cloud入门-汇总篇(Hoxton版本) | https://blog.csdn.net/ThinkWon/article/details/103786588 |
Spring Cloud Netflix Hystrix 是Spring Cloud Netflix 子项目的核心组件之一,具有服务容错及线程隔离等一系列服务保护功能,本文将对其用法进行详细介绍。
在微服务架构中,服务与服务之间通过远程调用的方式进行通信,一旦某个被调用的服务发生了故障,其依赖服务也会发生故障,此时就会发生故障的蔓延,最终导致系统瘫痪。Hystrix实现了断路器模式,当某个服务发生故障时,通过断路器的监控,给调用方返回一个错误响应,而不是长时间的等待,这样就不会使得调用方由于长时间得不到响应而占用线程,从而防止故障的蔓延。Hystrix具备服务降级、服务熔断、线程隔离、请求缓存、请求合并及服务监控等强大功能。
这里我们创建一个hystrix-service模块来演示hystrix的常用功能。
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.bootgroupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-webartifactId>
dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloudgroupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-clientartifactId>
dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloudgroupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-hystrixartifactId>
dependency>
主要是配置了端口、注册中心地址及user-service的调用路径。
server:
port: 8401
spring:
application:
name: hystrix-service
eureka:
client:
register-with-eureka: true
fetch-registry: true
service-url:
defaultZone: http://localhost:8001/eureka/
service-url:
user-service: http://user-service/
@EnableCircuitBreaker
@EnableDiscoveryClient
@SpringBootApplication
public class HystrixServiceApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(HystrixServiceApplication.class, args);
}
}
此处省略了创建用户类User和统一返回前端的响应类Result,RestTemplate配置,UserService接口的创建,具体的可以参考项目源码
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/user")
public class UserHystrixController {
@Autowired
private UserService userService;
@GetMapping("/testFallback/{id}")
public Result testFallback(@PathVariable Long id) {
return userService.getUser(id);
}
@GetMapping("/testException/{id}")
public Result testException(@PathVariable Long id) {
return userService.getUserException(id);
}
@GetMapping("/testCommand/{id}")
public Result getUserCommand(@PathVariable Long id) {
return userService.getUserCommand(id);
}
@GetMapping("/testCache/{id}")
public Result testCache(@PathVariable Long id) {
userService.getUserCache(id);
userService.getUserCache(id);
userService.getUserCache(id);
return new Result("操作成功", 200);
}
@GetMapping("/testRemoveCache/{id}")
public Result testRemoveCache(@PathVariable Long id) {
userService.getUserCache(id);
userService.removeCache(id);
userService.getUserCache(id);
return new Result("操作成功", 200);
}
@GetMapping("/testCollapser")
public Result testCollapser() throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
Future<User> future1 = userService.getUserFuture(1L);
Future<User> future2 = userService.getUserFuture(2L);
future1.get();
future2.get();
ThreadUtil.safeSleep(200);
Future<User> future3 = userService.getUserFuture(3L);
future3.get();
return new Result("操作成功", 200);
}
}
在UserHystrixController中添加用于测试服务降级的接口:
@GetMapping("/testFallback/{id}")
public Result testFallback(@PathVariable Long id) {
return userService.getUser(id);
}
在UserService中添加调用方法与服务降级方法,方法上需要添加@HystrixCommand注解:
@HystrixCommand(fallbackMethod = "fallbackMethod1")
public Result getUser(Long id) {
return restTemplate.getForObject(userServiceUrl + "/user/{1}", Result.class, id);
}
/**
* 声明的参数需要包含controller的声明参数
*
* @param id
* @return
*/
public Result fallbackMethod1(@PathVariable Long id) {
return new Result("服务调用失败", 500);
}
启动eureka-server、user-service、hystrix-service服务
调用接口进行测试:http://localhost:8401/user/testFallback/1
关闭user-service服务重新测试该接口,发现已经发生了服务降级:
在UserHystrixController中添加测试接口:
@GetMapping("/testCommand/{id}")
public Result getUserCommand(@PathVariable Long id) {
return userService.getUserCommand(id);
}
在UserService中添加方式实现功能:
@HystrixCommand(fallbackMethod = "fallbackMethod1",
commandKey = "getUserCommand",
groupKey = "getUserGroup",
threadPoolKey = "getUserThreadPool")
public Result getUserCommand(Long id) {
return restTemplate.getForObject(userServiceUrl + "/user/{1}", Result.class, id);
}
在UserHystrixController中添加测试接口:
@GetMapping("/testException/{id}")
public Result testException(@PathVariable Long id) {
return userService.getUserException(id);
}
在UserService中添加实现方法,这里忽略了NullPointerException,当id为1时抛出IndexOutOfBoundsException,id为2时抛出NullPointerException:
@HystrixCommand(fallbackMethod = "fallbackMethod2", ignoreExceptions = {NullPointerException.class})
public Result getUserException(Long id) {
if (id == 1) {
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
} else if (id == 2) {
throw new NullPointerException();
}
return restTemplate.getForObject(userServiceUrl + "/user/{1}", Result.class, id);
}
public Result fallbackMethod2(@PathVariable Long id, Throwable e) {
LOGGER.error("id {},throwable class:{}", id, e.getClass());
return new Result("服务调用失败", 500);
}
调用接口进行测试:http://localhost:8401/user/tesException/1
调用接口进行测试:http://localhost:8401/user/tesException/2
当系统并发量越来越大时,我们需要使用缓存来优化系统,达到减轻并发请求线程数,提供响应速度的效果。
在UserHystrixController中添加使用缓存的测试接口,直接调用三次getUserCache方法:
@GetMapping("/testCache/{id}")
public Result testCache(@PathVariable Long id) {
userService.getUserCache(id);
userService.getUserCache(id);
userService.getUserCache(id);
return new Result("操作成功", 200);
}
在UserService中添加具有缓存功能的getUserCache方法:
@CacheResult(cacheKeyMethod = "getCacheKey")
@HystrixCommand(fallbackMethod = "fallbackMethod1", commandKey = "getUserCache")
public Result getUserCache(Long id) {
LOGGER.info("getUserCache id:{}", id);
return restTemplate.getForObject(userServiceUrl + "/user/{1}", Result.class, id);
}
/**
* 为缓存生成key的方法
*
* @return
*/
public String getCacheKey(Long id) {
return String.valueOf(id);
}
调用接口测试http://localhost:8401/user/testCache/1,这个接口中调用了三次getUserCache方法,但是只打印了一次日志,说明有两次走的是缓存:
在UserHystrixController中添加移除缓存的测试接口,调用一次removeCache方法:
@GetMapping("/testRemoveCache/{id}")
public Result testRemoveCache(@PathVariable Long id) {
userService.getUserCache(id);
userService.removeCache(id);
userService.getUserCache(id);
return new Result("操作成功", 200);
}
在UserService中添加具有移除缓存功能的removeCache方法:
@HystrixCommand
@CacheRemove(commandKey = "getUserCache", cacheKeyMethod = "getCacheKey")
public Result removeCache(Long id) {
LOGGER.info("removeCache id:{}", id);
return restTemplate.postForObject(userServiceUrl + "/user/delete/{1}", null, Result.class, id);
}
调用接口测试http://localhost:8401/user/testRemoveCache/1,可以发现有两次查询都走的是接口:
在缓存使用过程中,我们需要在每次使用缓存的请求前后对HystrixRequestContext进行初始化和关闭,否则会出现如下异常:
java.lang.IllegalStateException: Request caching is not available. Maybe you need to initialize the HystrixRequestContext?
at com.netflix.hystrix.HystrixRequestCache.get(HystrixRequestCache.java:104) ~[hystrix-core-1.5.18.jar:1.5.18]
at com.netflix.hystrix.AbstractCommand$7.call(AbstractCommand.java:478) ~[hystrix-core-1.5.18.jar:1.5.18]
at com.netflix.hystrix.AbstractCommand$7.call(AbstractCommand.java:454) ~[hystrix-core-1.5.18.jar:1.5.18]
这里我们通过使用过滤器,在每个请求前后初始化和关闭HystrixRequestContext来解决该问题:
@Component
@WebFilter(urlPatterns = "/*", asyncSupported = true)
public class HystrixRequestContextFilter implements Filter {
@Override
public void doFilter(ServletRequest servletRequest, ServletResponse servletResponse, FilterChain filterChain) throws IOException, ServletException {
HystrixRequestContext context = HystrixRequestContext.initializeContext();
try {
filterChain.doFilter(servletRequest, servletResponse);
} finally {
context.close();
}
}
}
微服务系统中的服务间通信,需要通过远程调用来实现,随着调用次数越来越多,占用线程资源也会越来越多。Hystrix中提供了@HystrixCollapser用于合并请求,从而达到减少通信消耗及线程数量的效果。
在UserHystrixController中添加testCollapser方法,这里我们先进行两次服务调用,再间隔200ms以后进行第三次服务调用:
@GetMapping("/testCollapser")
public Result testCollapser() throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
Future<User> future1 = userService.getUserFuture(1L);
Future<User> future2 = userService.getUserFuture(2L);
future1.get();
future2.get();
ThreadUtil.safeSleep(200);
Future<User> future3 = userService.getUserFuture(3L);
future3.get();
return new Result("操作成功", 200);
}
使用@HystrixCollapser实现请求合并,所有对getUserFuture的的多次调用都会转化为对getUserByIds的单次调用:
@HystrixCollapser(batchMethod = "listUsersByIds",collapserProperties = {
@HystrixProperty(name = "timerDelayInMilliseconds",value = "100")
})
public Future<User> getUserFuture(Long id) {
return new AsyncResult<User>() {
@Override
public User invoke() {
Result result = restTemplate.getForObject(userServiceUrl + "/user/{1}", Result.class, id);
Map data = (Map) result.getData();
User user = BeanUtil.mapToBean(data, User.class, true);
LOGGER.info("getUserById username:{}",user.getUsername());
return user;
}
};
}
@HystrixCommand
public List<User> listUsersByIds(List<Long> ids) {
LOGGER.info("listUsersByIds:{}",ids);
Result result = restTemplate.getForObject(userServiceUrl + "/user/listUsersByIds?ids={1}", Result.class, CollUtil.join(ids, ","));
return (List<User>)result.getData();
}
注意:测试之前需要重启user-service服务,因为刚才测试请求缓存把数据删了一个,不然会报错
访问接口测试http://localhost:8401/user/testCollapser,由于我们设置了100毫秒进行一次请求合并,前两次被合并,最后一次自己单独合并了。
hystrix:
command: #用于控制HystrixCommand的行为
default:
execution:
isolation:
strategy: THREAD #控制HystrixCommand的隔离策略,THREAD->线程池隔离策略(默认),SEMAPHORE->信号量隔离策略
thread:
timeoutInMilliseconds: 1000 #配置HystrixCommand执行的超时时间,执行超过该时间会进行服务降级处理
interruptOnTimeout: true #配置HystrixCommand执行超时的时候是否要中断
interruptOnCancel: true #配置HystrixCommand执行被取消的时候是否要中断
timeout:
enabled: true #配置HystrixCommand的执行是否启用超时时间
semaphore:
maxConcurrentRequests: 10 #当使用信号量隔离策略时,用来控制并发量的大小,超过该并发量的请求会被拒绝
fallback:
enabled: true #用于控制是否启用服务降级
circuitBreaker: #用于控制HystrixCircuitBreaker的行为
enabled: true #用于控制断路器是否跟踪健康状况以及熔断请求
requestVolumeThreshold: 20 #超过该请求数的请求会被拒绝
forceOpen: false #强制打开断路器,拒绝所有请求
forceClosed: false #强制关闭断路器,接收所有请求
requestCache:
enabled: true #用于控制是否开启请求缓存
collapser: #用于控制HystrixCollapser的执行行为
default:
maxRequestsInBatch: 100 #控制一次合并请求合并的最大请求数
timerDelayinMilliseconds: 10 #控制多少毫秒内的请求会被合并成一个
requestCache:
enabled: true #控制合并请求是否开启缓存
threadpool: #用于控制HystrixCommand执行所在线程池的行为
default:
coreSize: 10 #线程池的核心线程数
maximumSize: 10 #线程池的最大线程数,超过该线程数的请求会被拒绝
maxQueueSize: -1 #用于设置线程池的最大队列大小,-1采用SynchronousQueue,其他正数采用LinkedBlockingQueue
queueSizeRejectionThreshold: 5 #用于设置线程池队列的拒绝阀值,由于LinkedBlockingQueue不能动态改版大小,使用时需要用该参数来控制线程数
实例配置只需要将全局配置中的default换成与之对应的key即可。
hystrix:
command:
HystrixComandKey: #将default换成HystrixComrnandKey
execution:
isolation:
strategy: THREAD
collapser:
HystrixCollapserKey: #将default换成HystrixCollapserKey
maxRequestsInBatch: 100
threadpool:
HystrixThreadPoolKey: #将default换成HystrixThreadPoolKey
coreSize: 10
springcloud-learning
├── eureka-server -- eureka注册中心
├── user-service -- 提供User对象CRUD接口的服务
└── hystrix-service -- hystrix服务调用测试服务
GitHub项目源码地址