Android Room 使用以及配合 RxJava

最近要做的项目要涉及到数据库,准备使用谷歌新出的架构组件Room,于是学习学习,记录一下。

官方文档在这里,推荐一个系列的文章,很好的翻译了官方架构的文档——理解Android Architecture Components系列。

RoomDemo代码下载

1.引入

首先在project的gradle文件中添加 Google Maven 仓库

allprojects {
    repositories {
        jcenter()
        google()
    }
}

然后在APP的gradle文件中添加依赖

    // Room (use 1.1.0-beta2 for latest beta)
    implementation "android.arch.persistence.room:runtime:1.0.0"
    annotationProcessor "android.arch.persistence.room:compiler:1.0.0"

2.三大组成部分

Room由三大部分组成

  1. Entity:数据库中表对应的Java实体
  2. DAO:操作数据库的方法
  3. Database:创建数据库

2.1Entity

Entity就是一般的Java实体类
这里只涉及到@Entity、 @PrimaryKey,2个注解。其实有其他好多注解,比如 @ColumnInfo(列名)、 @ForeignKey(外键)、@Index(索引)等等,具体用法还是看官方文档吧。

@Entity
public class UserEntity {
    @PrimaryKey(autoGenerate = true)
    private int uid;
    private String name;
    private String address;

    public String getAddress() {
        return address;
    }

    public void setAddress(String address) {
        this.address = address;
    }

    public int getUid() {
        return uid;
    }

    public void setUid(int uid) {
        this.uid = uid;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "UserEntity{" +
                "uid=" + uid +
                ", name='" + name + '\'' +
                ", address='" + address + '\'' +
                '}';
    }
}

2.2 DAO

DAO的话就是创建一些访问数据库的方法
通过注解的方式实现增(@Insert)删(@Delete)改(@Update)查(@Query)
可以通过“:xxx”的方式引入参数


@Dao
public interface UserDao {
    @Insert
    void insert(UserEntity userEntity);

    @Insert
    void insertAll(List userEntities);

    @Delete
    void delete(UserEntity userEntity);

    @Delete
    void deleteAll(List userEntities);

    @Update
    void update(UserEntity userEntity);

    @Query("SELECT * FROM UserEntity")
    List getAll();

    @Query("SELECT * FROM UserEntity WHERE uid  = :uid")
    UserEntity getByUid(int uid);
}

2.3 Database

上面两个文件建好后,就可以创建数据库了
要在里面声明你创建的DAO:public abstract UserDao userDao();
参考的是官方demo BasicSample

@Database(entities = {UserEntity.class},version = 1)
public abstract class AppDatabase extends RoomDatabase{
    private static volatile AppDatabase sInstance;
    @VisibleForTesting
    public static final String DATABASE_NAME = "XXXdb";
    /**
    * LiveData相关,具体看上面推荐的系列文章LiveData
    */
    private final MutableLiveData mIsDatabaseCreated = new MutableLiveData<>();
    public abstract UserDao userDao();

    public static AppDatabase getInstance(final Context context, final AppExecutors executors) {
        if (sInstance == null) {
            synchronized (AppDatabase.class) {
                if (sInstance == null) {
                    sInstance = buildDatabase(context.getApplicationContext(), executors);
                    sInstance.updateDatabaseCreated(context.getApplicationContext());
                }
            }
        }
        return sInstance;
    }

    /**
     * Build the database. {@link Builder#build()} only sets up the database configuration and
     * creates a new instance of the database.
     * The SQLite database is only created when it's accessed for the first time.
     */
    private static AppDatabase buildDatabase(final Context appContext,
                                             final AppExecutors executors) {
        return Room.databaseBuilder(appContext, AppDatabase.class, DATABASE_NAME)
                .addCallback(new Callback() {
                    @Override
                    public void onCreate(@NonNull SupportSQLiteDatabase db) {
                        super.onCreate(db);
                        executors.diskIO().execute(() -> {
                            // Add a delay to simulate a long-running operation
                            addDelay();
                            // Generate the data for pre-population
                            AppDatabase database = AppDatabase.getInstance(appContext, executors);
                            List users = DataGenerator.generateUsers();
                            insertData(database, users);
                            // notify that the database was created and it's ready to be used
                            database.setDatabaseCreated();
                        });
                    }
                }) 
                .build();
    }

    /**
     * Check whether the database already exists and expose it via {@link #getDatabaseCreated()}
     */
    private void updateDatabaseCreated(final Context context) {
        if (context.getDatabasePath(DATABASE_NAME).exists()) {
            setDatabaseCreated();
        }
    }

    private static void addDelay() {
        try {
            Thread.sleep(4000);
        } catch (InterruptedException ignored) {
        }
    }

    private static void insertData(final AppDatabase database, final List users) {
        database.runInTransaction(() -> {
            database.userDao().insertAll(users);
        });
    }

    public LiveData getDatabaseCreated() {
        return mIsDatabaseCreated;
    }

    private void setDatabaseCreated(){
        mIsDatabaseCreated.postValue(true);
    }

}

数据生成工具:
/**
 * Generates data to pre-populate the database
 */
public class DataGenerator {

    private static final String[] NAME = new String[]{
            "Special edition", "New", "Cheap", "Quality", "Used"};
    private static final String[] ADDRESS = new String[]{
            "Three-headed Monkey", "Rubber Chicken", "Pint of Grog", "Monocle"};

    public static List generateUsers() {
        List userEntities = new ArrayList<>();
        for (int i = 0; i < MM.length; i++) {
            UserEntity product = new UserEntity();
            product.setName(NAME[ i ]);
            product.setAddress(ADDRESS [ i ]);
            userEntities.add(product);
        }
        return userEntities;
    }

}

3数据库升级

数据库升级要创建Migration类,在migrate方法中添加改变的SQL语句,然后version加1

static final Migration MIGRATION_1_2 = new Migration(1, 2) {
        @Override
        public void migrate(SupportSQLiteDatabase database) {
            database.execSQL("ALTER TABLE UserEntity "
                    + " ADD COLUMN address TEXT");
        }
    };

在build()之前添加addMigrations
return Room.databaseBuilder(appContext, AppDatabase.class, DATABASE_NAME)
                .addMigrations(MIGRATION_1_2)
                .build();

@Database(entities = {UserEntity.class},version = 2)

4访问数据库

三大组件创建好,你就可以使用数据库啦

数据库和线程池工具(AppExecutors)我都放在自定义的Application当中去获取了。
其实可以再创建一个Repository仓库类,里面放本地数据库的访问和网络的访问,更好地管理数据来源。
private List mUserList;
   MyApplication.getInstance().getAppExecutors().diskIO().execute(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                mUserList = MyApplication.getInstance().getDatabase().userDao().getAll();
            }
        });

MyApplication:

public class MyApplication extends Application{
    private static MyApplication app;
    private AppExecutors mAppExecutors;

    @Override
    public void onCreate() {
        super.onCreate();
        app = this;
        mAppExecutors = new AppExecutors();
        Logger.addLogAdapter(new AndroidLogAdapter());
    }

    public static MyApplication getInstance() {
        return app;
    }

    public AppDatabase getDatabase() {
        return AppDatabase.getInstance(this, mAppExecutors);
    }

    public AppExecutors getAppExecutors(){
        return  mAppExecutors;
    }

}

AppExecutors:

/**
 * Global executor pools for the whole application.
 * 

* Grouping tasks like this avoids the effects of task starvation (e.g. disk reads don't wait behind * webservice requests). */ public class AppExecutors { private final Executor mDiskIO; private final Executor mNetworkIO; private final Executor mMainThread; private AppExecutors(Executor diskIO, Executor networkIO, Executor mainThread) { this.mDiskIO = diskIO; this.mNetworkIO = networkIO; this.mMainThread = mainThread; } public AppExecutors() { this(Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor(), Executors.newFixedThreadPool(3), new MainThreadExecutor()); } public Executor diskIO() { return mDiskIO; } public Executor networkIO() { return mNetworkIO; } public Executor mainThread() { return mMainThread; } private static class MainThreadExecutor implements Executor { private Handler mainThreadHandler = new Handler(Looper.getMainLooper()); @Override public void execute(@NonNull Runnable command) { mainThreadHandler.post(command); } } }

5配合RxJava

大家发现了,访问数据库是不能再主线程中进行的,所以有了个AppExecutors 线程池来操作。但我们有了RxJava,是不是可以用它来替代,答案是肯定的,Room支持RxJava。
我这里也推荐RxJava使用的系列文章,真的很好——RxJava系列教程

首先在APP的gradle文件中再添加Room的RxJava支持

    // RxJava support for Room (use 1.1.0-beta2 for latest alpha)
    implementation "android.arch.persistence.room:rxjava2:1.0.0"

然后改写DAO中的返回类型

  @Query("SELECT * FROM UserEntity")
  Flowable> getAll();

Room 支持RxJava的三种对象

  • Maybe
  • Single
  • Flowable
    三者主要区别在于回调方法的触发,具体可以参考这篇文章——在Room中使用RxJava

这样Room就自动为我们创建好了可观察的对象,我们这样使用就好了

private List mUserList;
  MyApplication.getInstance().getDatabase().userDao().getAll()
                .subscribeOn(Schedulers.io())
                .observeOn(AndroidSchedulers.mainThread())
                .subscribe(new Consumer>() {
                    @Override
                    public void accept(List userEntities) throws Exception {
                             mUserList = userEntities;
                    }
                }, new Consumer() {
                    @Override
                    public void accept(Throwable throwable) throws Exception {
                    
                    }
                });

Consumer 是RxJava观察者的简写方式

flowable.subscribe(
        new Consumer() {//相当于onNext
            @Override
            public void accept(String s) throws Exception {
            }
        }, new Consumer() {//相当于onError
            @Override
            public void accept(Throwable throwable) throws Exception {
            }
        }, new Action() {//相当于onComplete,注意这里是Action
            @Override
            public void run() throws Exception {
            }
        }, new Consumer() {//相当于onSubscribe
            @Override
            public void accept(Subscription subscription) throws Exception {
            }
        });

这里我有个疑问,如果我不用简写的方式,只能触发onSubscribe回调,在onNext回调中获取不到查询数据库的结果。(试了下,Single类型不会)
希望有大神能帮我解惑

        MyApplication.getInstance().getDatabase().userDao().getAll()
                .subscribeOn(Schedulers.io())
                .observeOn(AndroidSchedulers.mainThread())
                .subscribe(new FlowableSubscriber>() {
                    @Override
                    public void onSubscribe(Subscription s) {
                        
                    }

                    @Override
                    public void onNext(List userEntities) {
                            //获取不到
                            mUserList = userEntities;
                    }

                    @Override
                    public void onError(Throwable t) {

                    }

                    @Override
                    public void onComplete() {

                    }
                });

有一点值得注意的是:如果使用Flowable,那么每当Flowable包裹的对象改变时,Flowable将自动发射,也就是自动执行accept回调。

看这样一个情况:
当我点击Item就会增加一条name为“Mao+position”的记录到数据库中:


Android Room 使用以及配合 RxJava_第1张图片
点击增加.gif

然后我要点击右下角的FloatingActionButton删除这些新加的name为“Mao”开头的记录,那么应该是先查出这些记录,然后删除。(我增加了DataRepository仓库来操作)
对应的DAO:

    @Query("SELECT * FROM userentity WHERE name like 'Mao%'")
    Flowable> getAllLikeMao();
    @Delete
    void deleteAll(List userEntities);

对应的操作:

    @SuppressLint("CheckResult")
    public void deleteMao() {
        mDataRepository.getAllLikeMao().
                subscribeOn(Schedulers.io()).
                observeOn(Schedulers.io()).
                subscribe(userEntities -> {
                    mDataRepository.deleteAll(userEntities);
                    mUserEntityList.postValue(mDataRepository.getAll());
                });
Android Room 使用以及配合 RxJava_第2张图片
点击删除再增加.gif

可以看到:点击FloatingActionButton确实删除了相应的记录,但是再次点击Item增加时,增加的Item立马被删除了。
究其原因就是Flowable的自动发射。每次点击增加Item改变了List,所以就每次触发了

mDataRepository.deleteAll(userEntities);
mUserEntityList.postValue(mDataRepository.getAll());

让我们改成Single试试:

    @Query("SELECT * FROM userentity WHERE name like 'Mao%'")
    Single> getAllLikeMao();
Android Room 使用以及配合 RxJava_第3张图片
Single.gif

这回没有自动发射了,也正常了,是不是数据库操作都应该使用Single而不是Flowable呢?希望大家讨论一下。

------------------------------------分割线---------------------------------------------
关于上面【这里我有个疑问,如果我不用简写的方式,只能触发onSubscribe回调,在onNext回调中获取不到查询数据库的结果。(试了下,Single类型不会)】这个问题:

其实是RxJava2.0后的一点小区别:出现了2种观察者模式

  1. Observable(被观察者)/Observer(观察者)
  2. Flowable(被观察者)/Subscriber(观察者)
    Room支持的3种RxJava对象中,Maybe和Single 属于前一种,Flowable 属于后一种。

2种观察者的区别是:Observeable用于订阅Observer,是不支持背压的,而Flowable用于订阅Subscriber,是支持背压(Backpressure)的。

Android Room 使用以及配合 RxJava_第4张图片
背压.png

背压是指在异步场景中,被观察者发送事件速度远快于观察者的处理速度的情况下,一种告诉上游的被观察者降低发送速度的策略。

Observable在 subscribe方法中调用emitter.onNext()才能触发之后的onNext方法;Flowable也相同,也需要一个通知,这里发挥作用的就是subscription.request(n)方法,参数n代表上游发送多少个数据。


Android Room 使用以及配合 RxJava_第5张图片
Subscriber.png

其实Flowable也支持emitter.onNext(),但是要指定具体的背压策略,具体可以看这篇文章:关于 RxJava 最友好的文章—— RxJava 2.0 全新来袭。

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