Pad功能是GStreamer的一个基本元素,尽管大多数时候它们是不可见的,因为框架会自动处理它们。这个理论性的教程显示:
正如已经显示的那样,Pads允许信息进入和离开元素。Pad的功能(简称Caps),然后,指定什么样的信息可以通过Pad。例如,“分辨率为320x200像素和每秒30帧的RGB视频”,或“每采样音频16位,每秒44100个采样的5.1通道”,甚至mp3或h264等压缩格式。
pad可以支持多种功能(例如,视频接收器可以支持不同类型的RGB或YUV格式的视频),并且可以将功能指定为范围(例如,音频接收器可以支持每秒1到48000个采样率)。然而,从一个Pad到另一个Pad的实际信息必须只有一个明确指定的类型。通过一个称为协商的过程,两个连接的焊盘在一个通用类型上达成一致,因此焊盘的能力成为固定的(它们只有一个类型,不包含范围)。下面示例代码的演练应该可以清楚地说明这一切。
为了将两个元素链接在一起,它们必须共享一个共同的功能子集(否则它们可能无法相互理解)。这是能力的主要目标。
作为应用程序开发人员,通常通过将元素链接在一起来构建管道(如果在所有元素(如playbin)中使用all,则程度会小一些)。在这种情况下,您需要知道元素的Pad Caps(正如我们熟悉的那样),或者至少知道当GStreamer拒绝将两个元素与协商错误链接时它们是什么。
Pad是从Pad模板创建的,它表示Pad可能拥有的所有功能。模板对于创建几个相似的Pad很有用,并且还允许元素之间的连接提前拒绝:如果其Pad模板的功能没有公共子集(它们的交集为空),则无需进一步协商。
Pad模板可以看作是协商过程的第一步。随着过程的发展,实际的pad被实例化,它们的能力被改进,直到它们被修复(或者协商失败)。
SINK template: 'sink'
Availability: Always
Capabilities:
audio/x-raw
format: S16LE
rate: [ 1, 2147483647 ]
channels: [ 1, 2 ]
audio/x-raw
format: U8
rate: [ 1, 2147483647 ]
channels: [ 1, 2 ]
这个Pad是一个Sink,在这个元素上总是可用的(我们暂时不讨论可用性)。它支持两种媒体,都是整数格式的原始音频(audio/x-raw):有符号、16位小尾数和无符号8位。方括号表示一个范围:例如,通道数从1到2不等。
SRC template: 'src'
Availability: Always
Capabilities:
video/x-raw
width: [ 1, 2147483647 ]
height: [ 1, 2147483647 ]
framerate: [ 0/1, 2147483647/1 ]
format: { I420, NV12, NV21, YV12, YUY2, Y42B, Y444, YUV9, YVU9, Y41B, Y800, Y8, GREY, Y16 , UYVY, YVYU, IYU1, v308, AYUV, A420 }
video/x-raw表示此源Pad输出原始视频。它支持广泛的维度和帧率,以及一组YUV格式(大括号表示一个列表)。所有这些格式都表示图像平面的不同打包和子采样。
您可以使用Basic tutorial 10:GStreamer tools中描述的gst-inspect-1.0工具来了解任何GStreamer元素的大写。
请记住,有些元素会查询底层硬件以获取支持的格式,并相应地提供其Pad Caps(它们通常在进入就绪状态或更高状态时这样做)。因此,所示的cap可能因平台而异,甚至因执行的不同而不同(尽管这种情况很少见)。
本教程将实例化两个元素(这次是通过它们的工厂),显示它们的Pad模板,链接它们并设置要播放的管道。在每次状态更改时,都会显示sink元素的Pad的功能,因此您可以观察协商是如何进行的,直到Pad Caps固定为止。
将此代码复制到名为basic-tutorial-6.c的文本文件中(或在GStreamer安装中找到它)。
基础教程-6.c
#include
/* Functions below print the Capabilities in a human-friendly format */
static gboolean print_field (GQuark field, const GValue * value, gpointer pfx) {
gchar *str = gst_value_serialize (value);
g_print ("%s %15s: %s\n", (gchar *) pfx, g_quark_to_string (field), str);
g_free (str);
return TRUE;
}
static void print_caps (const GstCaps * caps, const gchar * pfx) {
guint i;
g_return_if_fail (caps != NULL);
if (gst_caps_is_any (caps)) {
g_print ("%sANY\n", pfx);
return;
}
if (gst_caps_is_empty (caps)) {
g_print ("%sEMPTY\n", pfx);
return;
}
for (i = 0; i < gst_caps_get_size (caps); i++) {
GstStructure *structure = gst_caps_get_structure (caps, i);
g_print ("%s%s\n", pfx, gst_structure_get_name (structure));
gst_structure_foreach (structure, print_field, (gpointer) pfx);
}
}
/* Prints information about a Pad Template, including its Capabilities */
static void print_pad_templates_information (GstElementFactory * factory) {
const GList *pads;
GstStaticPadTemplate *padtemplate;
g_print ("Pad Templates for %s:\n", gst_element_factory_get_longname (factory));
if (!gst_element_factory_get_num_pad_templates (factory)) {
g_print (" none\n");
return;
}
pads = gst_element_factory_get_static_pad_templates (factory);
while (pads) {
padtemplate = pads->data;
pads = g_list_next (pads);
if (padtemplate->direction == GST_PAD_SRC)
g_print (" SRC template: '%s'\n", padtemplate->name_template);
else if (padtemplate->direction == GST_PAD_SINK)
g_print (" SINK template: '%s'\n", padtemplate->name_template);
else
g_print (" UNKNOWN!!! template: '%s'\n", padtemplate->name_template);
if (padtemplate->presence == GST_PAD_ALWAYS)
g_print (" Availability: Always\n");
else if (padtemplate->presence == GST_PAD_SOMETIMES)
g_print (" Availability: Sometimes\n");
else if (padtemplate->presence == GST_PAD_REQUEST)
g_print (" Availability: On request\n");
else
g_print (" Availability: UNKNOWN!!!\n");
if (padtemplate->static_caps.string) {
GstCaps *caps;
g_print (" Capabilities:\n");
caps = gst_static_caps_get (&padtemplate->static_caps);
print_caps (caps, " ");
gst_caps_unref (caps);
}
g_print ("\n");
}
}
/* Shows the CURRENT capabilities of the requested pad in the given element */
static void print_pad_capabilities (GstElement *element, gchar *pad_name) {
GstPad *pad = NULL;
GstCaps *caps = NULL;
/* Retrieve pad */
pad = gst_element_get_static_pad (element, pad_name);
if (!pad) {
g_printerr ("Could not retrieve pad '%s'\n", pad_name);
return;
}
/* Retrieve negotiated caps (or acceptable caps if negotiation is not finished yet) */
caps = gst_pad_get_current_caps (pad);
if (!caps)
caps = gst_pad_query_caps (pad, NULL);
/* Print and free */
g_print ("Caps for the %s pad:\n", pad_name);
print_caps (caps, " ");
gst_caps_unref (caps);
gst_object_unref (pad);
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
GstElement *pipeline, *source, *sink;
GstElementFactory *source_factory, *sink_factory;
GstBus *bus;
GstMessage *msg;
GstStateChangeReturn ret;
gboolean terminate = FALSE;
/* Initialize GStreamer */
gst_init (&argc, &argv);
/* Create the element factories */
source_factory = gst_element_factory_find ("audiotestsrc");
sink_factory = gst_element_factory_find ("autoaudiosink");
if (!source_factory || !sink_factory) {
g_printerr ("Not all element factories could be created.\n");
return -1;
}
/* Print information about the pad templates of these factories */
print_pad_templates_information (source_factory);
print_pad_templates_information (sink_factory);
/* Ask the factories to instantiate actual elements */
source = gst_element_factory_create (source_factory, "source");
sink = gst_element_factory_create (sink_factory, "sink");
/* Create the empty pipeline */
pipeline = gst_pipeline_new ("test-pipeline");
if (!pipeline || !source || !sink) {
g_printerr ("Not all elements could be created.\n");
return -1;
}
/* Build the pipeline */
gst_bin_add_many (GST_BIN (pipeline), source, sink, NULL);
if (gst_element_link (source, sink) != TRUE) {
g_printerr ("Elements could not be linked.\n");
gst_object_unref (pipeline);
return -1;
}
/* Print initial negotiated caps (in NULL state) */
g_print ("In NULL state:\n");
print_pad_capabilities (sink, "sink");
/* Start playing */
ret = gst_element_set_state (pipeline, GST_STATE_PLAYING);
if (ret == GST_STATE_CHANGE_FAILURE) {
g_printerr ("Unable to set the pipeline to the playing state (check the bus for error messages).\n");
}
/* Wait until error, EOS or State Change */
bus = gst_element_get_bus (pipeline);
do {
msg = gst_bus_timed_pop_filtered (bus, GST_CLOCK_TIME_NONE, GST_MESSAGE_ERROR | GST_MESSAGE_EOS |
GST_MESSAGE_STATE_CHANGED);
/* Parse message */
if (msg != NULL) {
GError *err;
gchar *debug_info;
switch (GST_MESSAGE_TYPE (msg)) {
case GST_MESSAGE_ERROR:
gst_message_parse_error (msg, &err, &debug_info);
g_printerr ("Error received from element %s: %s\n", GST_OBJECT_NAME (msg->src), err->message);
g_printerr ("Debugging information: %s\n", debug_info ? debug_info : "none");
g_clear_error (&err);
g_free (debug_info);
terminate = TRUE;
break;
case GST_MESSAGE_EOS:
g_print ("End-Of-Stream reached.\n");
terminate = TRUE;
break;
case GST_MESSAGE_STATE_CHANGED:
/* We are only interested in state-changed messages from the pipeline */
if (GST_MESSAGE_SRC (msg) == GST_OBJECT (pipeline)) {
GstState old_state, new_state, pending_state;
gst_message_parse_state_changed (msg, &old_state, &new_state, &pending_state);
g_print ("\nPipeline state changed from %s to %s:\n",
gst_element_state_get_name (old_state), gst_element_state_get_name (new_state));
/* Print the current capabilities of the sink element */
print_pad_capabilities (sink, "sink");
}
break;
default:
/* We should not reach here because we only asked for ERRORs, EOS and STATE_CHANGED */
g_printerr ("Unexpected message received.\n");
break;
}
gst_message_unref (msg);
}
} while (!terminate);
/* Free resources */
gst_object_unref (bus);
gst_element_set_state (pipeline, GST_STATE_NULL);
gst_object_unref (pipeline);
gst_object_unref (source_factory);
gst_object_unref (sink_factory);
return 0;
}
print_字段、print_caps和print_pad_模板以人性化的格式简单地显示功能结构。如果您想了解GstCaps结构的内部组织,请阅读GStreamer关于Pad Caps的文档。
/* Shows the CURRENT capabilities of the requested pad in the given element */
static void print_pad_capabilities (GstElement *element, gchar *pad_name) {
GstPad *pad = NULL;
GstCaps *caps = NULL;
/* Retrieve pad */
pad = gst_element_get_static_pad (element, pad_name);
if (!pad) {
g_printerr ("Could not retrieve pad '%s'\n", pad_name);
return;
}
/* Retrieve negotiated caps (or acceptable caps if negotiation is not finished yet) */
caps = gst_pad_get_current_caps (pad);
if (!caps)
caps = gst_pad_query_caps (pad, NULL);
/* Print and free */
g_print ("Caps for the %s pad:\n", pad_name);
print_caps (caps, " ");
gst_caps_unref (caps);
gst_object_unref (pad);
}
gst_element_get_static_pad()
从给定元素检索命名的pad。这个垫子是静态的,因为它总是存在于元素中。要了解关于Pad可用性的更多信息,请阅读关于Pad的GStreamer文档。
然后我们调用gst_pad_get_current_caps()
来检索pad的当前功能,根据协商过程的状态,这些功能可以被修复,也可以不被修复。它们甚至可能不存在,在这种情况下,我们调用gst_pad_query_caps()
来检索当前可接受的pad功能。当前可接受的Caps将是Pad模板处于空状态的Caps,但在以后的状态中可能会发生变化,因为可能会查询实际的硬件功能。
然后我们打印这些功能。
/* Create the element factories */
source_factory = gst_element_factory_find ("audiotestsrc");
sink_factory = gst_element_factory_find ("autoaudiosink");
if (!source_factory || !sink_factory) {
g_printerr ("Not all element factories could be created.\n");
return -1;
}
/* Print information about the pad templates of these factories */
print_pad_templates_information (source_factory);
print_pad_templates_information (sink_factory);
/* Ask the factories to instantiate actual elements */
source = gst_element_factory_create (source_factory, "source");
sink = gst_element_factory_create (sink_factory, "sink");
在前面的教程中,我们直接使用gst_element_factory_make()创建了元素,并跳过了有关工厂的讨论,但现在我们将这样做。GstElementFactory负责实例化由其工厂名称标识的特定类型的元素。
可以使用gst_element_factory_find()
创建“videotestsrc”类型的工厂,然后使用它使用gst_factory_create()
实例化多个“videotestsrc”元素。gst_element_factory_make()
实际上是gst_element_factory_find()+gst_element_factory_create()
的快捷方式。
Pad模板已经可以通过工厂访问,因此一旦工厂创建,它们就会被打印出来。
我们跳过管道创建并启动,转到状态更改消息处理:
case GST_MESSAGE_STATE_CHANGED:
/* We are only interested in state-changed messages from the pipeline */
if (GST_MESSAGE_SRC (msg) == GST_OBJECT (pipeline)) {
GstState old_state, new_state, pending_state;
gst_message_parse_state_changed (msg, &old_state, &new_state, &pending_state);
g_print ("\nPipeline state changed from %s to %s:\n",
gst_element_state_get_name (old_state), gst_element_state_get_name (new_state));
/* Print the current capabilities of the sink element */
print_pad_capabilities (sink, "sink");
}
break;
这只是在每次管道状态更改时打印当前的Pad功能。您应该看到,在输出中,初始功能(Pad模板的功能)是如何逐步细化的,直到它们完全固定为止(它们包含一个没有范围的类型)。
本教程显示:
下一个教程将展示如何将数据手动注入GStreamer管道并从中提取。
请记住,附在本页上的是教程的完整源代码和构建教程所需的任何附件文件。欢迎阅读本系列课程,下次咱们再见!