Linux部分环境变量的命令:
1.echo 显⽰示某个环境变量值 echo $PATH
2.export 设置⼀一个新的环境变量 export HELLO="hello" (可以⽆无引号)
3.env 显⽰示所有环境变量
4.set 显⽰示本地定义的shell变量
5.unset 清除环境变量 unset HELLO
6.readonly 设置只读环境变量 readonly HELLO
linux权限管理部分解释与说明;
zhucuiling@localhost ~]$ ls //显示当前目录下所有文件
Documents Music Public Templates xiaoliu
Desktop Downloads Pictures Videos
[zhucuiling@localhost ~]$ su //切换为超级用户 Ctrl+d 换回来
Password: //输入密码
[root@localhost zhucuiling]# exit
[zhucuiling@localhost ~]$ cd //返回到上级目录
[zhucuiling@localhost ~]$ ls
Documents Music Public Templates xiaoliu
Desktop Downloads Pictures Videos
[zhucuiling@localhost ~]$ cd xiaoliu
[zhucuiling@localhost xiaoliu]$ ll //显示文件属性
total 0
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zhucuiling zhucuiling 0 Mar 17 09:05 file
-rw-r--r--. 1 zhucuiling zhucuiling 0 Mar 17 09:02 file1
----------. 1 zhucuiling zhucuiling 0 Mar 17 08:38 test.c
[zhucuiling@localhost xiaoliu]$ shell //shell是命令行解释器 bash是shell的子进程
bash: shell: command not found
//bash是shell的子进程
[zhucuiling@localhost xiaoliu]$ cd //返回到上级目录
[zhucuiling@localhost ~]$ ls
Documents Music Public Templates xiaoliu
Desktop Downloads Pictures Videos
[zhucuiling@localhost ~]$ cd xiaoliu
[zhucuiling@localhost xiaoliu]$ touch file
[zhucuiling@localhost xiaoliu]$ ls
file file1 test.c
[zhucuiling@localhost xiaoliu]$ ls -l //列出文件的详细信息
total 0
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zhucuiling zhucuiling 0 Mar 19 09:59 file
-rw-r--r--. 1 zhucuiling zhucuiling 0 Mar 17 09:02 file1
----------. 1 zhucuiling zhucuiling 0 Mar 17 08:38 test.c
[zhucuiling@localhost xiaoliu]$ u->rw- g->rw- o->r--^C
//u(user拥有者) g( group所属组) o(others)
bash: u-: command not found
[zhucuiling@localhost xiaoliu]$ ll
total 0
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zhucuiling zhucuiling 0 Mar 19 09:59 file //(664)
-rw-r--r--. 1 zhucuiling zhucuiling 0 Mar 17 09:02 file1 //(644)
----------. 1 zhucuiling zhucuiling 0 Mar 17 08:38 test.c //(000)
[zhucuiling@localhost xiaoliu]$ chmod u-r,g-r,o-r file //更改文件的权限 (减)
可读r 可写w 可执行x
[zhucuiling@localhost xiaoliu]$ ll
total 0
--w--w----. 1 zhucuiling zhucuiling 0 Mar 19 09:59 file //(220)
-rw-r--r--. 1 zhucuiling zhucuiling 0 Mar 17 09:02 file1 //(644)
-----------. 1 zhucuiling zhucuiling 0 Mar 17 08:38 test.c //(000)
[zhucuiling@localhost xiaoliu]$ chmod u+x,g+x,o+x file //更改文件的权限 (加)
[zhucuiling@localhost xiaoliu]$ ll
total 0
--wx-wx--x. 1 zhucuiling zhucuiling 0 Mar 19 09:59 file //(331)
-rw-r--r--. 1 zhucuiling zhucuiling 0 Mar 17 09:02 file1 //(644)
----------. 1 zhucuiling zhucuiling 0 Mar 17 08:38 test.c //(000)
[zhucuiling@localhost xiaoliu]$ chmod 7,1,2 file // 8进制方式更改文件的权限
chmod: invalid mode: `7,1,2'
Try `chmod --help' for more information.
[zhucuiling@localhost xiaoliu]$ chmod 000 file //将file目录的权限归0
[zhucuiling@localhost xiaoliu]$ ll
total 0
----------. 1 zhucuiling zhucuiling 0 Mar 19 09:59 file //file目录的权限已经被改为(000)
-rw-r--r--. 1 zhucuiling zhucuiling 0 Mar 17 09:02 file1
----------. 1 zhucuiling zhucuiling 0 Mar 17 08:38 test.c
[zhucuiling@localhost xiaoliu]$ chmod 110 file //file目录的权限改为(100)
[zhucuiling@localhost xiaoliu]$ ll
total 0
---x--x---. 1 zhucuiling zhucuiling 0 Mar 19 09:59 file //file目录的权限已经被改为(100)
-rw-r--r--. 1 zhucuiling zhucuiling 0 Mar 17 09:02 file1
----------. 1 zhucuiling zhucuiling 0 Mar 17 08:38 test.c
[zhucuiling@localhost xiaoliu]$ chmod 600 file //file目录的权限改为(600)
[zhucuiling@localhost xiaoliu]$ ll
total 0
-rw-------. 1 zhucuiling zhucuiling 0 Mar 19 09:59 file //file目录的权限已经被改为(600)
-rw-r--r--. 1 zhucuiling zhucuiling 0 Mar 17 09:02 file1
----------. 1 zhucuiling zhucuiling 0 Mar 17 08:38 test.c
[zhucuiling@localhost xiaoliu]$ echo "hellow bit" > file //设定file文件内容为hellow bit
[zhucuiling@localhost xiaoliu]$ cat file //查看file文件下内容
hellow bit
[zhucuiling@localhost xiaoliu]$ chmod u-w file
[zhucuiling@localhost xiaoliu]$ ll
total 4
-r--------. 1 zhucuiling zhucuiling 11 Mar 19 10:16 file
-rw-r--r--. 1 zhucuiling zhucuiling 0 Mar 17 09:02 file1
----------. 1 zhucuiling zhucuiling 0 Mar 17 08:38 test.c
[zhucuiling@localhost xiaoliu]$ echo "hellow bit" > file
bash: file: Permission denied
[zhucuiling@localhost xiaoliu]$ cat file
hellow bit
[zhucuiling@localhost xiaoliu]$ chmod u-r file
[zhucuiling@localhost xiaoliu]$ cat file
cat: file: Permission denied
[zhucuiling@localhost xiaoliu]$ chown root file //改变文件用户名为root
chown: changing ownership of `file': Operation not permitted
[zhucuiling@localhost xiaoliu]$ sudo chown root file //sudo分配权限 ()
[sudo] password for zhucuiling:
zhucuiling is not in the sudoers file. This incident will be reported.
[zhucuiling@localhost xiaoliu]$ ll
total 4
----------. 1 zhucuiling zhucuiling 11 Mar 19 10:16 file
-rw-r--r--. 1 zhucuiling zhucuiling 0 Mar 17 09:02 file1
----------. 1 zhucuiling zhucuiling 0 Mar 17 08:38 test.c
[zhucuiling@localhost xiaoliu]$ sodo chgrp root file //改变file文件用户组名称为root
bash: sodo: command not found
[root@localhost xiaoliu]# su //消除上一条指令的错误
[root@localhost xiaoliu]# sudo chown root file //改变file文件拥有者名称为root
[root@localhost xiaoliu]# ll
total 4
----------. 1 root zhucuiling 11 Mar 19 10:16 file //已经改变file文件拥有者名称为root
-rw-r--r--. 1 zhucuiling zhucuiling 0 Mar 17 09:02 file1
----------. 1 zhucuiling zhucuiling 0 Mar 17 08:38 test.c
[root@localhost xiaoliu]# sudo chgrp root file //改变file文件用户组名称为root
[root@localhost xiaoliu]# ll
total 4
----------. 1 root root 11 Mar 19 10:16 file //已经改变file文件用户组名称为root
-rw-r--r--. 1 zhucuiling zhucuiling 0 Mar 17 09:02 file1
----------. 1 zhucuiling zhucuiling 0 Mar 17 08:38 test.c
[root@localhost xiaoliu]# ls -a -l
total 16
drwxrwxr-x. 3 zhucuiling zhucuiling 4096 Mar 19 11:02 .
drwx------. 32 zhucuiling zhucuiling 4096 Mar 19 07:38 ..
// ls -a -l 与ls -l的区别在于 多出以上两行
d--x--x--x. 2 root root 4096 Mar 19 11:02 dir
----------. 1 root root 11 Mar 19 10:16 file
-rw-r--r--. 1 zhucuiling zhucuiling 0 Mar 17 09:02 file1
----------. 1 root root 0 Mar 19 10:58 file2
----------. 1 root root 0 Mar 19 11:00 file3
----------. 1 zhucuiling zhucuiling 0 Mar 17 08:38 test.c
[root@localhost xiaoliu]# ls -l
total 8
d--x--x--x. 2 root root 4096 Mar 19 11:02 dir
----------. 1 root root 11 Mar 19 10:16 file
-rw-r--r--. 1 zhucuiling zhucuiling 0 Mar 17 09:02 file1
----------. 1 root root 0 Mar 19 10:58 file2
----------. 1 root root 0 Mar 19 11:00 file3
----------. 1 zhucuiling zhucuiling 0 Mar 17 08:38 test.c
[root@localhost xiaoliu]# ls -a -l -n -i //与上区别在于多了前面的一组inode指令数字
total 16
656487 drwxrwxr-x. 3 500 500 4096 Mar 19 11:06 .
405839 drwx------. 32 500 500 4096 Mar 19 07:38 ..
657417 d--x--x--x. 2 0 0 4096 Mar 19 11:02 dir
656495 ----------. 1 0 0 11 Mar 19 10:16 file
656460 -rw-r--r--. 1 500 500 0 Mar 17 09:02 file1
657413 ----------. 1 0 0 0 Mar 19 10:58 file2
657415 ----------. 1 0 0 0 Mar 19 11:00 file3
656489 ----------. 1 500 500 0 Mar 17 08:38 test.c
[root@localhost ~]# date //显示系统日期与时间
Sun Mar 19 11:15:11 PDT 2017
[root@localhost ~]# date +%Y:%m:%d //指定格式显示时间
2017:03:19
[root@localhost ~]# date +%Y:%m:%d:%n //换行操作
2017:03:19:
[root@localhost ~]# date +%Y-%m-%d/%H:%M:%S //指定格式显示日期与时间
2017-03-19/11:18:08
[root@localhost ~]# date +%s //将时间变换为时间戳
1489947635
[root@localhost ~]# date +%Y:%m:%d-%H:%m:%s -d@1489947635
//将时间戳变换为时间
2017-03-19/11:18:08
[root@localhost ~]# cal //显示公历日历
March 2017
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30 31
[root@localhost ~]# cal 1999 //显示1999年的公历日历
1999
January February March
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 28 28 29 30 31
31
April May June
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 3 1 1 2 3 4 5
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
25 26 27 28 29 30 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 27 28 29 30
30 31
July August September
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 29 30 31 26 27 28 29 30
October November December
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 28 29 30 26 27 28 29 30 31
31
[root@localhost ~]# cal -m //显示星期一为一个星期的第一天
March 2017
Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
27 28 29 30 31
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir file //建立一个新的file目录
[root@localhost ~]# stat file
File: `file'
Size: 4096 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 4096 directory
Device: 802h/2050d Inode: 131086 Links: 2
Access: (0111/d--x--x--x) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root)
Access: 2017-03-19 11:37:04.574001700 -0700
Modify: 2017-03-19 11:37:04.574001700 -0700
Change: 2017-03-19 11:37:04.574001700 -0700
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir -p dir1/dir2/dir3 //一次建立多个目录(递归)
[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg dir1 file install.log install.log.syslog
[root@localhost ~]# cd dir1
[root@localhost dir1]# ls
dir2
[root@localhost dir1]# cd dir2
[root@localhost dir2]# ls
dir3
[root@localhost dir2]# rm dir1