git多人协作

当你从远程仓库克隆时,实际上Git自动把本地的master分支和远程的master分支对应起来了,并且,远程仓库的默认名称是origin
要查看远程库的信息,用git remote:
$ git remote origin
或者,用git remote -v显示更详细的信息:
$ git remote -v origin [email protected]:michaelliao/learngit.git (fetch) origin [email protected]:michaelliao/learngit.git (push)

上面显示了可以抓取和推送的origin的地址。如果没有推送权限,就看不到push的地址。

推送分支

推送分支,就是把该分支上的所有本地提交推送到远程库。推送时,要指定本地分支,这样,Git就会把该分支推送到远程库对应的远程分支上:
$ git push origin master

如果要推送其他分支,比如dev,就改成:
$ git push origin dev

但是,并不是一定要把本地分支往远程推送,那么,哪些分支需要推送,哪些不需要呢?

  • master分支是主分支,因此要时刻与远程同步;
  • dev分支是开发分支,团队所有成员都需要在上面工作,所以也需要与远程同步;
  • bug分支只用于在本地修复bug,就没必要推到远程了,除非老板要看看你每周到底修复了几个bug;
  • feature分支是否推到远程,取决于你是否和你的小伙伴合作在上面开发。

总之,就是在Git中,分支完全可以在本地自己藏着玩,是否推送,视你的心情而定!

抓取分支

多人协作时,大家都会往masterdev分支上推送各自的修改。
现在,模拟一个你的小伙伴,可以在另一台电脑(注意要把SSH Key添加到GitHub)或者同一台电脑的另一个目录下克隆:
$ git clone [email protected]:michaelliao/learngit.git Cloning into 'learngit'...remote: Counting objects: 46, done. remote: Compressing objects: 100% (26/26), done. remote: Total 46 (delta 16), reused 45 (delta 15) Receiving objects: 100% (46/46), 15.69 KiB | 6 KiB/s, done. Resolving deltas: 100% (16/16), done.

当你的小伙伴从远程库clone时,默认情况下,你的小伙伴只能看到本地的master分支。不信可以用git branch
命令看看:
$ git branch *master

现在,你的小伙伴要在dev分支上开发,就必须创建远程origindev分支到本地,于是他用这个命令创建本地dev分支:
$ git checkout -b dev origin/dev

现在,他就可以在dev上继续修改,然后,时不时地把dev分支push到远程:
$ git commit -m "add /usr/bin/env" [dev 291bea8] add /usr/bin/env 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) $ git push origin dev Counting objects: 5, done. Delta compression using up to 4 threads. Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done. Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 349 bytes, done. Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0) To [email protected]:michaelliao/learngit.git fc38031..291bea8 dev -> dev

你的小伙伴已经向origin/dev分支推送了他的提交,而碰巧你也对同样的文件作了修改,并试图推送:
$ git add hello.py $ git commit -m "add coding: utf-8" [dev bd6ae48] add coding: utf-8 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) $ git push origin dev To [email protected]:michaelliao/learngit.git ! [rejected] dev -> dev (non-fast-forward) error: failed to push some refs to '[email protected]:michaelliao/learngit.git' hint: Updates were rejected because the tip of your current branch is behind hint: its remote counterpart. Merge the remote changes (e.g. 'git pull') hint: before pushing again. hint: See the 'Note about fast-forwards' in 'git push --help' for details.

推送失败,因为你的小伙伴的最新提交和你试图推送的提交有冲突,解决办法也很简单,Git已经提示我们,先用git pull把最新的提交从origin/dev抓下来,然后,在本地合并,解决冲突,再推送:
$ git pull remote: Counting objects: 5, done. remote: Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done. remote: Total 3 (delta 0), reused 3 (delta 0)Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), done. From github.com:michaelliao/learngit fc38031..291bea8 dev -> origin/dev There is no tracking information for the current branch. Please specify which branch you want to merge with. See git-pull(1) for details git pull If you wish to set tracking information for this branch you can do so with: git branch --set-upstream dev origin/

git pull也失败了,原因是没有指定本地dev分支与远程origin/dev分支的链接,根据提示,设置devorigin/dev的链接:
$ git branch --set-upstream dev origin/devBranch dev set up to track remote branch dev from origin.

再pull:
$ git pull Auto-merging hello.py CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in hello.py Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.

这回git pull成功,但是合并有冲突,需要手动解决,解决的方法和分支管理中的解决冲突完全一样。解决后,提交,再push:
$ git commit -m "merge & fix hello.py" [dev adca45d] merge & fix hello.py $ git push origin dev Counting objects: 10, done. Delta compression using up to 4 threads. Compressing objects: 100% (5/5), done. Writing objects: 100% (6/6), 747 bytes, done. Total 6 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)To [email protected]:michaelliao/learngit.git 291bea8..adca45d dev -> dev

因此,多人协作的工作模式通常是这样:

  1. 首先,可以试图用git push origin branch-name推送自己的修改;
  2. 如果推送失败,则因为远程分支比你的本地更新,需要先用git pull试图合并;
  3. 如果合并有冲突,则解决冲突,并在本地提交;
  4. 没有冲突或者解决掉冲突后,再用git push origin branch-name
    推送就能成功!

如果git pull提示“no tracking information”,则说明本地分支和远程分支的链接关系没有创建,用命令git branch --set-upstream branch-name origin/branch-name
这就是多人协作的工作模式,一旦熟悉了,就非常简单。

原文

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