目前有三种通信方式:单播(unicast)、广播(broadcast)、组播(multicast)
单播解决了点对点通信的需求;
广播是点对多点的通信,其存在两个缺点:
1)只能在同一网段内实现广播;
2)不能指定目的主机,所有网段内的主机都将收到广播报文,存在带宽浪费。
组播也是点对多点的通信,完全克服了广播的两个缺点,广泛应用在网络电视、在线直播、远程教育、视频会议等对带宽和数据交互实时性较高的信息服务。
组播组可以是永久的也可以是临时的。组播组地址中,有一部分由官方分配的,称为永久组播组。永久组播组保持不变的是它的ip地址,组中的成员构成可以发生变化。永久组播组中成员的数量都可以是任意的,甚至可以为零。那些没有保留下来供永久组播组使用的ip组播地址,可以被临时组播组利用。
224.0.0.0~224.0.0.255 为预留的组播地址(永久组地址),地址224.0.0.0保留不做分配,其它地址供路由协议使用;
224.0.1.0~224.0.1.255 是公用组播地址,可以用于Internet;欲使用需申请。
224.0.2.0~238.255.255.255 为用户可用的组播地址(临时组地址),全网范围内有效;临时的
239.0.0.0~239.255.255.255 为本地管理组播地址,仅在特定的本地范围内有效。
hann@ubuntu:~/hann/test/multicast$ ip ad
1: lo:
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens33:
link/ether 00:0c:29:d6:fc:b2 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.52.128/24 brd 192.168.52.255 scope global ens33
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fdf0:1124:445f::2e2/128 scope global
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fdf0:1124:445f:0:184:5851:1ba7:4686/64 scope global deprecated noprefixroute dynamic
valid_lft 2802sec preferred_lft 0sec
inet6 fe80::3a9a:36ee:25cb:bd22/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
struct ip_mreqn {
struct in_addr imr_multiaddr; /* IP multicast address of group */
struct in_addr imr_address; /* local IP address of interface */
int imr_ifindex; /* Interface index */
};
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <net/if.h>
#define SERVER_PORT 8000
#define CLIENT_PORT 9000
#define MAXLINE 1500
#define GROUP "239.0.0.2"
//239.0.0.0~239.255.255.255
int main(void)
{
int sockfd;
struct sockaddr_in serveraddr, clientaddr;
char buf[MAXLINE] = "multicast\n";
struct ip_mreqn group;
sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0); /*构造用于UDP通信的套接字*/
bzero(&serveraddr, sizeof(serveraddr));
serveraddr.sin_family = AF_INET; /* IPv4 */
serveraddr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY); /*本地任意IP INADDR_ANY = 0 */
serveraddr.sin_port = htons(SERVER_PORT);
bind(sockfd, (struct sockaddr *)&serveraddr, sizeof(serveraddr));
inet_pton(AF_INET, GROUP, &group.imr_multiaddr); /*设置组播组的地址*/
inet_pton(AF_INET, "0.0.0.0", &group.imr_address); /* 本地任意IP 自动分配有效IP*/
group.imr_ifindex = if_nametoindex("eth0"); /* 给出网卡名,转换为对应编号:eth0 --> 编号 ,, 命令:ip ad */
setsockopt(sockfd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_MULTICAST_IF, &group, sizeof(group)); /*获取组播权限*/
bzero(&clientaddr, sizeof(clientaddr)); /* 构造client 地址 IP+端口号*/
clientaddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
inet_pton(AF_INET, GROUP, &clientaddr.sin_addr.s_addr); /* IPv4 239.0.0.2+9000 */
clientaddr.sin_port = htons(CLIENT_PORT);
int i = 0;
while (1) {
sprintf(buf, "multicast %d\n", i++);
//fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), stdin);
sendto(sockfd, buf, strlen(buf), 0, (struct sockaddr *)&clientaddr, sizeof(clientaddr));
sleep(1);
}
close(sockfd);
return 0;
}
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <net/if.h>
#define SERVER_PORT 8000
#define CLIENT_PORT 9000
#define GROUP "239.0.0.2"
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
struct sockaddr_in localaddr;
int confd;
ssize_t len;
char buf[BUFSIZ];
struct ip_mreqn group; /*组播结构体*/
confd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
bzero(&localaddr, sizeof(localaddr)); /* 初始化*/
localaddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
inet_pton(AF_INET, "0.0.0.0" , &localaddr.sin_addr.s_addr);
localaddr.sin_port = htons(CLIENT_PORT);
bind(confd, (struct sockaddr *)&localaddr, sizeof(localaddr));
inet_pton(AF_INET, GROUP, &group.imr_multiaddr); /* 设置组播组地址*/
inet_pton(AF_INET, "0.0.0.0", &group.imr_address); /*使用本地任意IP添加到组播组*/
group.imr_ifindex = if_nametoindex("eth0"); /* 设置网卡名 编号 ip ad */
setsockopt(confd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP, &group, sizeof(group));/* 将client加入组播组*/
while (1) {
len = recvfrom(confd, buf, sizeof(buf), 0, NULL, 0);
write(STDOUT_FILENO, buf, len);
}
close(confd);
return 0;
}
src = $(wildcard *.c)
targets = $(patsubst %.c, %, $(src))
CC = arm-hisiv500-linux-gcc
CFLAGS = -Wall -g
all:$(targets)
$(targets):%:%.c
$(CC) $< -o $@ $(CFLAGS)
.PHONY:clean all
clean:
-rm -rf $(targets)