Day 8
Chapter 4 The Gold Standard
A HIGHLY DEVELOPED FIELD
THE CHALLENGE OF THE VIOLIN
GOOD VERSUS BETTER VERSUS BEST
THE PRINCIPLES OF DELIBERATE PRACTICE
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APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES OF DELIBERATE PRACTICE
NO, THE TEN-THOUSAND-HOUR RULE ISN’T REALLY A RULE
本章的前四个小节继续了对优秀到卓越，好到最好的跨越，以及之前被大家误传的一万小时理论。通过对需要对技艺进行长时间磨练的领域，对小提琴界的天才和超级巨星，以及顶尖芭蕾舞团的领舞等业界顶尖专家的实验和调查，时间和“刻意练习”都是最重要的。
教导和教练也非常重要，这些反馈可以节约时间。
发展技能，突破舒适区，制定目标，行动上各个击破，得到和给出反馈，创造有效心理表征，还有不断进步，这就是超越之路。
词汇学习：
whizz1 British English, whiz American English /wɪz/ verb [intransitive]
1 [always + adverb/preposition] informal
a) to move very quickly, often making a sound like something rushing through the air
An ambulance whizzed past.
I saw a big piece of metal whizzing through the air.
b) to do something very quickly
whizz through
Let’s just whizz through it one more time.
出处：The key difference between Steve’s performance and that of the new generation of memory whizzes lies in the details of their training.
dis‧card1 /dɪsˈkɑːd $ -ɑːrd/ verb
1 [transitive] to get rid of something SYN throw away
Discard any old cleaning materials.
discarded paper
2 [intransitive, transitive] to put down unwanted cards in a card game
出处：This joint development of skills and training techniques has—up to now at least—always been carried out through trial and error, with a field’s practitioners experimenting with various ways to improve, keeping what works and discarding what doesn’t.
map something ↔ out phrasal verb
to plan carefully how something will happen
Her own future had been mapped out for her by wealthy and adoring parents.
出处：At the Max Planck Institute, I recruited two collaborators—Ralf Krampe, a graduate student at the institute, and Clemens Tesch-Römer, a postdoctoral fellow there—and together we mapped out an investigation into the development of musical accomplishment.
in‧tim‧i‧date /ɪnˈtɪmədeɪt/ verb [transitive]
1 to frighten or threaten someone into making them do what you want
intimidate somebody into doing something
They tried to intimidate the young people into voting for them.
Attempts to intimidate her failed.
2 to make someone feel worried and not confident
The whole idea of going to Oxford intimidated me.
出处：These were the superstars-in-waiting, the students who intimidated all their classmates.
shim‧mer /ˈʃɪmə ，-ər/ verb [intransitive]
to shine with a soft light that looks as if it shakes slightly
The lake shimmered in the moonlight.
出处：And once they are comfortable with placing their fingers in exactly the right spots on the fingerboard, there are various subtleties of fingering to master, beginning with vibrato, which is a rolling—not a sliding—of the fingertip up and down the string, which causes the note to shimmer. More hours and hours of practice.
ret‧ro‧spec‧tive1 /ˌretrəˈspektɪv◂/ adjective [usually before noun]
1 related to or thinking about the past
a retrospective study of 110 patients
2 British English a law or decision that is retrospective is effective from a particular date in the past SYN retroactive
retrospective legislation
Teachers settled for a 4.2% pay rise with retrospective effect from 1 April.
出处：We thought it likely that their retrospective estimates of how much time they had spent practicing at various ages would be relatively accurate.