语数外重要考点及考题 练练为2018高考加分

题48 英语-阅读理解词义猜测

一、典型例题

1.(2017·新课标全国卷I,D)

A build-it-yourself solar still(蒸馏器) is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, it’s an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since it’s all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required, though, are a 5'5' sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container — perhaps just a drinking cup — to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.

To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole.

Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone(圆锥体) with 45-degree-angled sides. The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup.

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The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates (蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup. When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and won’t have to break down the still every time you need a drink.

33. What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in paragraph 2 refer to?

A. The tube. B. The still.

C. The hole. D. The cup.

【文章大意】本文主要介绍了一种自己可以亲手制作的简单易行的太阳能蒸馏器的方法,并介绍了它的工作原理。这种蒸馏器所需的材料简单,适用于任何缺水的地方。

33.

【参考答案】B

【答案解析】 词义猜测题。根据Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity可知最好在潮湿的地方挖洞,以提高接水器的工作效率。“接水器”指的是在潮湿的地方挖洞,在洞的底部放一个杯子,杯子上方用膜覆盖,整个装置构成接水器,而不是某个部分。这一题很容易错选D,但是就算在干燥的地方挖洞,杯子也可以接水,杯子接水的事实并不会因为周围环境的变化而变化,杯子的工作效率是不变的。故选B。

二、知识点解读

词义猜测题有逐渐增加的趋势,尤其是猜测词组、句意题。因为猜测词组、句意题涉及题材背景、句子结构、文章主旨、作者的观点/态度等。联系文章主旨、整合上下文信息是解答这类题的关键。近几年命题者着重考查考生利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇文脉等理解生词的能力。

词义猜测题要根据词、词组、句子所在的上下文语境来判断其意义,我们要特别注意熟词生义,切不可脱离语境主观臆断。熟练以下猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。

三、学霸推荐试题

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It has always been thought that alcohol causes people to put on weight because it contains a lot of sugar, but new research suggests a glass a day cold form part of a diet. Looking at past studies they found that, while heavy drinkers do put on weight; those who drink in moderation can actually lose weight.

A spokesman for the research team at Navarro University in Spain says, "Light to moderate alcohol intake, especially of wine, may be more likely to protect against, rather than promote, weight gain." The International Scientific Forum on Alcohol Research reviewed the findings and agreed with most of the conclusions, particularly that data do not clearly indicate if moderate drinking increases weight.

Boston University’s Dr. Harvey Finkel found that the biologic mechanisms(生物学机制) relating alcohol to changes in body weight are not properly understood. His team pointed out the strong protective effects of moderate drinking on the risk of getting conditions like diabetes(糖尿病), which relate to increasing obesity. Some studies suggest that even very obese people may be at lower risk of diabetes if they are moderate drinkers.

The group says alcohol provides calories that are quickly absorbed into the body and are not stored in fat, and that this process could explain the differences in its effects from those of other foods. They agree that future research should be directed towards assessing the roles of different types of alcoholic drinks, taking into consideration drinking patterns and including the past tendency of participants to gain weight.

For now there is little evidence that consuming small to moderate amounts of alcohol on a regular basis increases one’s risk of becoming obese. What’s more, a study three years ago suggested that resveratrol(白藜芦醇), a compound present in grapes and red wine destroys fat cells.

1. The passage is mainly for those___________.

A. who produce wine

B. who have a drinking habit

C. who go on a diet

D. who are eager to lose weight

2. The underlined phrase" in moderation" in the first paragraph means ___________.

A. excitedly B. carefully

C. frequently D. properly

3. What can we learn from the passage?

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A. Current data clearly show that moderate drinking increases weight.

B. Resveratrol is proved to increase the risk of becoming fat.

C. The research found moderate drinking has a strong protective effect.

D. The specific roles of different types of alcoholic drinks are very clear.

4. What is most likely to be discussed in the paragraph that follows?

A. How to do some easy experiments.

B. How to reduce the calories contained in wine.

C. How to prove the finding mentioned above.

D. How to make wine in a healthy way.

【参考答案】1. B;2. D;3. C;4. C。

题49 数学-排列与组合

一、典型例题

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二、知识点解读

1. 解排列组合问题要遵循两个原则:

①按元素(或位置)的性质进行分类;

②按事情发生的过程进行分步.具体地说,解排列组合问题常以元素(或位置)为主体,即先满足特殊元素(或位置),再考虑其他元素(或位置).

2. 不同元素的分配问题,往往是先分组再分配.在分组时,通常有三种类型:

①不均匀分组;

②均匀分组;

③部分均匀分组.

注意各种分组类型中,不同分组方法的求解.

三、学霸推荐试题

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【参考答案】1. D。2. (1)165;(2)7。 3. (1)120;(2)24;(3)150。

题50 语文-分析作品的主要表现手法

一、典型例题

【2015年高考湖北卷】

阅读下面的文章,完成后面的题目。

头脑中的旅行

彭 程

①对当代人来讲,旅行是一件平淡无奇的事情,但在古代,技术落后,交通不便,旅行经常和冒险联系在一起,另外还要有相当的经济实力作为后盾,因此,旅行对于很多人来说并非易事。那时候的一些人尤其是文人,愿望难以满足,只好经常借助于幻想,在头脑中旅行。文人许多是贫穷而兼病弱,却拥有敏锐的感受力和丰富的想象力,现实生活中的阻碍反而进一步激发起他们的热情。一幅图画,书里一段并不起眼的描绘,都能够成为点燃他们灵感的火种。借助无限的想象,他们能够生动地描绘出一个地方的景色氛围,读来有身临其境之感。

②法国诗人波德莱尔就突出地体现了这样一种才华。他的不少篇章,都表达了对于远方的向往。远方,始终是一个充满魅力和诱惑的巨大泉眼,汩汩涌流出诗意和美。波德莱尔的女友有着一半非洲血统,据说正是她周身所散发出的异域气息令他痴迷,她的秀发,她的一颦一笑,都让他恍惚感受到了遥远的、另外一个大陆的奇异魅力。他有一首散文诗《头发中的半球》,其中有这样的描绘:你的头发蕴藏着一个完整的梦,充满了船帆和桅杆的梦;它也包藏着大海,海上的季风把我带到那些迷人的地方,那里的太阳显得更蓝更深,那里的大气充满果实、树叶和人类肌肤的香味。

③从这些文字中,你能强烈地感觉到诗人感受力的灵敏和丰盈,视觉、嗅觉等都在全方位地、酣畅地敞开着,借助于一些要素,他生动地描绘出遥远地方的风光气氛,栩栩如生。而这一幅幅巨大的、声色流溢的画面,最终是靠着强大的想象力来加以拼接、连缀和粘合的。

④终其一生,波德莱尔都被港口、轮船、铁路、火车以及酒店客房所吸引,因为这些都连接着远方,通向另外的生活。因为很难真正具备出行的条件,波德莱尔更多的是从想象中获得满足。

⑤获得诺贝尔文学奖的俄罗斯作家蒲宁,也是一位善于运用想象力的大师。在自传体长篇小说《阿尔谢尼耶夫的一生》中,他回忆了自己在俄罗斯腹地的一个庄园里度过的童年时代。在漫长寒冷的冬夜,《鲁滨逊漂流记》等书里的插图,让他想象遥远的热带。狭窄的独木船、拿着弓箭和长矛的光身子的人、椰子树林,都让他感到甜蜜和陶醉,产生了一种身临其境的幻觉:“我不但看到,而且以自己的整个身子感觉到了那么多干燥的炎热,那么多阳光!”以至于多年后,他有机会来到那些地方时,心中浮现的第一感觉就是:对,对,所有这一切正如我三十年前首次“看到”的那样!

⑥拥有这样一种强大的想象能力,堪称是生命中获得的宝贵奖赏。它打通了一条连接诗和美的道路。

⑦以上种种都表明,一个善感的灵魂,可以创造出怎样的奇迹。这是一些具有异禀的人,能够通过一棵树想象一片森林,借助一片贝壳想象一片大海。一些零散寒伧的线头布片,到了他们手中,竟被拼接成一幅色彩斑斓的织锦。读这样的作品,与其说是观赏作者借助于想象而描绘出的风景,不如说是欣赏灵魂的奇观。这样的灵魂正是艺术的摇篮和息壤。

⑧当然,我们都是凡夫俗子,不具备那样卓越的才华。不过,从他们的这种嗜好中,还是可以悟出一些有益的东西。虽然如今旅行成本大大降低,但一个人的时间、精力、财力等,永远是处于一种短缺的状态。相对去过的地方而言,更多的地方是去不成的。这样,就不妨退而求其次,借助想象的力量来作为一种弥补。

⑨在这个意义上,我们有必要向那些杰出作家学习,培养和丰富自己的想象力,努力使自己变得细腻善感:欣赏一泓碧蓝的山涧溪水的图片,仿佛感觉到浸入脚底的丝丝寒凉;目光流连于画面上一间江南小城临水的茶楼,似乎嗅到一缕明前龙井的清香。对于气氛、情调的细腻感知和把握,才堪称旅行最重要的收获。

⑩如今技术的快速进步,为这种想象的旅行提供了极好的帮助,鼠标轻轻一点,你可以从白雪皑皑的北极冰原,到花木葳蕤的热带海岛。瞩目于图片,充分调动想象力,把感受的旋钮调到最高档,庶几可以获得几分真切的、身临其境般的体验。

⑪当然,对于这种替代的旅行,你尽可以不以为然,但我只需要用一句话来辩护:人生奄忽,步履真正踏及的地方,能有几处?(本文有删改)

文章第②段引用波德莱尔散文诗《头发中的半球》的片段,有何作用?请简要分析。

【参考答案】①以具体例子说明想象的旅行打开了诗人通向远方的道路,诗人虽然不能亲临其境,却能从丰富的想象中获得满足。②生动地表现了诗人的才华——即使身不能至,也能够以超凡的想象力和敏锐的感受力生动传神地描绘出远方的风景,呈现出富有诗意、流光溢彩的画面,给人以强烈的感染。

【解析】本题考查分析引用的作用的能力。回答这道题,要从结构和内容方面综合考虑,联系上下文分析作者在此处引用波德莱尔散文诗《头发中的半球》中的内容在表达上能起到什么作用,这首散文诗本身又能说明什么等。

二、知识点解读

1.要坚持记牢概念。先要熟记各种表达方式、表现手法、布局谋篇、修辞手法等的概念,能够根据文本内容做出判断;然后就是注意这些概念的区别和联系。这样才能明白命题者的意图,准确选择答题的方向。

2.要坚持内容和形式的统一。表达方式、表现手法及布局谋篇等,都属于作品形式方面的要素,它们都是为表达思想感情服务的,因此,鉴赏表达技巧时,一定要结合所表达的内容分析,不能就技巧谈技巧,要立足文本。

3.要坚持同品味语言相结合。在作品中,艺术技巧都是通过语言来实现的。因此鉴赏艺术技巧时,也要与揣摩语言、品味语言结合在一起。

4.要坚持答题时的两个原则。答题的基本原则就是“答案要点化”“要点序号化”,这样可以防止漏写,也可以使条理清楚,使阅卷老师一目了然。

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