在 C# 3.0入门系列(四)-之Select操作一文中,我们提到了query expression首先会被翻译成标准的API, 而dlinq在join操作中,一共为我们提供了三个API.它们是Join, SelectMany和GroupJoin
Join
在101 的sample中,并没有join的例子。当一个query expression 有join字句时,而没有into字句,它将会被翻译成join方法。如,以Customers为主表,Orders为子表,用CustomerID 做关联进行join操作。
from c in db.Customers
join o in db.Orders on c.CustomerID equals o.CustomerID
select new { c.CustomerID, o.EmployeeID };
该语句所产生的T-sql语句为
FROM [ Customers ] AS [ t0 ]
INNER JOIN [ Orders ] AS [ t1 ] ON [ t0 ] . [ CustomerID ] = [ t1 ] . [ CustomerID ]
SelectMany
在101sample中,给了4个SelectMany的例子。会被翻译成SelectMany需要满足2个条件。1,query语句中没有join和into,2,必须出现EntitySet。 关于EntitySet,请参考 C#3.0进阶系列(一)-从映射讲起
先看第一个例子
from c in db.Customers
from o in c.Orders
where c.City == "London"
select o;
[Association(Name = " Order_OrderDetail " , Storage = " _OrderDetails " , OtherKey = " OrderID " )]
[Association(Name="Order_OrderDetail", Storage="_Order", ThisKey="OrderID", IsForeignKey=true)]
所以,你就不用担心,dlinq是否知道该按那个键进行关联。有兴趣的朋友,可以自己修改这里的OtherKey和ThisKey的值,看看翻译的T-sql语句是否变了。
第二个例子
from p in db.Products
where p.Supplier.Country == "USA" && p.UnitsInStock == 0
select p;
FROM [ dbo ] . [ Products ] AS [ t0 ]
LEFT OUTER JOIN [ dbo ] . [ Suppliers ] AS [ t1 ] ON [ t1 ] . [ SupplierID ] = [ t0 ] . [ SupplierID ]
WHERE ( [ t1 ] . [ Country ] = @p0 ) AND ( [ t0 ] . [ UnitsInStock ] = @p1 )
-- @p0: Input String (Size = 3; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [USA]
-- @p1: Input Int32 (Size = 0; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [0]
-- Context: SqlProvider(Sql2005) Model: AttributedMetaModel Build: 2.0.20612.0
from e in db.Employees
from et in e.EmployeeTerritories
where e.City == "Seattle"
select new {e.FirstName, e.LastName, et.Territory.TerritoryDescription};
FROM [ dbo ] . [ Employees ] AS [ t0 ]
CROSS JOIN [ dbo ] . [ EmployeeTerritories ] AS [ t1 ]
INNER JOIN [ dbo ] . [ Territories ] AS [ t2 ] ON [ t2 ] . [ TerritoryID ] = [ t1 ] . [ TerritoryID ]
WHERE ( [ t0 ] . [ City ] = @p0 ) AND ( [ t1 ] . [ EmployeeID ] = [ t0 ] . [ EmployeeID ] )
-- @p0: Input String (Size = 7; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [Seattle]
-- Context: SqlProvider(Sql2005) Model: AttributedMetaModel Build: 2.0.20612.0
from e1 in db.Employees
from e2 in e1.Employees
where e1.City == e2.City
select new {
FirstName1 = e1.FirstName, LastName1 = e1.LastName,
FirstName2 = e2.FirstName, LastName2 = e2.LastName,
e1.City
};
FROM [ dbo ] . [ Employees ] AS [ t0 ] , [ dbo ] . [ Employees ] AS [ t1 ]
WHERE ( [ t0 ] . [ City ] = [ t1 ] . [ City ] ) AND ( [ t1 ] . [ ReportsTo ] = [ t0 ] . [ EmployeeID ] )
-- Context: SqlProvider(Sql2005) Model: AttributedMetaModel Build: 2.0.20612.0
GroupJoin
当dlinq语句中,有join而且还有into时,它会被翻译为GroupJoin.我们先来看第一个例子。
from c in db.Customers
join o in db.Orders on c.CustomerID equals o.CustomerID into orders
select new {c.ContactName, OrderCount = orders. Count ()};
本系列曾在C#3.0入门系列(八)-之GroupBy操作 一文中,第一次谈到到into。into的概念是对其结果进行重新命名。为什么需要重新命名呢?我们以本例为例。One To Many的关系中,左边是one,它每条记录叫做c(from c in db.Customers),右边是many,其每条记录叫做o ( join o in db.Orders ),每对应左边的一个c,都会有一组o,那这一组o,就叫做orders,也就是说,我们把一组o命名为orders,这就是into用途。(和groupby中类似)。这也就是为什么在select语句中,orders可以调用聚合函数Count。
在这个例子中,翻译的t-sql为
SELECT COUNT ( * )
FROM [ dbo ] . [ Orders ] AS [ t1 ]
WHERE [ t0 ] . [ CustomerID ] = [ t1 ] . [ CustomerID ]
) AS [ value ]
FROM [ dbo ] . [ Customers ] AS [ t0 ]
-- Context: SqlProvider(Sql2005) Model: AttributedMetaModel Build: 2.0.20612.0
dlinq很聪明,直接用其内欠的t-sql返回值作为字段值。
第二个例子
var q =
from c in db.Customers
join o in db.Orders on c.CustomerID equals o.CustomerID into ords
join e in db.Employees on c.City equals e.City into emps
select new {c.ContactName, ords = ords. Count (), emps = emps. Count ()};
三个表联合查询。在其join语句后,紧跟着又是一个join.只是表多了些,并没有太多新鲜的东西。
第三个例子
from e in db.Employees
join o in db.Orders on e equals o.Employee into ords
from o in ords.DefaultIfEmpty()
select new {e.FirstName, e.LastName, Order = o};
Left Out Join的标准写法。以Employees为左表,Orders 为右,Orders 表中为空时,填冲null值。在将join的结果重命名后,再使用DefaultEmpty()函数,对其再次查询。大家需要注意的时,其最后的结果中有个Order,因为from o in ords.DefaultIfEmpty() 是对ords组再一次遍历,所以,最后结果中的Order并不是一个集合。但是,如果没有from o in ords.DefaultIfEmpty() 这句,最后的select语句写成select new { e.FirstName, e.LastName, Order = ords }的话,那Order就是一个集合
上例翻译的T-sql 为
FROM [ dbo ] . [ Employees ] AS [ t0 ]
LEFT OUTER JOIN (
SELECT 1 AS [ test ] , [ t1 ] . [ OrderID ] , [ t1 ] . [ CustomerID ] , [ t1 ] . [ EmployeeID ] , [ t1 ] . [ OrderDate ] , [ t1 ] . [ RequiredDate ] , [ t1 ] . [ ShippedDate ] , [ t1 ] . [ ShipVia ] , [ t1 ] . [ Freight ] , [ t1 ] . [ ShipName ] , [ t1 ] . [ ShipAddress ] , [ t1 ] . [ ShipCity ] , [ t1 ] . [ ShipRegion ] , [ t1 ] . [ ShipPostalCode ] , [ t1 ] . [ ShipCountry ]
FROM [ dbo ] . [ Orders ] AS [ t1 ]
) AS [ t2 ] ON [ t0 ] . [ EmployeeID ] = [ t2 ] . [ EmployeeID ]
-- Context: SqlProvider(Sql2005) Model: AttributedMetaModel Build: 2.0.20612.0
第四个例子,let语句
from c in db.Customers
join o in db.Orders on c.CustomerID equals o.CustomerID into ords
let z = c.City + c.Country
from o in ords
select new {c.ContactName, o.OrderID, z};
let语句有点类似into,也是个重命名的概念。需要提醒大家的是,let只要是放在第一个from后,select语句前就是符合语法的。上面的语句和下面这条是等价的。
from c in db.Customers
let z = c.City + c.Country
join o in db.Orders on c.CustomerID equals o.CustomerID into ords
from o in ords
select new { c.ContactName, o.OrderID, z };
其产生的T-sql均为:
FROM (
SELECT [ t0 ] . [ City ] + [ t0 ] . [ Country ] AS [ value ] , [ t0 ] . [ CustomerID ] , [ t0 ] . [ ContactName ]
FROM [ dbo ] . [ Customers ] AS [ t0 ]
) AS [ t1 ]
CROSS JOIN [ dbo ] . [ Orders ] AS [ t2 ]
WHERE [ t1 ] . [ CustomerID ] = [ t2 ] . [ CustomerID ]
-- Context: SqlProvider(Sql2005) Model: AttributedMetaModel Build: 2.0.20612.0
它也应该和下面的语句等价,但其翻译的T-sql语句稍微有所不同。
from c in db.Customers
join o in db.Orders on c.CustomerID equals o.CustomerID into ords
from o in ords
let z = c.City + c.Country
select new { c.ContactName, o.OrderID, z };
有兴趣的朋友可以研究下,其产生的T-sql 为
FROM (
SELECT [ t0 ] . [ City ] + [ t0 ] . [ Country ] AS [ value ] , [ t0 ] . [ CustomerID ] , [ t0 ] . [ ContactName ] , [ t1 ] . [ OrderID ] , [ t1 ] . [ CustomerID ] AS [ CustomerID2 ]
FROM [ Customers ] AS [ t0 ] , [ Orders ] AS [ t1 ]
) AS [ t2 ]
WHERE [ t2 ] . [ CustomerID ] = [ t2 ] . [ CustomerID2 ]
-- Context: SqlProvider(Sql2005) Model: AttributedMetaModel Build: 2.0.20612.0
第五个例子为composite key.
from o in db.Orders
from p in db.Products
join d in db.OrderDetails
on new {o.OrderID, p.ProductID} equals new {d.OrderID, d.ProductID}
into details
from d in details
select new {o.OrderID, p.ProductID, d.UnitPrice};
这里,它使用三个表,并且用匿名类来表示它们之间的关系。因为,其之间的关系已经不是一个键可以描述清楚的,所以只有用匿名类,表示组合键。这个例子有点像SelectMany中的ManyToMany的那个。
还有一种composite key的,就是两个表之间是用composite key表示关系的。这种情况很简单,不需像该例中使用匿名类。该例翻译的T-sql为
FROM [ dbo ] . [ Orders ] AS [ t0 ] , [ dbo ] . [ Products ] AS [ t1 ] , [ dbo ] . [ Order Details ] AS [ t2 ]
WHERE ( [ t0 ] . [ OrderID ] = [ t2 ] . [ OrderID ] ) AND ( [ t1 ] . [ ProductID ] = [ t2 ] . [ ProductID ] )
-- Context: SqlProvider(Sql2005) Model: AttributedMetaModel Build: 2.0.20612.0
最后一个例子,没有看出什么好玩的来,不讲了。
写到这里,c#3.0的入门系列已经接近尾声了。我们一起学习了Dlinq的最基本操作。还剩下Union, In, Like还有一些聚合函数等操作。将会在下面几章中介绍。不知道大家对什么还感兴趣的,或者我能够提供帮助的,尽管问。
关于Linq To Sql 中的,Create, update, Delete 操作,以及Store procedure 及UDF等,更像是运用函数,而不是语言。所以,不在C#语言中讲。在考虑是不是开个什么Linq To Sql的深入应用。
写blog是对自己个人知识的总结,也是对自己表达功底的考验。因本人水平有限,错误再所难免,还请大家指出并谅解。
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