启动与停止
sudo /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server start
sudo /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server stop
sudo /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server restart
cd /usr/local/mysql/support-files
/usr/local/MySQL/bin/mysql -uroot -p12345678
exit;
数据库相关操作
show databases;
use mybatis;
select database();
create database 数据库名称;
创建数据库,判断不存在,再创建: create database if not exists 数据库名;
drop database 数据库名称;
判断数据库存在,存在再删除:drop database if exists 数据库名称;
数据库表相关操作
create table 表名(
列名1 数据类型1,
列名2 数据类型2,
....
列名n 数据类型n
);
create table 表名 like 被复制的表名;
show tables;
desc pet;
或describe pet;
alter table 表名 rename to 新的表名;
alter table 表名 character set 字符集名称;
alter table 表名 add 列名 数据类型;
alter table 表名 drop 列名;
drop table 表名;
或drop table if exists 表名 ;
insert into 表名(列名1,列名2,...列名n) values(值1,值2,...值n);
其中列名和值要一一对应。如果表名后,不定义列名,则默认给所有列添加值,如:insert into 表名 values(值1,值2,...值n);
除了数字类型,其他类型需要使用引号(单双都可以)引起来.delete from 表名 where 条件
其中:如果不加条件,则删除表中所有记录。如果要删除所有记录, 使用delete from 表名;
一般不推荐使用。这种操作有多少条记录就会执行多少次删除操作. TRUNCATE TABLE 表名;
推荐使用,效率更高 先删除表,然后再创建一张一样的表.update 表名 set 列名1 = 值1, 列名2 = 值2,... where 条件;
如果不加任何条件,则会将表中所有记录全部修改.insert into user2 values (1,'李四','123'); // 增
delete from pet where ower = 'disn'; //删
update pet set name = '后裔' where ower = 'dfn'; //改
①> 、< 、<= 、>= 、= 、<>
②BETWEEN...AND
③ IN( 集合)
④LIKE 模糊查询
⑤_单个任意字符
⑥%多个任意字符
⑦IS NULL
⑧and 或 &&
⑨or 或 ||
⑩not 或 !
查询条件应用举例:
SELECT * FROM user WHERE age >= 18;
SELECT * FROM user WHERE age >= 18 AND age <=36;
SELECT * FROM user WHERE age BETWEEN 40 AND 70;
SELECT * FROM user WHERE age IN (6,18,37);
// 关于NULL
SELECT * FROM user WHERE height = NULL; 错误,因为null值不能使用=或(!=) 判断
SELECT * FROM user WHERE height IS NULL;(正确)
SELECT * FROM user WHERE height IS NOT NULL;(正确)
// 查询姓陈的有哪些?< like>
SELECT * FROM user WHERE NAME LIKE '陈%';
// 查询姓名第二个字是新的人
SELECT * FROM user WHERE NAME LIKE "_新%";
// 查询姓名是三个字的人
SELECT * FROM user WHERE NAME LIKE '___';
// 查询姓名中包含狗的人
SELECT * FROM user WHERE NAME LIKE '%狗%';
约束相关
create table user (
id int primary key auto_increment, // 在创建表时,添加主键约束,并且完成主键自增
name varchar(20)
);
-- 联合主键: 由多个字段联合组成的主键, 只要联合的主键加起来不重复就可以.联合主键中的任何一个字段都不能为空.
create table user2 (
id int,
name varchar(20),
password varchar(20),
primary key(id, name)
);
表创建完成后: 添加主键.如: ①alter table user add primary key(id);
②alter table user modify id int primary key;
删除主键:alter table user drop primary key;
create table user1 (
id int primary key auto_increment,
phone_num varchar(20) unique
);
create table user2 (
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
unique(id, name) // 表示两个字段在一起不重复就可以
);
也可以在表创建完成后, 通过alter table user3 add unique(phone_num);
或alter table user3 modify phone_num varchar(20) unique;
来添加unique约束. 删除unique约束:alter table user3 drop index phone_num;
create table user3 (
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20) not null
);
删除非空约束:alter table user3 modify name varchar(20);
create table user4(
id int primary key auto_increment,
age int default 18,
name varchar(20) not null
);
create table 表名(
....
外键列
constraint 外键名称 foreign key (外键列名称) references 主表名称(主表列名称)
);
// 班级
create table classes(
id int primary key,
name varchar(20)
);
// 学生表
create table student (
id int primary key,
name varchar(20),
class_id int,
foreign key(class_id) references classes(id)
);
数据库查询进阶
1、查询所有记录
例如:查询student表中的所有记录.
select * from student;
2、查询指定字段
例如:查询student中的sname,ssex,class.
select sname,ssex,class from student;
查询教师表中所有的单位即不重复的depart列. <排除重复distinct>
select distinct depart from teacher;
3、查询score表中成绩在60到80之间的所有记录<查询区间 between...and...>
select * from score where degree between 60 and 80; select * from score where degree > 60 and degree < 80;
4、查询score表中成绩为85,86或88的记录
select * from score where degree in(85, 86, 88);
5、查询student表中'95031'班或性别为'女'的同学记录.
select *from student where class = '95031' or sex = '女';
6、以class降序查询student表的所有记录 <降序:desc, 升序asc,默认升序(省略)>.
select * from student order by class desc;
7、以cno升序,degree降序查询score表的所有记录
select * from score order by cno asc,degree desc;
8、查询"95031'班的学生人数 <统计 count>
select count(*) from student where class = '95031';
9、查询score表中最高分的学生学号和课程号(子查询)
select sno, cno from score where degree = (select max(degree) from score );其中:select max(degree) from score 先查出最高分. select sno,cno degree from score order by degree desc limit 0,1;其中:limit第一个数字表示从多少开始,第二个表示多少条.当有多个相同最高分时,容易出bug,不推荐使用这种方式查询.
10、查询每门课的平均成绩
select cno, avg(degree) from score group by cno;
11、查询score表中至少有2名学生选修的并以3开头的课程的平均分数.
select cno, avg(degree) from score group by cno having count(cno) >= 2 and cno like '3%';
12、查询分数大于70, 小于90的sno列.
select sno, degree from score where degree between 70 and 90;
13、查询所有学生的sname, cno和degree列.
select sname, cno, degree from student, score where student.sno = score.sno;
14、查询所有学生的sno,cname和degree列 select sno,cname,degree from course ,score where course.cno = score.cno;
15、查询"95031"班学生每门课的平均分.
select cno, avg(degree) from score where sno in (select sno from student where class = '95031') group by cno;
16、查询选修"3-105"课程的成绩高于"109"号同学"3-105"成绩的所有同学的记录.
select * from score where cno = '3-105' and degree > (select degree from score where sno = '109' and cno = '3-105');
17、查询成绩高于学号为"109", 课程号为"3-105"的成绩的所有记录
select * from score where degree > (select degree from score where sno = '109' and cno = '3-105');
18、查询和学号为108,101的同学同年出生的所有的sno, sname, sbirthday
select *from student where year(sbirthday) in (select year(sbirthday) from student where sno in(108, 101));
19、查询"张旭"教师任课的学生成绩
select * from score where cno = ( select cno from course where tno = (select tno from teacher where tname = "张旭"));
20、查询选修某课程的同学人数多于5人的教师姓名.
select tname from teacher where tno = (select tno from course where cno = (select cno from score group by cno having count(*) > 5));
21、查询存在有85分以上的成绩的课程的cno
select cno, degree from score where degree > 85;
22、查询出"计算机系"教师所教课程的成绩表
select * from score where cno in (select cno from course where tno in (select tno from teacher where depart = "计算机系"));
23、查询选修编号为"3-105"课程且成绩至少高于选休息编号为"3-245"的同学的cno,sno和degree,并按degree从高到低次序排序. any 至少一个.
select * from score where cno = '3-105' and degree > any(select degree from score where cno = '3-245') order by degree desc;
24、查询选修编号为"3-105"课程且成绩高于选休息编号为"3-245"的同学的cno,sno和degree,并按degree从高到低次序排序.all 表示所有
select * from score where cno = '3-105' and degree > all(select degree from score where cno = '3-245') order by degree desc;
25、查询所有教师和同学的name, sex和birthday
select tname as name, tsex as sex, tbirthday as birthday from teacher union select sname, ssex, sbirthday from student;
26、查询所有"女"教师和"女"同学的name,sex和birthday
select tname as name, tsex as sex, tbirthday as birthday from teacher where tsex = '女' union select sname, ssex, sbirthday from student where ssex = '女';
27、查询成绩比该课程成绩低的同学的成绩表 思路: 从a表查出对应的分数跟b表筛选出来的平均分作比较.
select * from score a where degree < (select avg(degree) from score b where a.cno = b.cno);
表a
+-----+-------+--------+
| sno | cno | degree |
+-----+-------+--------+
| 101 | 3-105 | 91 |
| 102 | 3-105 | 92 |
| 103 | 3-105 | 92 |
| 103 | 3-245 | 86 |
| 103 | 6-166 | 85 |
| 104 | 3-105 | 81 |
| 105 | 3-105 | 88 |
| 105 | 3-245 | 75 |
| 105 | 6-166 | 79 |
| 109 | 3-105 | 76 |
| 109 | 3-245 | 68 |
| 109 | 6-166 | 81 |
+-----+-------+--------+
12 rows in set (0.00 sec)
表b
| sno | cno | degree |
+-----+-------+--------+
| 101 | 3-105 | 91 |
| 102 | 3-105 | 92 |
| 103 | 3-105 | 92 |
| 103 | 3-245 | 86 |
| 103 | 6-166 | 85 |
| 104 | 3-105 | 81 |
| 105 | 3-105 | 88 |
| 105 | 3-245 | 75 |
| 105 | 6-166 | 79 |
| 109 | 3-105 | 76 |
| 109 | 3-245 | 68 |
| 109 | 6-166 | 81 |
+-----+-------+--------+
12 rows in set (0.00 sec)
28、查询所有任课教师的tname和depart select tname, depart from teacher where tno in (select tno from course);
29、查询至少有两名男生的班号
select class from student where ssex= '男' group by class having count(*) > 1
30、查询student表中不姓"王"的同学记录
select * from student where sname not like '王%';
31、查询student表中每个学生的姓名和年龄
select sname, year(now()) - year(sbirthday) as '年龄' from student;
32、查询student表中最大和最小的sbirthday日期值
select max(sbirthday) as '最大', min(sbirthday) as '最小' from student;
33、以班号和年龄从大到小的顺序查询student表中的全部记录
select * from student order by class desc, sbirthday;
34、查询"男"教师及其所上的课程
select * from course where tno in (select tno from teacher where tsex = '男');
35、查询最高分同学的sno, cno和degree列
select * from score where degree = (select max(degree) from score);
36、查询和李军同性别的所有同学的sname
select sname from student where ssex = (select ssex from student where sname = '李军');
37、查询和李军同性别并同班 同学sname
select sname from student where ssex = (select ssex from student where sname = "李军") and class = (select class from student where sname = '李军');
38、查询所有选修"计算机导论"课程的"男"的成绩表
select * from score where cno = (select cno from course where cname = '计算机导论') and sno in(select sno from student where ssex = '男');
上面的是单个表格的操作,下面来看一下多个表格的联合查询
SQL的四种连接查询
分析用例的数据准备:
mysql> select * from person;
+----+--------+--------+
| id | name | cardId |
+----+--------+--------+
| 1 | 张三 | 1 |
| 2 | 李四 | 3 |
| 3 | 王五 | 6 |
+----+--------+--------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from card;
+------+-----------+
| id | name |
+------+-----------+
| 1 | 饭卡 |
| 2 | 建行卡 |
| 3 | 农行卡 |
| 4 | 工商卡 |
| 5 | 邮政卡 |
+------+-----------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
内连接 inner join 或者 join, 后面通常跟对一个on表示条件 ---- 内联查询: 就是两张表中的数据, 通过某个字段相等,查询出相关记录数据. <当前表中的cardid与id相同.>
select * from person inner join card on person.cardId = card.id;
+----+--------+--------+------+-----------+
| id | name | cardId | id | name |
+----+--------+--------+------+-----------+
| 1 | 张三 | 1 | 1 | 饭卡 |
| 2 | 李四 | 3 | 3 | 农行卡 |
+----+--------+--------+------+-----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
外连接 左外连接:左连接 left join 或者 left outer join ---- 左外连接, 会把左边表里面的所有数据取出来, 而右边表中的数据,如果有相等的,就显示出来, 如果没有, 则会补NULL.
select * from person left join card on person.cardId = card.id;
+----+--------+--------+------+-----------+
| id | name | cardId | id | name |
+----+--------+--------+------+-----------+
| 1 | 张三 | 1 | 1 | 饭卡 |
| 2 | 李四 | 3 | 3 | 农行卡 |
| 3 | 王五 | 6 | NULL | NULL |
+----+--------+--------+------+-----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
右外连接:右连接 right join 或者right outer join ----右外连接, 会把右边表里面的所有数据取出来, 而左边表中的数据,如果有相等的,就显示出来, 如果没有, 则会补NULL.
select * from person right join card on person.cardId = card.id;
+------+--------+--------+------+-----------+
| id | name | cardId | id | name |
+------+--------+--------+------+-----------+
| 1 | 张三 | 1 | 1 | 饭卡 |
| 2 | 李四 | 3 | 3 | 农行卡 |
| NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | 建行卡 |
| NULL | NULL | NULL | 4 | 工商卡 |
| NULL | NULL | NULL | 5 | 邮政卡 |
+------+--------+--------+------+-----------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)
全外连接:完全外连接 full join 或者full outer join
mysql> select * from person full join card on person.cardId= card.id;
ERROR 1054 (42S22): Unknown column 'person.cardId' in 'on clause'
**** 解决mysql不支持full join的方法****
<左连接 + 右链接> , 即通过union来连接左右连接. <左连接 union 右链接>.
eg:
select * from person left join card on person.cardId = card.id union select * from person right join card on person.cardId = card.id;
+------+--------+--------+------+-----------+
| id | name | cardId | id | name |
+------+--------+--------+------+-----------+
| 1 | 张三 | 1 | 1 | 饭卡 |
| 2 | 李四 | 3 | 3 | 农行卡 |
| 3 | 王五 | 6 | NULL | NULL |
| NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | 建行卡 |
| NULL | NULL | NULL | 4 | 工商卡 |
| NULL | NULL | NULL | 5 | 邮政卡 |
+------+--------+--------+------+-----------+
6 rows in set (0.01 sec)
要点梳理
where 和 having 的区别? (1) having通常用在聚合函数前面,对聚合函数进行过滤,(MAX、MIN、COUNT、SUM).having通常和group by 一起连用,因为where不能加在group by的后面. (2) where 在分组之前进行限定,如果不满足条件,则不参与分组。having在分组之后进行限定,如果不满足结果,则不会被查询出来. where 后不可以跟聚合函数,having可以进行聚合函数的判断。
MYSQL执行语句顺序,严格遵循次顺序,不能改变
select
from
where
group by
having
order by
mysql的事务
关于事务 mysql中, 事务其实是一个最小的不可分割的工作单元. 事务能够保证一个业务的完整性. 分析:
例如:
a --> -100
update user set money = money - 100 where name = 'a';
b --> +100
update user set money = money + 100 where name = 'b';
-- 实际程序中, 如果只有一条sql语句执行成功了,而另外一条没有执行成功?则会出现前后数据不一致的情况.
update user set money = money - 100 where name = 'a';
update user set money = money + 100 where name = 'b';
在多条sql语句,可能会有同时成功的要求,要么就同时失败.
@@autocommit=1;
,手动提交commit;
和事务回滚rollback;
set autocommit = 0;设置mysql是否自动提交,<0为否, 1为是.>
select @@autocommit;查看mysql的自动提交方式.
commit; 手动提交.
具体事务控制相关参照下面代码分析:mysql> select @@autocommit;
+--------------+
| @@autocommit |
+--------------+
| 1 |
+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
// 建表
create database bank;
create table user (
id int primary key,
name varchar(20),
money int
);
// 首先在表中插入一条用户数据a.
insert into user values (1,'a',1000);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
// 进行回滚操作.
mysql> rollback;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
// 执行回滚后,查看数据表信息,发现即使调用了rollback,但插入的数据依然存在.说明当前不能回滚.
mysql> select * from user;
+----+------+-------+
| id | name | money |
+----+------+-------+
| 1 | a | 1000 |
+----+------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
// 可以通过设置msql的回滚自动提交为false.
set autocommit = 0;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select @@autocommit;
+--------------+
| @@autocommit |
+--------------+
| 0 |
+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
// 也就说, 通过上面的set autocommit = 0;操作关闭了mysql的自动提交(commit).
*******再次插入数据:*******
insert into user values (2,'b',1000);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
// 插入数据后查看表,用户2数据添加成功.
mysql> select * from user;
+----+------+-------+
| id | name | money |
+----+------+-------+
| 1 | a | 1000 |
| 2 | b | 1000 |
+----+------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
// 执行回滚操作.
mysql> rollback;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
// 回滚后再次查看表,发现刚才插入的数据已经被干掉了.
mysql> select * from user;
+----+------+-------+
| id | name | money |
+----+------+-------+
| 1 | a | 1000 |
+----+------+-------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
**** 对于这种场景,如果想让用户b数据成功提交, 可以通过commit;命令执行手动提交操作.手动提交后,如果想再次通过rollback来撤销,则是不可以的.也就是说,事务一旦提交,执行的sql语句就不可以再撤销,也就是说事务一旦提交数据就会持久的产生效果.
(3)手动开启事务 begin
和start transaction
都可以手动开启一个事务. 也就是说,当我们当前的mysql如果默认的是自动提交模式,则执行rollback进行事务回滚则是无效的. 但是可以通过begin
和start transaction
手动开启事务.
即:
当前默认为自动提交模式,此时执行rollback无效.执行下面sql语句:
start transaction;(或者begin;)
update user set money = money - 100 where name = 'a';
update user set money = money + 100 where name = 'b';
执行完插入a,b用户数据后,再执行rollback,发现可以成功回滚事务.可以成功切换成手动开启事务的模式.若想使得插入的数据生效,也需要手动执行commit进行提交操作.
事务开启之后,一旦commit提交,就不可以回滚,也就说,当前的这个事务在提交的时候就已经结束了.
read uncommitted; 读未提交的
-->产生的问题:脏读、不可重复读、幻读. read committed; 读已经提交的
-->产生的问题:不可重复读、幻读repeatable read; 可以重复读
-->产生的问题:幻读 serializable; 串行化
<性能特差> 通常是隔离级别越高,性能越差. (1)查看数据库的隔离级别 mysql默认的隔离级别: REPEATABLE-READselect @@global.transaction_isolation;
会话级别的:select @@transaction_isolation;
mysql5.x: 系统级别的:select @@global.tx_isolation;
会话级别的:select @@tx_isolation;
mysql> select @@global.transaction_isolation; +--------------------------------+ | @@global.transaction_isolation | +--------------------------------+ | REPEATABLE-READ | +--------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
(2)修改隔离级别 set global tansaction isolation level read uncomitted;
数据库的三大范式
address
的字段,插入值为"中国陕西省西安市碑林区柏树林11号".该字段值是可以继续拆分的,原则上就不满足第一范式.可以依次拆分为:国家/省/市/区/街道等等. 当然,范式设计的越详细,对某些实际操作可能会更好.但不一定都是好处.<比如对address字段来说,可能拆分开来永远都用不到这么详细的信息,可能就没有拆分的必要.>例如:
create table myorder(
product_id int,
customer_id int,
product_name varchar(20),
customer_name varchar(20),
primary key(product_id, customer_id
);
当前表中, 除主键以外的其他列, 只依赖于主键的部分字段.则不满足第二范式,通常需要拆表.
create table myorder(
order_id int primary key,
product_id int,
customer_id int
);
create table product (
id int primary key,
name varchar(20)
);
create table customer(
id int primary key,
name varchar(20)
);
拆分成三个表后,满足第二范式.
附件
查询语句所涉及的sql语句
create table student(
sno varchar(20) primary key,
sname varchar(20) not null,
ssex varchar(20) not null,
sbrithday datetime,
class varchar(20)
);
create table student(
sno varchar(20) primary key,
sname varchar(20) not null,
ssex varchar(10) not null,
sbirthday datetime,
class varchar(20)
)
create table teacher(
tno varchar(20) primary key,
tname varchar(20) not null,
tsex varchar(20) not null,
tbirthday datetime,
prof varchar(20) not null,
depart varchar(20) not null
);
create table course(
cno varchar(20) primary key,
cname varchar(20) not null,
tno varchar(20) not null,
foreign key(tno) references teacher(tno)
);
create table score(
sno varchar(20) not null,
degree decimal,
primary key (sno, cno),
foreign key (sno) references student(sno),
foreign key (cno) references course(cno)
);
insert into student values ('101','曾华','男','1977-09-01','95033');
insert into student values ('102','匡明','男','1975-10-02','95031');
insert into student values ('103','王丽','女','1976-01-23','95033');
insert into student values ('104','李军','男','1976-02-20','95033');
insert into student values ('105','王芳','女','1975-02-10','95031');
insert into student values ('106','陆君','男','1974-06-03','95031');
insert into student values ('107','王尼玛','男','1976-02-20','95033');
insert into student values ('108','张全蛋','男','1975-02-10','95031');
insert into student values ('109','赵铁柱','男','1974-06-03','95031');
insert into teacher values ('804','李成','男','1958-12-02','副教授','计算机系');
insert into teacher values ('856','张旭','男','1969-03-12','讲师','电子工程系');
insert into teacher values ('825','王萍','女','1972-05-05','助教','计算机系');
insert into teacher values ('831','刘冰','女','1977-08-14','助教','电子工程系');
insert into course values ('3-105','计算机导论', '825');
insert into course values ('3-245','操作系统', '804');
insert into course values ('6-166','数字电路', '856');
insert into course values ('9-888','高等数学', '831');
insert into score values('103','3-245','86');
insert into score values('105','3-245','75');
insert into score values('109','3-245','68');
insert into score values('103','3-105','92');
insert into score values('105','3-105','88');
insert into score values('109','3-105','76');
insert into score values('103','3-105','64');
insert into score values('105','6-166','79');
insert into score values('109','6-166','81');
create table person(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
cardId int
);
create table card (
id int,
name varchar(20)
);
insert into card values (1,'饭卡');
insert into card values (2,'建行卡');
insert into card values (3,'农行卡');
insert into card values (4,'工商卡');
insert into card values (5,'邮政卡');
insert into person values (1,'张三',1);
insert into person values (2,'李四',3);
insert into person values (3,'王五',6);