Python - spider day02 - requests库的使用

requests库的使用

基于Urllib的

1. 实例引入

import requests

response = requests.get('https://www.baidu.com/')
print(type(response))
print(response.status_code)
print(type(response.text))
print(response.text)
print(response.cookies) 

2. 各种请求方式

import requests
requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post')
requests.put('http://httpbin.org/put')
requests.delete('http://httpbin.org/delete')
requests.head('http://httpbin.org/get')
requests.options('http://httpbin.org/get')

3. 请求
   1. get请求
      • 基本写法

      import requests
      
      response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
      print(response.text)
      

      • 带参数GET请求

      import requests
      response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get?name=germey&age=22")
      print(response.text)
      

      import requests
      
      data = {
          'name': 'germey',
          'age': 22
      }
      response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=data)
      print(response.text)
      

      • 解析json

      import requests
      import json
      
      response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get")
      print(type(response.text))
      print(response.json())
      print(json.loads(response.text))
      print(type(response.json()))
      

      • 获取二进制数据

      import requests
      
      response = requests.get("https://github.com/favicon.ico")
      print(type(response.text), type(response.content))
      print(response.text)
      print(response.content)
      

      import requests
      
      response = requests.get("https://github.com/favicon.ico")
      with open('favicon.ico', 'wb') as f:
      f.write(response.content)
      f.close()
      

      • 添加headers

      import requests
      
      response = requests.get("https://www.zhihu.com/explore")
      print(response.text)
      

      import requests
      
      headers = {
          'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/52.0.2743.116 Safari/537.36'
      }
      response = requests.get("https://www.zhihu.com/explore", headers=headers)
      print(response.text)
      

   2. post请求
      • 基本post请求

      import requests
      
      data = {'name': 'germey', 'age': '22'}
      response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=data)
      print(response.text)
      

      import requests
      
      data = {'name': 'germey', 'age': '22'}
      headers = {
          'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/52.0.2743.116 Safari/537.36'
      }
      response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=data, headers=headers)
      print(response.json())
      

4. 响应
   1. response属性

   import requests
   
   response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com')
   print(type(response.status_code), response.status_code)
   print(type(response.headers), response.headers)
   print(type(response.cookies), response.cookies)
   print(type(response.url), response.url)
   print(type(response.history), response.history)
   

   2. 状态码判断

   import requests
   
   response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com/hello.html')
   exit() if not response.status_code == requests.codes.not_found else print('404 Not Found')
   

   import requests
   
   response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com')
   exit() if not response.status_code == 200 else print('Request Successfully')
   

   100: ('continue',),
   101: ('switching_protocols',),
   102: ('processing',),
   103: ('checkpoint',),
   122: ('uri_too_long', 'request_uri_too_long'),
   200: ('ok', 'okay', 'all_ok', 'all_okay', 'all_good', '\\o/', '✓'),
   201: ('created',),
   202: ('accepted',),
   203: ('non_authoritative_info', 'non_authoritative_information'),
   204: ('no_content',),
   205: ('reset_content', 'reset'),
   206: ('partial_content', 'partial'),
   207: ('multi_status', 'multiple_status', 'multi_stati', 'multiple_stati'),
   208: ('already_reported',),
   226: ('im_used',),
   
   # Redirection.
   300: ('multiple_choices',),
   301: ('moved_permanently', 'moved', '\\o-'),
   302: ('found',),
   303: ('see_other', 'other'),
   304: ('not_modified',),
   305: ('use_proxy',),
   306: ('switch_proxy',),
   307: ('temporary_redirect', 'temporary_moved', 'temporary'),
   308: ('permanent_redirect',
       'resume_incomplete', 'resume',), # These 2 to be removed in 3.0
   
   # Client Error.
   400: ('bad_request', 'bad'),
   401: ('unauthorized',),
   402: ('payment_required', 'payment'),
   403: ('forbidden',),
   404: ('not_found', '-o-'),
   405: ('method_not_allowed', 'not_allowed'),
   406: ('not_acceptable',),
   407: ('proxy_authentication_required', 'proxy_auth', 'proxy_authentication'),
   408: ('request_timeout', 'timeout'),
   409: ('conflict',),
   410: ('gone',),
   411: ('length_required',),
   412: ('precondition_failed', 'precondition'),
   413: ('request_entity_too_large',),
   414: ('request_uri_too_large',),
   415: ('unsupported_media_type', 'unsupported_media', 'media_type'),
   416: ('requested_range_not_satisfiable', 'requested_range', 'range_not_satisfiable'),
   417: ('expectation_failed',),
   418: ('im_a_teapot', 'teapot', 'i_am_a_teapot'),
   421: ('misdirected_request',),
   422: ('unprocessable_entity', 'unprocessable'),
   423: ('locked',),
   424: ('failed_dependency', 'dependency'),
   425: ('unordered_collection', 'unordered'),
   426: ('upgrade_required', 'upgrade'),
   428: ('precondition_required', 'precondition'),
   429: ('too_many_requests', 'too_many'),
   431: ('header_fields_too_large', 'fields_too_large'),
   444: ('no_response', 'none'),
   449: ('retry_with', 'retry'),
   450: ('blocked_by_windows_parental_controls', 'parental_controls'),
   451: ('unavailable_for_legal_reasons', 'legal_reasons'),
   499: ('client_closed_request',),
   
   # Server Error.
   500: ('internal_server_error', 'server_error', '/o\\', '✗'),
   501: ('not_implemented',),
   502: ('bad_gateway',),
   503: ('service_unavailable', 'unavailable'),
   504: ('gateway_timeout',),
   505: ('http_version_not_supported', 'http_version'),
   506: ('variant_also_negotiates',),
   507: ('insufficient_storage',),
   509: ('bandwidth_limit_exceeded', 'bandwidth'),
   510: ('not_extended',),
   511: ('network_authentication_required', 'network_auth', 'network_authentication'),
   

5. 高级操作
   1. 文件上传

   import requests
   
   files = {'file': open('favicon.ico', 'rb')}
   response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", files=files)
   print(response.text)
   

   2. 获取cookie

   import requests
   
   response = requests.get("https://www.baidu.com")
   print(response.cookies)
   for key, value in response.cookies.items():
   print(key + '=' + value)
   

   3. 会话维持

   import requests
   
   requests.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456789')
   response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies')
   print(response.text)
   

   import requests
   
   s = requests.Session()
   s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456789')
   response = s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies')
   print(response.text)
   

   4. 证书验证

   import requests
   
   response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn')
   print(response.status_code)
   

   import requests
   from requests.packages import urllib3
   urllib3.disable_warnings()
   response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn', verify=False)
   print(response.status_code)
   

   import requests
   
   response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn', cert=('/path/server.crt', '/path/key'))
   print(response.status_code)
   

   5. 代理设置

   import requests
   
   proxies = {
   "http": "http://127.0.0.1:9743",
   "https": "https://127.0.0.1:9743",
   }
   
   response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies)
   print(response.status_code)
   

   import requests
   
   proxies = {
       "http": "http://user:[email protected]:9743/",
   }
   response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies)
   print(response.status_code)
   

   6. 超时设置

   import requests
   from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout
   try:
       response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", timeout = 0.5)
       print(response.status_code)
   except ReadTimeout:
       print('Timeout')
   

   7. 认证设置

   import requests
   from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth
   
   r = requests.get('http://120.27.34.24:9001', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('user', '123'))
   print(r.status_code)
   

   import requests
   
   r = requests.get('http://120.27.34.24:9001', auth=('user', '123'))
   print(r.status_code)
   

   8. 异常处理

   import requests
   from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout, ConnectionError, RequestException
   try:
       response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", timeout = 0.5)
       print(response.status_code)
   except ReadTimeout:
       print('Timeout')
   except ConnectionError:
       print('Connection error')
   except RequestException:
       print('Error')
   

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