2019安徽教师招聘考试英语语法知识点汇总一
一、 名词的数
在熟悉可数名词单数变复数规则的基础上,突出以下几点:
1. 以s结尾,仍为单数的名词(多为学科名词), 如:
physics,linguistics, mathematics, politics, statistics, news , the United States
2. 抽象名词表示具体或特定的事例时也可作可数名词,单数前面应有不定冠词。如:
(1) pleasure, surprise, help, success, failure, danger, difficulty, wonder
等意为“...的人/ 物”。
如:The meeting is a success.
(2)
worry, honor, disaster, rain, snow, fog, wind, gas, fire, crop, coffee, tea,
food等不可数名词,指“一种”、“一场”及“多种”、“多场”时,可以有其单、复数形式。如:There have been strong winds overthe last two months.
(3) a
need, a discovery, a love, a good time, a collection of, a knowledge of, a
history of, a population of, an area of, an understanding of等已形成固定形式。如:He has a good practical knowledge of computerscience.
3. 表示一类事物的总称的名词,不能加-s ,如:
machinery,furniture, equipment, technology, luggage, baggage, homework, evidence
4. 一些名词单数和复数形式表达不同的意思,如:
chicken鸡肉 / chickens小鸡;
fish鱼肉 / fishes( fish )各种鱼; paper纸/ papers试卷; water水 / waters水域,room空间/ rooms房间
5. 只有复数形式的名词,如:
glasses (眼镜),trousers, clothes,scissors等,注意加单位名词的用法:a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers
6. 一些名词形式上虽是单数,但表示的是复数含义,如:
people ,
police, cattle, staff, public, the +adj., the + 分词;(表示一类人)
7. 以复数形式出现,表达复数含义,如:
belongings,surroundings, earnings, savings, shoes, socks, goods, thanks, congratulations,funds, pains, arms, troops
8. 集合名词看成一个整体时,谓语用单数,若侧重各个成员,则用复数,如:
audience,class,couple,crowd,family,group,government,public
[if !supportLists]l [endif]Theaverage family is a great deal smaller than it used to be.
[if !supportLists]l [endif]My
family are going with me. (师出教育,专注安徽教师考编)
9. 单复数同形的名词,如:
fish,deer, sheep, youth, Chinese, Japanese, means, species, crossroads, series,works,li(里), yuan(元), mu(亩)等
[if !supportLists]l [endif]Howmany deer are there in Dafeng now?
10. 合成名词构成复数时,通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数,如果没有主体名词,则将最后一个部分变为复数,如:
sons-in-law,passers-by, story-tellers, breakfasts, housewives
11. 不规则名词的“数”,如:
woman-women, child-children, ox -oxen, tooth -teeth, goose -geese,
foot-feet, mouse -mice, phenomenon-phenomena, analysis-analyses,
12 .专有名词的“数”,如: (师出教育,专注安徽教师考编)
史密斯一家人 the Smiths 两个玛丽two Marys
13. 非名词类词汇的“数”,如:
缩写,数字,字母的复数常用加’s的方法来构成
threea’s; two but’s; in one’s twenties; in the 1980’s(1980s)
[if !supportLists]l [endif]Nothing
is in good order but at sixes and sevens. 乱七八糟
[if !supportLists]l [endif]Youmightn’t as well use so many and’s in your conversation.
14. 注意以下名词为不可数名词:
advice,
baggage, change(零钱), equipment, furniture, fun,hair, homework, information, luggage, money, news, progress, traffic.
二、 名词所有格
英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,
1. 单数名词词尾加"'s",复数名词词尾没有s,也要加"'s",如:
the boy's bag 男孩的书包,men's room 男厕所。
2. 若名词已有复数词尾-s ,只加"
' ",如:the workers' struggle 工人的斗争。
3. 复合名词和短语的所有格在最后的词后面加's, 如:
her brother-in-law's bike, someone else's keysa day or two's rest
4. 如果两个名词并列,并且分别有's,则表示"分别有";只有一个's,则表示'共有'。
John's and Mary's rooms(两间) John and Mary's room(一间)
5. 在表示店铺或教堂,诊所的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常省略它所修饰的名词,如:在诊所at the doctor’s 在我姐家at my sister's
6. 双重所有格,of +名词's结构表示全体中的一部分,如:a friend of my father's ,
works of Lu Xun's
注意:当of之前的名词是picture, portrait等词时含义不同
[if !supportLists]l [endif]This
is a picture of my friend's. 这是我朋友收藏的一幅画
[if !supportLists]l [endif]This
is a picture of my friend. 这是我朋友的一张照片
三. 名词作定语
1. 一般用单数形式,如:
a stone bridge, a meeting room, morningexercises, a shoe shop
2. 个别名词用复数作定语,sports, sales, clothes, goods, arts, customs等,如:
sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室 a goods train 货车
talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系customs house海关
3. man,
woman, gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。如:
a woman teacher, men workers,women teachers, gentlemen officials
4. 数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。如:
two-dozen
eggs 两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路
two-hundred
trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan. 一个五年计划
一、不定冠词(a/an)
1. 泛指某一类人或事物,相当于any。
A squarehas four sides.
2. 用于某些物质名词前。
a coffee 一杯咖啡; a tea 一杯茶;a
heavy rain 一场大雨; a strong wind 一种强烈的信念
3. 用于专有名词前表示某一个。
a Mr.
Green ; 一位格林先生a Mary; a Shakespeare of China 中国的莎士比亚
4. 用于某些固定结构中。
once upona time , have a rest , take a bath , in a hurry ,
all of asudden , as a matter of fact , It’s a pity that… .
5. 用于双重修饰结构中:so / as / that / too / how + adj. + a / an +
n. 。
He is so
good a teacher that all of us like him.
6. 冠词放在quite, many, such, what等词之后。
It is
such an unusual work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it.
7. 用在事物的“单位”前,如价格、速度、比率的名词前,表示“每一”。
Take thismedicine three times a day.
8. 用于同源宾语中:
die a …death ; dream a … dream ; fight a …fight ; sleep a … sleep; live/lead a … life;
smile a…smile
二、定冠词(the)
1. 特指某人或物,用于区别同类中的其他人或事物。如:
Is thisthe book you are looking for?
2. 特指世界上独一无二的事物或自然现象。但space表示“太空”,nature表示“大自然”,均不能与冠词连用;但具体的天体前通常加定冠词。如:
the stars,the
moon,the sun,the universe等。(师出教育,专注安徽教师考编)
3. 双方都知道或者在文中第二次提及的人或事物。
We areliving a happy life. The life we are living is happy.
4. 用于表示方位的名词前。
the east,the left, the south
5. 用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前,以及对两人或事物进行对比时起特定作用的比较级前。
thetallestboy
He is thetaller of the two brothers.
6. in +
the + 数词复数式。如:in the early 1920s
7. the + 比较级 + …, the + 比较级+ …:; 越…;就越… 。如:
The harder you study English, the moreprogress you will make.
8. the +姓氏复数:如the Greens, 格林一家
9. the +
adj.; the + 分词。如:the rich 富人; the living 生者;
the sick 病人;
the unemployed 失业者; the ugly 丑的东西
10.by the
+ 单位名词。如by the hour,按小时计
11.v. +
sb. + prep. + the +人体各部位。如:(师出教育,专注安徽教师考编)
A stone hit John on the head.
12.play +
the + 乐器名称。如:play the piano.弹钢琴.
13.用在惯用语中。例如:
in the
day, in the morning (afternoon,evening), the day after tomorrow
the day
before yesterday, the next morning, in the sky (water,field,country)
in the
dark, in the rain, in the distance, in the middle (of), inthe end,
on the
whole, by the way, go to the theatre
三、零冠词:
1. 零冠词的基本用法:一般性的泛指,甚至表抽象意义。
2. 复数可数名词、不可数名词前不用冠词,表示泛指;
如:Horses are useful animals.
(思考:A horse is useful. / The horse is a usefulanimal)
3. 称呼语或表示头衔的名词前不用冠词;
[if !supportLists]l [endif]Wemade him president of USA.
[if !supportLists]l [endif]Who’sthis, Mother?
4. 球类运动、棋类运动和“三餐”前不用冠词;
如:Have you had supper?
5. 表示季节、月份,星期或含day表节日的名词前不用冠词;
如:March, Christmas, Women’s Day … (但是:the Spring Festival ……)
6. 前面已经有人称代词、指示代词或不定代词作定语的名词前不用冠词;
如:his book; that cat; any people……
7. 在交通工具、学科名称的名词前不加冠词。如:
by car,
by bus, by bike, by train, on foot ,Chinese,English literature
8. 某些习语,固定短语或固定结构中不用冠词。
[if !supportLists]l [endif]husbandand wife, knife and fork, face to face, side by side ……
[if !supportLists]l [endif]tochurch, at home, at night, at school, go to school, in hospital, at table ……
[if !supportLists]l [endif]Child
as he is, he knows a lot of English. (师出教育,专注安徽教师考编)
[if !supportLists]l [endif]At
last, she turned doctor. (但是:Shebecame a doctor.)
line-���E�U�