Consul是HashiCorp公司推出的使用go语言开发的开源工具,用于实现分布式系统的服务发现与配置,内置了服务注册与发现框架、分布一致性协议实现、健康检查、Key/Value存储、多数据中心方案,使用起来较为简单。使用docker命令创建注册中心比较麻烦,并且不好维护,这里使用docker-compose来实现。registrator保证了,如果服务已停止,则从注册中心中移除。docker-compose.yaml如下
version: "3.0"
services:
# consul server,对外暴露的ui接口为8500,只有在2台consul服务器的情况下集群才起作用
consulserver:
image: progrium/consul:latest
hostname: consulserver
ports:
- "8300"
- "8400"
- "8500:8500"
- "53"
command: -server -ui-dir /ui -data-dir /tmp/consul --bootstrap-expect=3
# consul server1在consul server服务起来后,加入集群中
consulserver1:
image: progrium/consul:latest
hostname: consulserver1
depends_on:
- "consulserver"
ports:
- "8300"
- "8400"
- "8500"
- "53"
command: -server -data-dir /tmp/consul -join consulserver
# consul server2在consul server服务起来后,加入集群中
consulserver2:
image: progrium/consul:latest
hostname: consulserver2
depends_on:
- "consulserver"
ports:
- "8300"
- "8400"
- "8500"
- "53"
command: -server -data-dir /tmp/consul -join consulserver
registrator:
image: gliderlabs/registrator:master
hostname: registrator
depends_on:
- "consulserver"
volumes:
- "/var/run/docker.sock:/tmp/docker.sock"
command: -internal consul://consulserver:8500
然后运行docker-compose up -d
创建一个ServiceA(asp.net core 2.2) 项目,需要安装Consul,Consul包中提供了一个IConsulClient
类,我们可以通过它来调用Consul进行服务的注册,以及发现等。我们需要在服务启动的时候,将自身的地址等信息注册到Consul中,并在服务关闭的时候从Consul撤销。这种行为就非常适合使用 IHostedService 来实现。这里要注意的是,我们需要保证_serviceId
对于同一个实例的唯一,避免重复性的注册。关闭时撤销服务:ConsulHostedService.cs
namespace ServiceA
{
using Consul;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting.Server;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting.Server.Features;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
using System;
using System.Linq;
using System.Net;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
public class ConsulHostedService : IHostedService
{
private readonly IConsulClient _consulClient;
private readonly ILogger _logger;
private readonly IServer _server;
public ConsulHostedService(IConsulClient consulClient, ILogger logger, IServer server)
{
_consulClient = consulClient;
_logger = logger;
_server = server;
}
private CancellationTokenSource _cts;
private string _serviceId;
public async Task StartAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
{
// Create a linked token so we can trigger cancellation outside of this token's cancellation
_cts = CancellationTokenSource.CreateLinkedTokenSource(cancellationToken);
var features = _server.Features;
var address = features.Get().Addresses.First();
var uri = new Uri(address);
_serviceId = "Service-v1-" + Dns.GetHostName() + "-" + uri.Authority;
var registration = new AgentServiceRegistration()
{
ID = _serviceId,
Name = "Service",
Address = uri.Host,
Port = uri.Port,
Tags = new[] { "api" },
Check = new AgentServiceCheck()
{
// HTTP = $"{uri.Scheme}://{uri.Host}:{uri.Port}/api/Health/Status",
HTTP = $"{uri.Scheme}://{uri.Host}:{uri.Port}/healthz",
Timeout = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2),
Interval = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10)
}
};
_logger.LogInformation("Registering in Consul");
// 首先移除服务,避免重复注册
await _consulClient.Agent.ServiceDeregister(registration.ID, _cts.Token);
await _consulClient.Agent.ServiceRegister(registration, _cts.Token);
}
public async Task StopAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
{
_cts.Cancel();
_logger.LogInformation("Deregistering from Consul");
try
{
await _consulClient.Agent.ServiceDeregister(_serviceId, cancellationToken);
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
_logger.LogError(ex, $"Deregisteration failed");
}
}
}
}
在Startup
的ConfigureServices
方法中来配置IConsulClient
到ASP.NET Core的依赖注入系统中,healthz
地址,我使用了ASP.NET Core 2.2中自带的健康检查,它需要在Startup
中添加如下配置
namespace ServiceA
{
using System;
using Consul;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;
using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting;
public class Startup
{
public Startup(IConfiguration configuration)
{
Configuration = configuration;
}
public IConfiguration Configuration { get; }
public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
{
//配置IConsulClient到ASP.NET Core的依赖注入系统中
string consulAddress = "http://192.168.100.5:8500";
services.AddSingleton(p => new ConsulClient(consulConfig =>
{
consulConfig.Address = new Uri(consulAddress);
}));
services.AddSingleton();
services.AddHealthChecks();//自带的健康检查
services.AddMvc().SetCompatibilityVersion(CompatibilityVersion.Version_2_2);
}
public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env)
{
if (env.IsDevelopment())
{
app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();
}
app.UseHealthChecks("/healthz");
app.UseMvc();
}
}
}
当然也可以自己写一个HealthController:
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
namespace ServiceA.Controllers
{
[Route("api/[controller]")]
[Produces("application/json")]
[ApiController]
public class HealthController : Controller
{
[HttpGet("status")]
public IActionResult Status() => Ok();
}
}
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
namespace ServiceA.Controllers
{
[Route("api/[controller]")]
[ApiController]
public class ValuesController : ControllerBase
{
// GET api/values
[HttpGet]
public ActionResult Get()
{
return "value1AAA";
}
}
}
可以在Program.cs指定端口:
namespace ServiceA
{
using Microsoft.AspNetCore;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting;
public class Program
{
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
CreateWebHostBuilder(args).Build().Run();
}
public static IWebHostBuilder CreateWebHostBuilder(string[] args) =>
WebHost.CreateDefaultBuilder(args).UseUrls("http://192.168.100.2:6002")
.UseStartup();
}
}
这里简要说明一下我的环境, 代码在win10物理机上,consul集群是win10虚拟机上ubuntu18的docker 环境,所以指定ip便于docker里面访问,还有就是win10的防火墙要关闭。
把新建ServiceB和ServiceA一样 只是修改一个端口然后用 dotnet run 运行如下:
把ServiceB关闭后
现在来看看服务消费者如何从Consul来获取可用的服务列表。
我们创建一个ConsoleApp,做为服务的调用端,添加Consul
Nuget包,然后,我们创建一个ConsulClient
实例,直接调用consuleClient.Health.Service
就可以获取到可用的服务列表了,然后使用HttpClient就可以发起对服务的调用。
但我们需要思考一个问题,我们什么时候从Consul获取服务呢?最为简单的便是在每次调用服务时,都先从Consul来获取一下服务列表,这样做的好处是我们得到的服务列表是最新的,能及时获取到新注册的服务以及过滤掉挂掉的服务。但是这样每次请求都增加了一次对Consul的调用,对性能有稍微的损耗,不过我们可以在每个调用端的机器上都部署一个Consul Agent,这样对性能的影响就微乎其微了。另外一种方式,可以在调用端做服务列表的本地缓存,并定时与Consul同步。其实现也非常简单,通过一个Timer来定时从Consul拉取最新的服务列表,创建一个ConsulServiceProvider.cs
类,实现如下:
namespace ConsoleApp
{
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Consul;
public interface IServiceDiscoveryProvider
{
Task> GetServicesAsync();
}
public class ConsulServiceProvider : IServiceDiscoveryProvider
{
private string consulAddres;
public ConsulServiceProvider(string url) {
consulAddres = url;
}
public async Task> GetServicesAsync()
{
var consuleClient = new ConsulClient(consulConfig =>
{
consulConfig.Address = new Uri(consulAddres);
});
var queryResult = await consuleClient.Health.Service("Service", string.Empty, true);
while (queryResult.Response.Length == 0)
{
Console.WriteLine("No services found, wait 1s....");
await Task.Delay(1000);
queryResult = await consuleClient.Health.Service("Service", string.Empty, true);
}
var result = new List();
foreach (var serviceEntry in queryResult.Response)
{
result.Add(serviceEntry.Service.Address + ":" + serviceEntry.Service.Port);
}
return result;
}
}
public class PollingConsulServiceProvider : IServiceDiscoveryProvider
{
private List _services = new List();
private bool _polling;
private string consulAddres;
public PollingConsulServiceProvider(string url)
{
consulAddres = url;
var _timer = new Timer(async _ =>
{
if (_polling)
{
return;
}
_polling = true;
await Poll();
_polling = false;
}, null, 0, 1000);
}
public async Task> GetServicesAsync()
{
if (_services.Count == 0) await Poll();
return _services;
}
private async Task Poll()
{
_services = await new ConsulServiceProvider(consulAddres).GetServicesAsync();
}
}
}
如何将不同的用户的流量分发到不同的服务器上面呢,早期的方法是使用DNS做负载,通过给客户端解析不同的IP地址,让客户端的流量直接到达各个服务器。但是这种方法有一个很大的缺点就是延时性问题,在做出调度策略改变以后,由于DNS各级节点的缓存并不会及时的在客户端生效,而且DNS负载的调度策略比较简单,无法满足业务需求,因此就出现了负载均衡器。
常见的负载均衡算法有如下几种:
随机算法:每次从服务列表中随机选取一个服务器。
轮询及加权轮询:按顺序依次调用服务列表中的服务器,也可以指定一个加权值,来增加某个服务器的调用次数。
最小连接:记录每个服务器的连接数,每次选取连接数最少的服务器。
哈希算法:分为普通哈希与一致性哈希等。
IP地址散列:通过调用端Ip地址的散列,将来自同一调用端的分组统一转发到相同服务器的算法。
URL散列:通过管理调用端请求URL信息的散列,将发送至相同URL的请求转发至同一服务器的算法。
本文中简单模拟前两种来介绍一下。
随机均衡是最为简单粗暴的方式,我们只需根据服务器数量生成一个随机数即可
最简单的轮询实现 使用lock控制并发,每次请求,移动一下服务索引。
RandomLoadBalancer.cs
namespace ConsoleApp
{
using System;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
public interface ILoadBalancer
{
Task GetServiceAsync();
}
public class RandomLoadBalancer : ILoadBalancer
{
private readonly IServiceDiscoveryProvider _sdProvider;
public RandomLoadBalancer(IServiceDiscoveryProvider sdProvider)
{
_sdProvider = sdProvider;
}
private Random _random = new Random();
public async Task GetServiceAsync()
{
var services = await _sdProvider.GetServicesAsync();
return services[_random.Next(services.Count)];
}
}
public class RoundRobinLoadBalancer : ILoadBalancer
{
private readonly IServiceDiscoveryProvider _sdProvider;
public RoundRobinLoadBalancer(IServiceDiscoveryProvider sdProvider)
{
_sdProvider = sdProvider;
}
private readonly object _lock = new object();
private int _index = 0;
public async Task GetServiceAsync()
{
var services = await _sdProvider.GetServicesAsync();
lock (_lock)
{
if (_index >= services.Count)
{
_index = 0;
}
return services[_index++];
}
}
}
}
便可以直接使用HttpClient来完成服务的调用了
namespace ConsoleApp
{
using System;
using System.Net.Http;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
TestConsul().ConfigureAwait(false);
Console.ReadKey();
}
static async Task TestConsul() {
string url = "http://192.168.100.5:8500";
ILoadBalancer balancer = new RoundRobinLoadBalancer(new PollingConsulServiceProvider(url));
var client = new HttpClient();
Console.WriteLine("Request by RoundRobinLoadBalancer....");
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
var service = await balancer.GetServiceAsync();
Console.WriteLine(DateTime.Now.ToString() + "-RoundRobin:" +
await client.GetStringAsync("http://" + service + "/api/values") + " --> " + "Request from " + service);
}
Console.WriteLine("Request by RandomLoadBalancer....");
balancer = new RandomLoadBalancer(new PollingConsulServiceProvider(url));
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
var service = await balancer.GetServiceAsync();
Console.WriteLine(DateTime.Now.ToString() + "-Random:" +
await client.GetStringAsync("http://" + service + "/api/values") + " --> " + "Request from " + service);
}
}
}
}
代码下载
参考:
consul+docker实现服务注册
RainingNight/AspNetCoreSample
微服务(入门二):netcore通过consul注册服务