Oracle管理常用命令

第一章：日志管理    
   
  1.forcing   log   switches    
  sql>   alter   system   switch   logfile;  
   
  2.forcing   checkpoints    
  sql>   alter   system   checkpoint;    
   
  3.adding   online   redo   log   groups    
  sql>   alter   database   add   logfile   [group   4]    
  sql>   ('/disk3/log4a.rdo','/disk4/log4b.rdo')   size   1m;    
   
  4.adding   online   redo   log   members    
  sql>   alter   database   add   logfile   member    
  sql>   '/disk3/log1b.rdo'   to   group   1,    
  sql>   '/disk4/log2b.rdo'   to   group   2;    
   
  5.changes   the   name   of   the   online   redo   logfile    
  sql>   alter   database   rename   file   'c:/oracle/oradata/oradb/redo01.log'    
  sql>   to   'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';    
   
  6.drop   online   redo   log   groups    
  sql>   alter   database   drop   logfile   group   3;    
   
  7.drop   online   redo   log   members    
  sql>   alter   database   drop   logfile   member   'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';    
   
  8.clearing   online   redo   log   files    
  sql>   alter   database   clear   [unarchived]   logfile   'c:/oracle/log2a.rdo';    
   
  9.using   logminer   analyzing   redo   logfiles    
   
  a.   in   the   init.ora   specify   utl_file_dir   =   '   '    
  b.   sql>   execute   dbms_logmnr_d.build('oradb.ora','c:/oracle/oradb/log');    
  c.   sql>   execute   dbms_logmnr_add_logfile('c:/oracle/oradata/oradb/redo01.log',    
  sql>   dbms_logmnr.new);    
  d.   sql>   execute   dbms_logmnr.add_logfile('c:/oracle/oradata/oradb/redo02.log',    
  sql>   dbms_logmnr.addfile);    
  e.   sql>   execute   dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>'c:/oracle/oradb/log/oradb.ora');    
  f.   sql>   select   *   from   v$logmnr_contents(v$logmnr_dictionary,v$logmnr_parameters    
  sql>   v$logmnr_logs);    
  g.   sql>   execute   dbms_logmnr.end_logmnr;    
   
  第二章：表空间管理    
  1.create   tablespaces    
  sql>   create   tablespace   tablespace_name   datafile   'c:/oracle/oradata/file1.dbf'   size   100m,    
  sql>   'c:/oracle/oradata/file2.dbf'   size   100m   minimum   extent   550k   [logging/nologging]    
  sql>   default   storage   (initial   500k   next   500k   maxextents   500   pctinccease   0)    
  sql>   [online/offline]   [permanent/temporary]   [extent_management_clause]    
   
  2.locally   managed   tablespace    
  sql>   create   tablespace   user_data   datafile   'c:/oracle/oradata/user_data01.dbf'    
  sql>   size   500m   extent   management   local   uniform   size   10m;    
   
  3.temporary   tablespace    
  sql>   create   temporary   tablespace   temp   tempfile   'c:/oracle/oradata/temp01.dbf'    
  sql>   size   500m   extent   management   local   uniform   size   10m;    
   
  4.change   the   storage   setting    
  sql>   alter   tablespace   app_data   minimum   extent   2m;    
  sql>   alter   tablespace   app_data   default   storage(initial   2m   next   2m   maxextents   999);    
   
  5.taking   tablespace   offline   or   online    
  sql>   alter   tablespace   app_data   offline;    
  sql>   alter   tablespace   app_data   online;    
   
  6.read_only   tablespace    
  sql>   alter   tablespace   app_data   read   only|write;    
   
  7.droping   tablespace    
  sql>   drop   tablespace   app_data   including   contents;    
   
  8.enableing   automatic   extension   of   data   files    
  sql>   alter   tablespace   app_data   add   datafile   'c:/oracle/oradata/app_data01.dbf'   size   200m    
  sql>   autoextend   on   next   10m   maxsize   500m;    
   
  9.change   the   size   fo   data   files   manually    
  sql>   alter   database   datafile   'c:/oracle/oradata/app_data.dbf'   resize   200m;    
   
  10.Moving   data   files:   alter   tablespace    
  sql>   alter   tablespace   app_data   rename   datafile   'c:/oracle/oradata/app_data.dbf'    
  sql>   to   'c:/oracle/app_data.dbf';    
   
  11.moving   data   files:alter   database    
  sql>   alter   database   rename   file   'c:/oracle/oradata/app_data.dbf'    
  sql>   to   'c:/oracle/app_data.dbf';     
 第三章：表    
   
  1.create   a   table    
  sql>   create   table   table_name   (column   datatype,column   datatype]....)    
  sql>   tablespace   tablespace_name   [pctfree   integer]   [pctused   integer]    
  sql>   [initrans   integer]   [maxtrans   integer]    
  sql>   storage(initial   200k   next   200k   pctincrease   0   maxextents   50)    
  sql>   [logging|nologging]   [cache|nocache]    
   
  2.copy   an   existing   table    
  sql>   create   table   table_name   [logging|nologging]   as   subquery    
   
  3.create   temporary   table    
  sql>   create   global   temporary   table   xay_temp   as   select   *   from   xay;    
  on   commit   preserve   rows/on   commit   delete   rows    
   
  4.pctfree   =   (average   row   size   -   initial   row   size)   *100   /average   row   size    
  pctused   =   100-pctfree-   (average   row   size*100/available   data   space)    
   
  5.change   storage   and   block   utilization   parameter    
  sql>   alter   table   table_name   pctfree=30   pctused=50   storage(next   500k    
  sql>   minextents   2   maxextents   100);    
   
  6.manually   allocating   extents    
  sql>   alter   table   table_name   allocate   extent(size   500k   datafile   'c:/oracle/data.dbf');    
   
  7.move   tablespace    
  sql>   alter   table   employee   move   tablespace   users;    
   
  8.deallocate   of   unused   space    
  sql>   alter   table   table_name   deallocate   unused   [keep   integer]    
   
  9.truncate   a   table    
  sql>   truncate   table   table_name;    
   
  10.drop   a   table    
  sql>   drop   table   table_name   [cascade   constraints];    
   
  11.drop   a   column    
  sql>   alter   table   table_name   drop   column   comments   cascade   constraints   checkpoint   1000;    
  alter   table   table_name   drop   columns   continue;    
   
  12.mark   a   column   as   unused    
  sql>   alter   table   table_name   set   unused   column   comments   cascade   constraints;    
  alter   table   table_name   drop   unused   columns   checkpoint   1000;    
  alter   table   orders   drop   columns   continue   checkpoint   1000    
  data_dictionary   :   dba_unused_col_tabs    
   
  第四章：索引    
   
  1.creating   function-based   indexes    
  sql>   create   index   summit.item_quantity   on   summit.item(quantity-quantity_shipped);    
   
  2.create   a   B-tree   index    
  sql>   create   [unique]   index   index_name   on   table_name(column,..   asc/desc)   tablespace    
  sql>   tablespace_name   [pctfree   integer]   [initrans   integer]   [maxtrans   integer]    
  sql>   [logging   |   nologging]   [nosort]   storage(initial   200k   next   200k   pctincrease   0    
  sql>   maxextents   50);    
   
  3.pctfree(index)=(maximum   number   of   rows-initial   number   of   rows)*100/maximum   number   of   rows    
   
  4.creating   reverse   key   indexes    
  sql>   create   unique   index   xay_id   on   xay(a)   reverse   pctfree   30   storage(initial   200k    
  sql>   next   200k   pctincrease   0   maxextents   50)   tablespace   indx;    
   
  5.create   bitmap   index    
  sql>   create   bitmap   index   xay_id   on   xay(a)   pctfree   30   storage(   initial   200k   next   200k    
  sql>   pctincrease   0   maxextents   50)   tablespace   indx;    
   
  6.change   storage   parameter   of   index    
  sql>   alter   index   xay_id   storage   (next   400k   maxextents   100);    
   
  7.allocating   index   space    
  sql>   alter   index   xay_id   allocate   extent(size   200k   datafile   'c:/oracle/index.dbf');    
   
  8.alter   index   xay_id   deallocate   unused;

第五章：约束    
   
  1.define   constraints   as   immediate   or   deferred    
  sql>   alter   session   set   constraint[s]   =   immediate/deferred/default;    
  set   constraint[s]   constraint_name/all   immediate/deferred;    
   
  2.   sql>   drop   table   table_name   cascade   constraints    
  sql>   drop   tablespace   tablespace_name   including   contents   cascade   constraints    
   
  3.   define   constraints   while   create   a   table    
  sql>   create   table   xay(id   number(7)   constraint   xay_id   primary   key   deferrable    
  sql>   using   index   storage(initial   100k   next   100k)   tablespace   indx);    
  primary   key/unique/references   table(column)/check    
   
  4.enable   constraints    
  sql>   alter   table   xay   enable   novalidate   constraint   xay_id;    
   
  5.enable   constraints    
  sql>   alter   table   xay   enable   validate   constraint   xay_id;    
   
  第六章：LOAD数据    
   
  1.loading   data   using   direct_load   insert    
  sql>   insert   /*+append   */   into   emp   nologging    
  sql>   select   *   from   emp_old;    
   
  2.parallel   direct-load   insert    
  sql>   alter   session   enable   parallel   dml;    
  sql>   insert   /*+parallel(emp,2)   */   into   emp   nologging    
  sql>   select   *   from   emp_old;    
   
  3.using   sql*loader    
  sql>   sqlldr   scott/tiger   /    
  sql>   control   =   ulcase6.ctl   /    
  sql>   log   =   ulcase6.log   direct=true    
   
  第七章：reorganizing   data    
   
  1.using   expoty    
  $exp   scott/tiger   tables(dept,emp)   file=c:/emp.dmp   log=exp.log   compress=n   direct=y    
   
  2.using   import    
  $imp   scott/tiger   tables(dept,emp)   file=emp.dmp   log=imp.log   ignore=y    
   
  3.transporting   a   tablespace    
  sql>alter   tablespace   sales_ts   read   only;    
  $exp   sys/..   file=xay.dmp   transport_tablespace=y   tablespace=sales_ts    
  triggers=n   constraints=n    
  $copy   datafile    
  $imp   sys/..   file=xay.dmp   transport_tablespace=y   datafiles=(/disk1/sles01.dbf,/disk2    
  /sles02.dbf)    
  sql>   alter   tablespace   sales_ts   read   write;    
   
  4.checking   transport   set    
  sql>   DBMS_tts.transport_set_check(ts_list   =>'sales_ts'   ..,incl_constraints=>true);    
  在表transport_set_violations   中查看    
  sql>   dbms_tts.isselfcontained   为true   是，   表示自包含

第八章：   managing   password   security   and   resources    
   
  1.controlling   account   lock   and   password    
  sql>   alter   user   juncky   identified   by   oracle   account   unlock;    
   
  2.user_provided   password   function    
  sql>   function_name(userid   in   varchar2(30),password   in   varchar2(30),    
  old_password   in   varchar2(30))   return   boolean    
   
  3.create   a   profile   :   password   setting    
  sql>   create   profile   grace_5   limit   failed_login_attempts   3    
  sql>   password_lock_time   unlimited   password_life_time   30    
  sql>password_reuse_time   30   password_verify_function   verify_function    
  sql>   password_grace_time   5;    
   
  4.altering   a   profile    
  sql>   alter   profile   default   failed_login_attempts   3    
  sql>   password_life_time   60   password_grace_time   10;    
   
  5.drop   a   profile    
  sql>   drop   profile   grace_5   [cascade];    
   
  6.create   a   profile   :   resource   limit    
  sql>   create   profile   developer_prof   limit   sessions_per_user   2    
  sql>   cpu_per_session   10000   idle_time   60   connect_time   480;    
   
  7.   view   =>   resource_cost   :   alter   resource   cost    
  dba_Users,dba_profiles    
   
  8.   enable   resource   limits    
  sql>   alter   system   set   resource_limit=true;    
   
  第九章：Managing   users    
   
  1.create   a   user:   database   authentication    
  sql>   create   user   juncky   identified   by   oracle   default   tablespace   users    
  sql>   temporary   tablespace   temp   quota   10m   on   data   password   expire    
  sql>   [account   lock|unlock]   [profile   profilename|default];    
   
  2.change   user   quota   on   tablespace    
  sql>   alter   user   juncky   quota   0   on   users;    
   
  3.drop   a   user    
  sql>   drop   user   juncky   [cascade];    
   
  4.   monitor   user    
  view:   dba_users   ,   dba_ts_quotas    
   
  第十章：managing   privileges    
   
  1.system   privileges:   view   =>   system_privilege_map   ,dba_sys_privs,session_privs    
   
  2.grant   system   privilege    
  sql>   grant   create   session,create   table   to   managers;    
  sql>   grant   create   session   to   scott   with   admin   option;    
  with   admin   option   can   grant   or   revoke   privilege   from   any   user   or   role;    
   
  3.sysdba   and   sysoper   privileges:    
  sysoper:   startup,shutdown,alter   database   open|mount,alter   database   backup   controlfile,    
  alter   tablespace   begin/end   backup,recover   database    
  alter   database   archivelog,restricted   session    
  sysdba:   sysoper   privileges   with   admin   option,create   database,recover   database   until    
   
  4.password   file   members:   view:=>   v$pwfile_users    
   
  5.O7_dictionary_accessibility   =true   restriction   access   to   view   or   tables   in   other   schema    
   
  6.revoke   system   privilege    
  sql>   revoke   create   table   from   karen;    
  sql>   revoke   create   session   from   scott;    
   
  7.grant   object   privilege    
  sql>   grant   execute   on   dbms_pipe   to   public;    
  sql>   grant   update(first_name,salary)   on   employee   to   karen   with   grant   option;    
   
  8.display   object    
   
  privilege   :   view   =>   dba_tab_privs,   dba_col_privs    
   
  9.revoke   object   privilege    
  sql>   revoke   execute   on   dbms_pipe   from   scott   [cascade   constraints];    
   
  10.audit   record   view   :=>   sys.aud$    
   
  11.   protecting   the   audit   trail    
  sql>   audit   delete   on   sys.aud$   by   access;    
   
  12.statement   auditing    
  sql>   audit   user;    
   
  13.privilege   auditing    
  sql>   audit   select   any   table   by   summit   by   access;    
   
  14.schema   object   auditing    
  sql>   audit   lock   on   summit.employee   by   access   whenever   successful;    
   
  15.view   audit   option   :   view=>   all_def_audit_opts,dba_stmt_audit_opts,dba_priv_audit_opts,dba_obj_audit_opts    
   
  16.view   audit   result:   view=>   dba_audit_trail,dba_audit_exists,dba_audit_object,dba_audit_session,dba_audit_statement    

第十一章：   manager   role    
   
  1.create   roles    
  sql>   create   role   sales_clerk;    
  sql>   create   role   hr_clerk   identified   by   bonus;    
  sql>   create   role   hr_manager   identified   externally;    
   
  2.modify   role    
  sql>   alter   role   sales_clerk   identified   by   commission;    
  sql>   alter   role   hr_clerk   identified   externally;    
  sql>   alter   role   hr_manager   not   identified;    
   
  3.assigning   roles    
  sql>   grant   sales_clerk   to   scott;    
  sql>   grant   hr_clerk   to   hr_manager;    
  sql>   grant   hr_manager   to   scott   with   admin   option;    
   
  4.establish   default   role    
  sql>   alter   user   scott   default   role   hr_clerk,sales_clerk;    
  sql>   alter   user   scott   default   role   all;    
  sql>   alter   user   scott   default   role   all   except   hr_clerk;    
  sql>   alter   user   scott   default   role   none;    
   
  5.enable   and   disable   roles    
  sql>   set   role   hr_clerk;    
  sql>   set   role   sales_clerk   identified   by   commission;    
  sql>   set   role   all   except   sales_clerk;    
  sql>   set   role   none;    
   
  6.remove   role   from   user    
  sql>   revoke   sales_clerk   from   scott;    
  sql>   revoke   hr_manager   from   public;    
   
  7.remove   role    
  sql>   drop   role   hr_manager;    
   
  8.display   role   information    
  view:    
   
  =>dba_roles,dba_role_privs,role_role_privs,dba_sys_privs,role_sys_privs,role_ta  
   
  b_privs,session_roles    
   
  第十二章:   BACKUP   and   RECOVERY    
   
  1.   v$sga,v$instance,v$process,v$bgprocess,v$database,v$datafile,v$sgastat    
   
  2.   Rman   need   set   dbwr_IO_slaves   or   backup_tape_IO_slaves   and   large_pool_size    
   
  3.   Monitoring   Parallel   Rollback    
  >   v$fast_start_servers   ,   v$fast_start_transactions    
   
  4.perform   a   closed   database   backup   (noarchivelog)    
  >   shutdown   immediate    
  >   cp   files   /backup/    
  >   startup    
   
  5.restore   to   a   different   location    
  >   connect   system/manager   as   sysdba    
  >   startup   mount    
  >   alter   database   rename   file   '/disk1/../user.dbf'   to   '/disk2/../user.dbf';    
  >   alter   database   open;    
   
  6.recover   syntax    
  --recover   a   mounted   database    
  >recover   database;    
  >recover   datafile   '/disk1/data/df2.dbf';    
  >alter   database    
   
  recover   database;    
  --recover   an   opened   database    
  >recover   tablespace   user_data;    
  >recover   datafile   2;    
  >alter   database   recover   datafile   2;    
   
  7.how   to   apply   redo   log   files   automatically    
  >set   autorecovery   on    
  >recover   automatic   datafile   4;    
   
  8.complete   recovery:    
  --method   1(mounted   databae)    
  >copy   c:/backup/user.dbf   c:/oradata/user.dbf    
  >startup   mount    
  >recover   datafile   'c:/oradata/user.dbf;    
  >alter   database   open;    
  --method   2(opened   database,initially   opened,not   system   or   rollback   datafile)    
  >copy   c:/backup/user.dbf   c:/oradata/user.dbf   (alter   tablespace   offline)    
  >recover   datafile   'c:/oradata/user.dbf'   or    
  >recover   tablespace   user_data;    
  >alter   database   datafile   'c:/oradata/user.dbf'   online   or    
  >alter   tablespace   user_data   online;    
  --method   3(opened   database,initially   closed   not   system   or   rollback   datafile)    
  >startup   mount    
  >alter   database   datafile   'c:/oradata/user.dbf'   offline;    
  >alter   database   open    
  >copy   c:/backup/user.dbf   d:/oradata/user.dbf    
  >alter   database   rename   file   'c:/oradata/user.dbf'   to   'd:/oradata/user.dbf'    
  >recover   datafile   'e:/oradata/user.dbf'   or   recover   tablespace   user_data;    
  >alter   tablespace   user_data   online;    
  --method   4(loss   of   data   file   with   no   backup   and   have   all   archive   log)    
  >alter   tablespace   user_data   offline   immediate;    
  >alter   database   create   datafile   'd:/oradata/user.dbf'   as   'c:/oradata/user.dbf''    
  >recover   tablespace   user_data;    
  >alter   tablespace   user_data   online    
  5.perform   an   open   database   backup    
  >   alter   tablespace   user_data   begin   backup;    
  >   copy   files   /backup/    
  >   alter   database   datafile   '/c:/../data.dbf'   end   backup;    
  >   alter   system   switch   logfile;    
  6.backup   a   control   file    
  >   alter   database   backup   controlfile   to   'control1.bkp';    
  >   alter   database   backup   controlfile   to   trace;    
  7.recovery   (noarchivelog   mode)    
  >   shutdown   abort    
  >   cp   files    
  >   startup    
  8.recovery   of   file   in   backup   mode    
  >alter   database   datafile   2   end   backup;    
   
  9.clearing   redo   log   file    
  >alter   database   clear   unarchived   logfile   group   1;    
  >alter   database   clear   unarchived   logfile   group   1   unrecoverable   datafile;    
   
  10.redo   log   recovery    
  >alter   database   add   logfile   group   3   'c:/oradata/redo03.log'   size   1000k;    
  >alter   database   drop   logfile   group   1;    
  >alter   database   open;    
  or   >cp   c:/oradata/redo02.log'   c:/oradata/redo01.log    
  >alter   database   clear   logfile   'c:/oradata/log01.log';  
  (结束)