Oracle 11g Data Guard搭建物理Standby数据库（一）
Oracle Data Guard保证了企业数据的高可用性、数据保护和灾难恢复。它提供了一套全面的服务，可以创建、维护、管理和监视一个或多个备用数据库（Standby），以使生产数据库能够从灾难和数据损坏中恢复。Data Guard将维护备用数据库作为生产数据库的副本，然后，如果生产数据库由于计划内或计划外的停机而变得不可用，那么它可以将任何备用数据库切换到生产角色，最小化停机时间。Data Guard可以与传统的备份、恢复和集群技术一起使用，以提供高水平的数据保护和数据可用性。
Data Guard的本质是对事务数据的Redo传输，保证主库和备库之间的数据更新同步。Oracle支持一个主库最多有9个备库，Redo的传输既可以是LGWR触发，也可以是ARCn进程触发，本篇主要使用LGWR来演示Data Guard的搭建。
首先搭建Oracle 11G Data Guard环境，先对Data Guard有个初步的了解，然后后面再分别对其进行详细的讲解，欢迎一起学习、探讨Data Guard相关的知识。
一 软件环境
- CentOS-6.5-x86_64
- p13390677_112040_Linux-x86-64
- 主库：sz.pri.com，IP：192.168.1.106 ORACLE_SID：szpri
- 备库：sh.std.com，IP：192.168.1.109 ORACLE_SID：szpri
二 数据库设置
1、数据库软件安装与数据库安装
- 安装主库，具体安装步骤参照Oracle 11g软件安装、Oracle 11g利用Netmgr配置监听器和服务 和Oracle 11g利用DBCA创建数据库；
- 安装备库，具体安装步骤参照Oracle 11g软件安装、Oracle 11g利用Netmgr配置监听器和服务 和Oracle 11g利用DBCA创建数据库；
2、监听器配置
- 主库LISTENER配置
[oracle@sz ~]$ more /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/network/admin/listener.ora
# listener.ora Network Configuration File: /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/network/admin/listener.ora
# Generated by Oracle configuration tools.
SZ =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.1.106)(PORT = 1521))
)
ADR_BASE_SZ = /u01/app/oracle
SH =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.1.109)(PORT = 1521))
)
ADR_BASE_SH = /u01/app/oracle
SID_LIST_SZ =
(SID_LIST =
(SID_DESC =
(GLOBAL_DBNAME = szpri)
(ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1)
(SID_NAME = szpri)
)
)
SID_LIST_SH =
(SID_LIST =
(SID_DESC =
(GLOBAL_DBNAME = szpri)
(ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1)
(SID_NAME = szpri)
)
)- 备库LISTENER配置
[oracle@sh ~]$ more /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/network/admin/listener.ora
# listener.ora Network Configuration File: /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/network/admin/listener.ora
# Generated by Oracle configuration tools.
SZ =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.1.106)(PORT = 1521))
)
ADR_BASE_SZ = /u01/app/oracle
SH =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.1.109)(PORT = 1521))
)
ADR_BASE_SH = /u01/app/oracle
SID_LIST_SZ =
(SID_LIST =
(SID_DESC =
(GLOBAL_DBNAME = szpri)
(ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1)
(SID_NAME = szpri)
)
)
SID_LIST_SH =
(SID_LIST =
(SID_DESC =
(GLOBAL_DBNAME = szpri)
(ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1)
(SID_NAME = szpri)
)
)
3、TNS配置
- 主库TNS配置
[oracle@sz ~]$ more /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/network/admin/tnsnames.ora
# tnsnames.ora Network Configuration File: /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/network/admin/tnsnames.ora
# Generated by Oracle configuration tools.
SZPRI =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.1.106)(PORT = 1521))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVICE_NAME = szpri)
)
)
SHSTD =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.1.109)(PORT = 1521))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVICE_NAME = szpri)
)
)- 备库TNS配置（和主库TNS相同）
[oracle@sh ~]$ more /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/network/admin/tnsnames.ora
# tnsnames.ora Network Configuration File: /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/network/admin/tnsnames.ora
# Generated by Oracle configuration tools.
SZPRI =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.1.106)(PORT = 1521))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVICE_NAME = szpri)
)
)
SHSTD =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.1.109)(PORT = 1521))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVICE_NAME = szpri)
)
)
三 Data Guard设置
1、激活Force Logging
在Mount或者Open模式，激活主库的Force Logging：
SQL> alter database force logging;
Database altered.
2、启用归档
在Mount模式，启用主库的数据归档模式：
SQL> alter database archivelog;
Database altered.
SQL> alter database open;
Database altered.
SQL> archive log list;
Database log mode Archive Mode
Automatic archival Enabled
Archive destination USE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST
Oldest online log sequence 5
Next log sequence to archive 7
Current log sequence 7
3、配置主库的参数文件
SQL> create pfile='/home/oracle/initszpri.ora' from spfile;
File created.
[oracle@sz ~]$ vim initszpri.ora
*.audit_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/admin/szpri/adump'
*.audit_trail='db'
*.compatible='11.2.0.4.0'
*.control_files='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/szpri/control01.ctl','/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/szpri/control02.ctl'
*.db_block_size=8192
*.db_domain=''
*.db_name='szpri'
*.db_recovery_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area'
*.db_recovery_file_dest_size=4385144832
*.diagnostic_dest='/u01/app/oracle'
*.dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=szpriXDB)'
*.memory_target=833617920
*.open_cursors=300
*.processes=150
*.remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE'
*.undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1'
#############################The following is adding for DG by Alen Liu 2017-09-11####################################
DB_UNIQUE_NAME=szpri
LOG_ARCHIVE_CONFIG='DG_CONFIG=(szpri,shstd)'
LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2=
'SERVICE=shstd LGWR SYNC AFFIRM
VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLE)
DB_UNIQUE_NAME=shstd'
LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_1=ENABLE
LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_2=ENABLE
REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE=EXCLUSIVE
STANDBY_FILE_MANAGEMENT=AUTO
FAL_SERVER=shstd
FAL_CLIENT=szpri
#############################The following is adding for DG by Alen Liu 2017-09-11####################################
4、配置备库的参数文件
[oracle@sh ~]$ vim initszpri.ora
szpri.__db_cache_size=352321536
szpri.__java_pool_size=4194304
szpri.__large_pool_size=8388608
szpri.__oracle_base='/u01/app/oracle'#ORACLE_BASE set from environment
szpri.__pga_aggregate_target=335544320
szpri.__sga_target=499122176
szpri.__shared_io_pool_size=0
szpri.__shared_pool_size=125829120
szpri.__streams_pool_size=0
*.audit_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/admin/szpri/adump'
*.audit_trail='db'
*.compatible='11.2.0.4.0'
*.control_files='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/szpri/control01.ctl','/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/szpri/control02.ctl'
*.db_block_size=8192
*.db_domain=''
*.db_name='szpri'
*.db_recovery_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area'
*.db_recovery_file_dest_size=4385144832
*.diagnostic_dest='/u01/app/oracle'
*.dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=szpriXDB)'
*.memory_target=833617920
*.open_cursors=300
*.processes=150
*.remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE'
*.undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1'
#############################The following is adding for DG by Alen Liu 2017-09-11####################################
DB_UNIQUE_NAME=shstd
LOG_ARCHIVE_CONFIG='DG_CONFIG=(szpri,shstd)'
LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2=
'SERVICE=szpri LGWR SYNC AFFIRM
VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLE)
DB_UNIQUE_NAME=szpri'
LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_1=ENABLE
LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_2=ENABLE
REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE=EXCLUSIVE
STANDBY_FILE_MANAGEMENT=AUTO
FAL_SERVER=szpri
FAL_CLIENT=shstd
#############################The following is adding for DG by Alen Liu 2017-09-11####################################
5、创建备库密码文件
如果在同一主机进行Standby搭建，将主库的密码文件拷贝至备库目录即可；如果不在同一主 机，则此步骤可省略。
[oracle@sz oracle]$ scp product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/orapwszpri [email protected]:/home/oracle/
6、创建备库所需目录
如果在同一主机进行Standby搭建，则需要创建相应的目录，因为同一主机数据库实例名不能相同；如果不在同一主机，则此步骤可省略。
[oracle@sh ~]$ mkdir -p /u01/app/oracle/admin/szpri/adump
[oracle@sh ~]$ mkdir -p /u01/app/oracle/oradata/szpri/
[oracle@sh ~]$ mkdir -p /u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/szpri/
7、打开主库
[oracle@sz ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Mon Sep 11 22:46:03 2017
Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Connected to an idle instance.
SQL> startup nomount pfile='/home/oracle/initszpri.ora';
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 830930944 bytes
Fixed Size 2257800 bytes
Variable Size 536874104 bytes
Database Buffers 289406976 bytes
Redo Buffers 2392064 bytes
SQL> alter database mount;
Database altered.
SQL> alter database open;
Database altered.
8、启动备库至Nomount状态
SQL> startup nomount pfile='/home/oracle/initshstd.ora';
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 830930944 bytes
Fixed Size 2257800 bytes
Variable Size 536874104 bytes
Database Buffers 289406976 bytes
Redo Buffers 2392064 bytes
SQL>
9、RMAN在线复制数据库
[oracle@sh ~]$ rman target sys/system@szpri auxiliary sys/system@shstd
Recovery Manager: Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on Mon Sep 11 23:44:42 2017
Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
connected to target database: SZPRI (DBID=4248758477)
connected to auxiliary database: SZPRI (not mounted)
RMAN> duplicate target database for standby from active database nofilenamecheck;
Starting Duplicate Db at 11-SEP-17
using target database control file instead of recovery catalog
allocated channel: ORA_AUX_DISK_1
channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: SID=19 device type=DISK
contents of Memory Script:
{
backup as copy reuse
targetfile '/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/orapwszpri' auxiliary format
'/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/orapwszpri' ;
}
executing Memory Script
Starting backup at 11-SEP-17
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=50 device type=DISK
Finished backup at 11-SEP-17
contents of Memory Script:
{
backup as copy current controlfile for standby auxiliary format '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/szpri/control01.ctl';
restore clone controlfile to '/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/szpri/control02.ctl' from
'/u01/app/oracle/oradata/szpri/control01.ctl';
}
executing Memory Script
Starting backup at 11-SEP-17
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
copying standby control file
output file name=/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/snapcf_szpri.f tag=TAG20170911T234534 RECID=2 STAMP=954459937
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:07
Finished backup at 11-SEP-17
Starting restore at 11-SEP-17
using channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1
channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: copied control file copy
Finished restore at 11-SEP-17
contents of Memory Script:
{
sql clone 'alter database mount standby database';
}
executing Memory Script
sql statement: alter database mount standby database
contents of Memory Script:
{
set newname for tempfile 1 to
"/u01/app/oracle/oradata/szpri/temp01.dbf";
switch clone tempfile all;
set newname for datafile 1 to
"/u01/app/oracle/oradata/szpri/system01.dbf";
set newname for datafile 2 to
"/u01/app/oracle/oradata/szpri/sysaux01.dbf";
set newname for datafile 3 to
"/u01/app/oracle/oradata/szpri/undotbs01.dbf";
set newname for datafile 4 to
"/u01/app/oracle/oradata/szpri/users01.dbf";
set newname for datafile 5 to
"/u01/app/oracle/oradata/szpri/example01.dbf";
backup as copy reuse
datafile 1 auxiliary format
"/u01/app/oracle/oradata/szpri/system01.dbf" datafile
2 auxiliary format
"/u01/app/oracle/oradata/szpri/sysaux01.dbf" datafile
3 auxiliary format
"/u01/app/oracle/oradata/szpri/undotbs01.dbf" datafile
4 auxiliary format
"/u01/app/oracle/oradata/szpri/users01.dbf" datafile
5 auxiliary format
"/u01/app/oracle/oradata/szpri/example01.dbf" ;
sql 'alter system archive log current';
}
executing Memory Script
executing command: SET NEWNAME
renamed tempfile 1 to /u01/app/oracle/oradata/szpri/temp01.dbf in control file
executing command: SET NEWNAME
executing command: SET NEWNAME
executing command: SET NEWNAME
executing command: SET NEWNAME
executing command: SET NEWNAME
Starting backup at 11-SEP-17
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
input datafile file number=00001 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/szpri/system01.dbf
output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/szpri/system01.dbf tag=TAG20170911T234556
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:03:58
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
input datafile file number=00002 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/szpri/sysaux01.dbf
output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/szpri/sysaux01.dbf tag=TAG20170911T234556
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:05:49
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
input datafile file number=00005 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/szpri/example01.dbf
output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/szpri/example01.dbf tag=TAG20170911T234556
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:04:19
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
input datafile file number=00003 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/szpri/undotbs01.dbf
output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/szpri/undotbs01.dbf tag=TAG20170911T234556
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:04:11
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
input datafile file number=00004 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/szpri/users01.dbf
output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/szpri/users01.dbf tag=TAG20170911T234556
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:04
Finished backup at 12-SEP-17
sql statement: alter system archive log current
contents of Memory Script:
{
switch clone datafile all;
}
executing Memory Script
datafile 1 switched to datafile copy
input datafile copy RECID=2 STAMP=954461064 file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/szpri/system01.dbf
datafile 2 switched to datafile copy
input datafile copy RECID=3 STAMP=954461064 file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/szpri/sysaux01.dbf
datafile 3 switched to datafile copy
input datafile copy RECID=4 STAMP=954461064 file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/szpri/undotbs01.dbf
datafile 4 switched to datafile copy
input datafile copy RECID=5 STAMP=954461064 file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/szpri/users01.dbf
datafile 5 switched to datafile copy
input datafile copy RECID=6 STAMP=954461064 file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/szpri/example01.dbf
Finished Duplicate Db at 12-SEP-17
RMAN>
此步骤完成后，备库处于Mounted状态，将其打开：
SQL> select instance_name,status from v$instance;
INSTANCE_NAME STATUS
---------------- ------------
szpri MOUNTED
SQL> alter database open;
Database altered.
10、检查主备库状态
- 主库
SQL> select name,open_mode,protection_mode,database_role from v$database;
NAME OPEN_MODE PROTECTION_MODE DATABASE_ROLE
--------- -------------------- -------------------- ----------------
SZPRI READ WRITE MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE PRIMARY- 备库
SQL> select name,open_mode,protection_mode,database_role from v$database;
NAME OPEN_MODE PROTECTION_MODE DATABASE_ROLE
--------- -------------------- -------------------- ----------------
SZPRI READ ONLY MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE PHYSICAL STANDBY
11、启动MRP0进程应用日志
SQL> alter database recover managed standby database disconnect from session;
Database altered.
SQL> select process,group#,status from v$managed_standby;
PROCESS GROUP# STATUS
--------- ---------------------------------------- ------------
ARCH N/A CONNECTED
ARCH N/A CONNECTED
ARCH N/A CONNECTED
ARCH N/A CONNECTED
RFS N/A IDLE
RFS N/A IDLE
RFS N/A IDLE
RFS 1 IDLE
MRP0 N/A WAIT_FOR_LOG
9 rows selected.
12、验证主备数据同步
- 主库操作
SQL> create table test(id number , name varchar2(50));
Table created.
SQL> insert into test values(1,'Alen Liu');
1 row created.
SQL> commit；
Commit complete.
SQL> alter system switch logfile;
System altered.
SQL> /
System altered.- 备库查询
SQL> select *from test;
select *from test
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00942: table or view does not exist
SQL> /
ID NAME
---------- --------------------------------------------------
1 Alen Liu
13、创建主备库SPFile
分别在主库、备库执行下面命令即可创建SPFile，这样下次启动数据库就可以不指定PFile了。
SQL> create spfile from pfile='/home/oracle/initszpri.ora';
File created.
至此，Data Guard搭建物理Standby数据库完成，下面我们进行Standby Redo Log的建立，继续完善该Data Guard环境。