NDK的OpenGLes2.0 官方例子解析

提要

NDK自带了一个OpenGLes的例子,下面就一起来学习一下。

环境:Ubuntu14.04 NDK r10 ADT13.02 Android Native Development Tools 8.12

注:在ubuntu的adt需要手动安装Android Native Development Tools才能很好的支持NDK。

如果你对Java调用C/C++的代码还不了解,可以参考:JNI原理及实现  利用JNI进行对象操作

如果你对NDK还不了解,可以参考:Android的NDK开发(1)-不一样的HelloWorld

如果你对NDK下的OpenGL es 编程不了解,可以参考:Android的NDK开发(2)-基于NDK的OpenGL开发


加载项目

File -> Import -> Existing Android Code Into Workspace 

定位到ndk的目录,samples -> hello-gl2,加载就可以了。加载好之后目录的结构是像这样的:

NDK的OpenGLes2.0 官方例子解析_第1张图片


Java的代码主要aom.android.gl2jni目录下面,C++的代码主要就在jni目录,obj目录是ndk编译产生的一些文件,libs下面是ndk交叉编译出的各个版本cpu所使用的库版本。

运行结果非常简单,中间一个三角形,背景从白到黑不断变换。



代码分析

首先来看下java的代码

GL2JNILib.java

public class GL2JNILib {

     static {
         System.loadLibrary("gl2jni");
     }

    /**
     * @param width the current view width
     * @param height the current view height
     */
     public static native void init(int width, int height);
     public static native void step();
}

这个类作为Java和C++的桥,用System.loadLibrary()方法来加载C++的库,接着声明一些C++实现好的一些静态公有方法。算是一种小小的封装吧。


GL2JNIView.java

class GL2JNIView extends GLSurfaceView {
    private static String TAG = "GL2JNIView";
    private static final boolean DEBUG = false;

    public GL2JNIView(Context context) {
        super(context);
        init(false, 0, 0);
    }

    public GL2JNIView(Context context, boolean translucent, int depth, int stencil) {
        super(context);
        init(translucent, depth, stencil);
    }

    private void init(boolean translucent, int depth, int stencil) {

        /* By default, GLSurfaceView() creates a RGB_565 opaque surface.
         * If we want a translucent one, we should change the surface's
         * format here, using PixelFormat.TRANSLUCENT for GL Surfaces
         * is interpreted as any 32-bit surface with alpha by SurfaceFlinger.
         */
        if (translucent) {
            this.getHolder().setFormat(PixelFormat.TRANSLUCENT);
        }

        /* Setup the context factory for 2.0 rendering.
         * See ContextFactory class definition below
         */
        setEGLContextFactory(new ContextFactory());

        /* We need to choose an EGLConfig that matches the format of
         * our surface exactly. This is going to be done in our
         * custom config chooser. See ConfigChooser class definition
         * below.
         */
        setEGLConfigChooser( translucent ?
                             new ConfigChooser(8, 8, 8, 8, depth, stencil) :
                             new ConfigChooser(5, 6, 5, 0, depth, stencil) );

        /* Set the renderer responsible for frame rendering */
        setRenderer(new Renderer());
    }

    private static class ContextFactory implements GLSurfaceView.EGLContextFactory {
        private static int EGL_CONTEXT_CLIENT_VERSION = 0x3098;
        public EGLContext createContext(EGL10 egl, EGLDisplay display, EGLConfig eglConfig) {
            Log.w(TAG, "creating OpenGL ES 2.0 context");
            checkEglError("Before eglCreateContext", egl);
            int[] attrib_list = {EGL_CONTEXT_CLIENT_VERSION, 2, EGL10.EGL_NONE };
            EGLContext context = egl.eglCreateContext(display, eglConfig, EGL10.EGL_NO_CONTEXT, attrib_list);
            checkEglError("After eglCreateContext", egl);
            return context;
        }

        public void destroyContext(EGL10 egl, EGLDisplay display, EGLContext context) {
            egl.eglDestroyContext(display, context);
        }
    }

    private static void checkEglError(String prompt, EGL10 egl) {
        int error;
        while ((error = egl.eglGetError()) != EGL10.EGL_SUCCESS) {
            Log.e(TAG, String.format("%s: EGL error: 0x%x", prompt, error));
        }
    }

    private static class ConfigChooser implements GLSurfaceView.EGLConfigChooser {

        public ConfigChooser(int r, int g, int b, int a, int depth, int stencil) {
            mRedSize = r;
            mGreenSize = g;
            mBlueSize = b;
            mAlphaSize = a;
            mDepthSize = depth;
            mStencilSize = stencil;
        }

        /* This EGL config specification is used to specify 2.0 rendering.
         * We use a minimum size of 4 bits for red/green/blue, but will
         * perform actual matching in chooseConfig() below.
         */
        private static int EGL_OPENGL_ES2_BIT = 4;
        private static int[] s_configAttribs2 =
        {
            EGL10.EGL_RED_SIZE, 4,
            EGL10.EGL_GREEN_SIZE, 4,
            EGL10.EGL_BLUE_SIZE, 4,
            EGL10.EGL_RENDERABLE_TYPE, EGL_OPENGL_ES2_BIT,
            EGL10.EGL_NONE
        };

        public EGLConfig chooseConfig(EGL10 egl, EGLDisplay display) {

            /* Get the number of minimally matching EGL configurations
             */
            int[] num_config = new int[1];
            egl.eglChooseConfig(display, s_configAttribs2, null, 0, num_config);

            int numConfigs = num_config[0];

            if (numConfigs <= 0) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("No configs match configSpec");
            }

            /* Allocate then read the array of minimally matching EGL configs
             */
            EGLConfig[] configs = new EGLConfig[numConfigs];
            egl.eglChooseConfig(display, s_configAttribs2, configs, numConfigs, num_config);

            if (DEBUG) {
                 printConfigs(egl, display, configs);
            }
            /* Now return the "best" one
             */
            return chooseConfig(egl, display, configs);
        }

        public EGLConfig chooseConfig(EGL10 egl, EGLDisplay display,
                EGLConfig[] configs) {
            for(EGLConfig config : configs) {
                int d = findConfigAttrib(egl, display, config,
                        EGL10.EGL_DEPTH_SIZE, 0);
                int s = findConfigAttrib(egl, display, config,
                        EGL10.EGL_STENCIL_SIZE, 0);

                // We need at least mDepthSize and mStencilSize bits
                if (d < mDepthSize || s < mStencilSize)
                    continue;

                // We want an *exact* match for red/green/blue/alpha
                int r = findConfigAttrib(egl, display, config,
                        EGL10.EGL_RED_SIZE, 0);
                int g = findConfigAttrib(egl, display, config,
                            EGL10.EGL_GREEN_SIZE, 0);
                int b = findConfigAttrib(egl, display, config,
                            EGL10.EGL_BLUE_SIZE, 0);
                int a = findConfigAttrib(egl, display, config,
                        EGL10.EGL_ALPHA_SIZE, 0);

                if (r == mRedSize && g == mGreenSize && b == mBlueSize && a == mAlphaSize)
                    return config;
            }
            return null;
        }

        private int findConfigAttrib(EGL10 egl, EGLDisplay display,
                EGLConfig config, int attribute, int defaultValue) {

            if (egl.eglGetConfigAttrib(display, config, attribute, mValue)) {
                return mValue[0];
            }
            return defaultValue;
        }

        private void printConfigs(EGL10 egl, EGLDisplay display,
            EGLConfig[] configs) {
            int numConfigs = configs.length;
            Log.w(TAG, String.format("%d configurations", numConfigs));
            for (int i = 0; i < numConfigs; i++) {
                Log.w(TAG, String.format("Configuration %d:\n", i));
                printConfig(egl, display, configs[i]);
            }
        }

        private void printConfig(EGL10 egl, EGLDisplay display,
                EGLConfig config) {
            int[] attributes = {
                    EGL10.EGL_BUFFER_SIZE,
                    EGL10.EGL_ALPHA_SIZE,
                    EGL10.EGL_BLUE_SIZE,
                    EGL10.EGL_GREEN_SIZE,
                    EGL10.EGL_RED_SIZE,
                    EGL10.EGL_DEPTH_SIZE,
                    EGL10.EGL_STENCIL_SIZE,
                    EGL10.EGL_CONFIG_CAVEAT,
                    EGL10.EGL_CONFIG_ID,
                    EGL10.EGL_LEVEL,
                    EGL10.EGL_MAX_PBUFFER_HEIGHT,
                    EGL10.EGL_MAX_PBUFFER_PIXELS,
                    EGL10.EGL_MAX_PBUFFER_WIDTH,
                    EGL10.EGL_NATIVE_RENDERABLE,
                    EGL10.EGL_NATIVE_VISUAL_ID,
                    EGL10.EGL_NATIVE_VISUAL_TYPE,
                    0x3030, // EGL10.EGL_PRESERVED_RESOURCES,
                    EGL10.EGL_SAMPLES,
                    EGL10.EGL_SAMPLE_BUFFERS,
                    EGL10.EGL_SURFACE_TYPE,
                    EGL10.EGL_TRANSPARENT_TYPE,
                    EGL10.EGL_TRANSPARENT_RED_VALUE,
                    EGL10.EGL_TRANSPARENT_GREEN_VALUE,
                    EGL10.EGL_TRANSPARENT_BLUE_VALUE,
                    0x3039, // EGL10.EGL_BIND_TO_TEXTURE_RGB,
                    0x303A, // EGL10.EGL_BIND_TO_TEXTURE_RGBA,
                    0x303B, // EGL10.EGL_MIN_SWAP_INTERVAL,
                    0x303C, // EGL10.EGL_MAX_SWAP_INTERVAL,
                    EGL10.EGL_LUMINANCE_SIZE,
                    EGL10.EGL_ALPHA_MASK_SIZE,
                    EGL10.EGL_COLOR_BUFFER_TYPE,
                    EGL10.EGL_RENDERABLE_TYPE,
                    0x3042 // EGL10.EGL_CONFORMANT
            };
            String[] names = {
                    "EGL_BUFFER_SIZE",
                    "EGL_ALPHA_SIZE",
                    "EGL_BLUE_SIZE",
                    "EGL_GREEN_SIZE",
                    "EGL_RED_SIZE",
                    "EGL_DEPTH_SIZE",
                    "EGL_STENCIL_SIZE",
                    "EGL_CONFIG_CAVEAT",
                    "EGL_CONFIG_ID",
                    "EGL_LEVEL",
                    "EGL_MAX_PBUFFER_HEIGHT",
                    "EGL_MAX_PBUFFER_PIXELS",
                    "EGL_MAX_PBUFFER_WIDTH",
                    "EGL_NATIVE_RENDERABLE",
                    "EGL_NATIVE_VISUAL_ID",
                    "EGL_NATIVE_VISUAL_TYPE",
                    "EGL_PRESERVED_RESOURCES",
                    "EGL_SAMPLES",
                    "EGL_SAMPLE_BUFFERS",
                    "EGL_SURFACE_TYPE",
                    "EGL_TRANSPARENT_TYPE",
                    "EGL_TRANSPARENT_RED_VALUE",
                    "EGL_TRANSPARENT_GREEN_VALUE",
                    "EGL_TRANSPARENT_BLUE_VALUE",
                    "EGL_BIND_TO_TEXTURE_RGB",
                    "EGL_BIND_TO_TEXTURE_RGBA",
                    "EGL_MIN_SWAP_INTERVAL",
                    "EGL_MAX_SWAP_INTERVAL",
                    "EGL_LUMINANCE_SIZE",
                    "EGL_ALPHA_MASK_SIZE",
                    "EGL_COLOR_BUFFER_TYPE",
                    "EGL_RENDERABLE_TYPE",
                    "EGL_CONFORMANT"
            };
            int[] value = new int[1];
            for (int i = 0; i < attributes.length; i++) {
                int attribute = attributes[i];
                String name = names[i];
                if ( egl.eglGetConfigAttrib(display, config, attribute, value)) {
                    Log.w(TAG, String.format("  %s: %d\n", name, value[0]));
                } else {
                    // Log.w(TAG, String.format("  %s: failed\n", name));
                    while (egl.eglGetError() != EGL10.EGL_SUCCESS);
                }
            }
        }

        // Subclasses can adjust these values:
        protected int mRedSize;
        protected int mGreenSize;
        protected int mBlueSize;
        protected int mAlphaSize;
        protected int mDepthSize;
        protected int mStencilSize;
        private int[] mValue = new int[1];
    }

    private static class Renderer implements GLSurfaceView.Renderer {
        public void onDrawFrame(GL10 gl) {
            GL2JNILib.step();
        }

        public void onSurfaceChanged(GL10 gl, int width, int height) {
            GL2JNILib.init(width, height);
        }

        public void onSurfaceCreated(GL10 gl, EGLConfig config) {
            // Do nothing.
        }
    }
}

这个类自定义了一个SurfaceView,作为Activity的content,定义了一个Renderer用于渲染内容,分别实现了Render的onDrawFrame和onSurfaceChanged方法,这里就直接调用GL2JNILib的静态共有方法了。


还定义了两个类,一个ContextFactory,用与生成OpenGL的Context。

一个ConfigChooser,用于选定支持es 2.0 的EGLConfig。

感觉这几个类分开写一下会更清晰一些。


GL2JNIActivity.java

public class GL2JNIActivity extends Activity {

    GL2JNIView mView;

    @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle icicle) {
        super.onCreate(icicle);
        mView = new GL2JNIView(getApplication());
	setContentView(mView);
    }

    @Override protected void onPause() {
        super.onPause();
        mView.onPause();
    }

    @Override protected void onResume() {
        super.onResume();
        mView.onResume();
    }
}


这个类的定义了主要的Activity,只是简单的new了一个刚才定义好的GL2JNIView,然后设为content。


JNI方面,主要看gl_code.cpp就好了。

// OpenGL ES 2.0 code

#include 
#include 

#include 
#include 

#include 
#include 
#include 

#define  LOG_TAG    "libgl2jni"
#define  LOGI(...)  __android_log_print(ANDROID_LOG_INFO,LOG_TAG,__VA_ARGS__)
#define  LOGE(...)  __android_log_print(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR,LOG_TAG,__VA_ARGS__)

static void printGLString(const char *name, GLenum s) {
    const char *v = (const char *) glGetString(s);
    LOGI("GL %s = %s\n", name, v);
}

static void checkGlError(const char* op) {
    for (GLint error = glGetError(); error; error
            = glGetError()) {
        LOGI("after %s() glError (0x%x)\n", op, error);
    }
}

static const char gVertexShader[] = 
    "attribute vec4 vPosition;\n"
    "void main() {\n"
    "  gl_Position = vPosition;\n"
    "}\n";

static const char gFragmentShader[] = 
    "precision mediump float;\n"
    "void main() {\n"
    "  gl_FragColor = vec4(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0);\n"
    "}\n";

GLuint loadShader(GLenum shaderType, const char* pSource) {
    GLuint shader = glCreateShader(shaderType);
    if (shader) {
        glShaderSource(shader, 1, &pSource, NULL);
        glCompileShader(shader);
        GLint compiled = 0;
        glGetShaderiv(shader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &compiled);
        if (!compiled) {
            GLint infoLen = 0;
            glGetShaderiv(shader, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &infoLen);
            if (infoLen) {
                char* buf = (char*) malloc(infoLen);
                if (buf) {
                    glGetShaderInfoLog(shader, infoLen, NULL, buf);
                    LOGE("Could not compile shader %d:\n%s\n",
                            shaderType, buf);
                    free(buf);
                }
                glDeleteShader(shader);
                shader = 0;
            }
        }
    }
    return shader;
}

GLuint createProgram(const char* pVertexSource, const char* pFragmentSource) {
    GLuint vertexShader = loadShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, pVertexSource);
    if (!vertexShader) {
        return 0;
    }

    GLuint pixelShader = loadShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER, pFragmentSource);
    if (!pixelShader) {
        return 0;
    }

    GLuint program = glCreateProgram();
    if (program) {
        glAttachShader(program, vertexShader);
        checkGlError("glAttachShader");
        glAttachShader(program, pixelShader);
        checkGlError("glAttachShader");
        glLinkProgram(program);
        GLint linkStatus = GL_FALSE;
        glGetProgramiv(program, GL_LINK_STATUS, &linkStatus);
        if (linkStatus != GL_TRUE) {
            GLint bufLength = 0;
            glGetProgramiv(program, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &bufLength);
            if (bufLength) {
                char* buf = (char*) malloc(bufLength);
                if (buf) {
                    glGetProgramInfoLog(program, bufLength, NULL, buf);
                    LOGE("Could not link program:\n%s\n", buf);
                    free(buf);
                }
            }
            glDeleteProgram(program);
            program = 0;
        }
    }
    return program;
}

GLuint gProgram;
GLuint gvPositionHandle;

bool setupGraphics(int w, int h) {
    printGLString("Version", GL_VERSION);
    printGLString("Vendor", GL_VENDOR);
    printGLString("Renderer", GL_RENDERER);
    printGLString("Extensions", GL_EXTENSIONS);

    LOGI("setupGraphics(%d, %d)", w, h);
    gProgram = createProgram(gVertexShader, gFragmentShader);
    if (!gProgram) {
        LOGE("Could not create program.");
        return false;
    }
    gvPositionHandle = glGetAttribLocation(gProgram, "vPosition");
    checkGlError("glGetAttribLocation");
    LOGI("glGetAttribLocation(\"vPosition\") = %d\n",
            gvPositionHandle);

    glViewport(0, 0, w, h);
    checkGlError("glViewport");
    return true;
}

const GLfloat gTriangleVertices[] = { 0.0f, 0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,
        0.5f, -0.5f };

void renderFrame() {
    static float grey;
    grey += 0.01f;
    if (grey > 1.0f) {
        grey = 0.0f;
    }
    glClearColor(grey, grey, grey, 1.0f);
    checkGlError("glClearColor");
    glClear( GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT | GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
    checkGlError("glClear");

    glUseProgram(gProgram);
    checkGlError("glUseProgram");

    glVertexAttribPointer(gvPositionHandle, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, gTriangleVertices);
    checkGlError("glVertexAttribPointer");
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(gvPositionHandle);
    checkGlError("glEnableVertexAttribArray");
    glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3);
    checkGlError("glDrawArrays");
}

extern "C" {
    JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_com_android_gl2jni_GL2JNILib_init(JNIEnv * env, jobject obj,  jint width, jint height);
    JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_com_android_gl2jni_GL2JNILib_step(JNIEnv * env, jobject obj);
};

JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_com_android_gl2jni_GL2JNILib_init(JNIEnv * env, jobject obj,  jint width, jint height)
{
    setupGraphics(width, height);
}

JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_com_android_gl2jni_GL2JNILib_step(JNIEnv * env, jobject obj)
{
    renderFrame();
}


首先说几个C++的几个关键字的用法。


全局static变量与static函数

在全局变量之前加上关键字static,全局变量就被定义成为一个全局静态变量。
1)内存中的位置:静态存储区(静态存储区在整个程序运行期间都存在)
2)初始化:未经初始化的全局静态变量会被程序自动初始化为0(自动对象的值是任意的,除非他被显示初始化)
3)作用域:全局静态变量在声明他的文件之外是不可见的。准确地讲从定义之处开始到文件结尾。

好处:
定义全局静态变量的好处:
1)不会被其他文件所访问,修改
2)其他文件中可以使用相同名字的变量,不会发生冲突。

静态函数
在函数的返回类型前加上关键字static,函数就被定义成为静态函数。
函数的定义和声明默认情况下是extern的,但静态函数只是在声明他的文件当中可见,不能被其他文件所用。
定义静态函数的好处:
<1> 其他文件中可以定义相同名字的函数,不会发生冲突
<2> 静态函数不能被其他文件所用。


extern "C" 的用法

被extern "C"修饰的变量和函数是按照C语言方式编译和连接的;实现C++与C及其它语言的混合编程。

而在C语言的头文件中,对其外部函数只能指定为extern类型,C语言中不支持extern "C"声明,在.c文件中包含了extern "C"时会出现编译语法错误。

如果C++调用一个C语言编写的.DLL时,当包括.DLL的头文件或声明接口函数时,应加extern "C" { }。

在这里用 extern "C"框住两个函数,主要是让Jni来调用它们。


代码分析

首先是在c++代码中打tag的方法。

#include 

#define  LOG_TAG    "libgl2jni"
#define  LOGI(...)  __android_log_print(ANDROID_LOG_INFO,LOG_TAG,__VA_ARGS__)
#define  LOGE(...)  __android_log_print(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR,LOG_TAG,__VA_ARGS__)

static void printGLString(const char *name, GLenum s) {
    const char *v = (const char *) glGetString(s);
    LOGI("GL %s = %s\n", name, v);
}

首先先是包含头log.h文件,

接下来是将自带的log函数用用预定义的方法简化一下。

printGLString等于是又封装了一层,同时可以打印gl的信息。


checkGlError用于检查OpenGL内部发生的错误,OpenGL在运行过程中所产生的错误都可以用glGetError来获得。


vertext shader和fregment shader的内容还有三角形的顶点位置都用已经在程序中写死。如果想加载外部的shader的话,要么在ndk中实现文件的读写,要么就在用java读取,然后传到C里面来处理。


shader相关的流水线可以参考 - GLSL入门


setupGraphics用于shader的一些初始化,还有context的一些初始化。

renderframe非常简单,就是渲染三角形,改变背景颜色,不断刷新。


打完收工

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