【Linux 驱动】下编写和加载 .ko 文件（驱动模块文件）
一、.ko 文件介绍
.ko文件是kernel object文件（内核模块），该文件的意义就是把内核的一些功能移动到内核外边， 需要的时候插入内核，不需要时卸载。
二、优点
（1）这样可以缩小内核体积；
（2）使用方便。
三、.ko文件一般的用处
（1）作为一个功能模块，需要使用时，直接插入运行就行。如在imx6上连接模拟摄像头，先运行模拟摄像头对应的驱动模块 camera.ko文件，然后对应的工程执行文件运行就行。
四、使用.ko 文件
1、加载驱动模块test.ko
（1）方法一
进入test.ko驱动模块文件所在的目录，然后直接 insmod test.ko
（2）方法二
将test.ko文件拷贝到/lib/module/#uname-r#/目录下，这里，#uname -r#意思是，在终端中输入
uname -r后显示的内核版本及名称，例如mini2440中#uname-r#就是2.6.32.2-FriendlyARM。
然后 depmod（会在/lib/modules/#uname -r#/目录下生成modules.dep和modules.dep.bb文件，表明模块的依赖关系）
最后 modprobe test（注意这里无需输入.ko后缀） 即可
注：两种方法的区别
modprobe和insmod类似，都是用来动态加载驱动模块的，区别在于modprobe可以解决load module时的依赖关系，它是通过/lib/modules/#uname -r/modules.dep(.bb)文件来查找依赖关系的；而insmod不能解决依赖问题。也就是说，如果你确定你要加载的驱动模块不依赖其他驱动模块的话，既可以insmod也可以modprobe，当然insmod可以在任何目录下执行，更方便一些。而如果你要加载的驱动模块还依赖其他ko驱动模块的话，就只能将模块拷贝到上述的特定目录，depmod后再modprobe。
2、查看已加载的驱动模块列表
在任何目录下输入命令
//
lsmod
//
3、卸载驱动模块
在任何目录下， 输入命令
//
rmmod
//
注：“module_name”是lsmod显示的模块名称，而不是对应的ko文件名
//
五、编写生成.ko 文件
Linux下hello.ko内核模块制作的全过程
1. linux系统用的是Redflag 6.0 SP1 下载地址：ftp://ftp.redflag-linux.com/pub/redflag/dt6sp1/SP1/redflag-6-sp1.iso， 系统安装很容易，安提示做就好。
所用的内核源码目录树下载地址：ftp://ftp.redflag-linux.com/pub/redflag/dt6sp1/SP1/redflag-6-tool-sp1-src1.iso，将此iso文件挂载到/mnt下，安装其中的内核rpm包。
挂载方法：mount -t iso9660 redflag-6-tool-sp1-src1.iso /mnt/ -o loop
内核目录树安装方法：cd /mnt/RedFlag/SRMPS/
rpm -i kernel-2.6.23.1-4.src.rpm
3. 编写hello模块代码，源码如下：
hello.c
[cpp] view plain copy
#include
#include
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
static int hello_init(void)
{
printk(KERN_ALERT "Hello, world\n");
return 0;
}
static void hello_exit(void)
{
printk(KERN_ALERT "Goodbye, cruel world\n");
}
module_init(hello_init);
module_exit(hello_exit);
4. 编写hello模块的Makefile文件，Makefile内容如下：
Makefile
[plain] view plain copy
#Makefile 2.6
obj-m :=hello.o
KERNEL :=/usr/src/kernels/$(uname -r)/
PWD :=$(shell pwd)
modules :
$(MAKE) -C $(KERNEL) M=$(PWD) modules
.PHONEY:clean
clean :
rm -f *.o *.ko
5. 编译模块
在命令行进入hello.c所在的文件夹下执行make命令即可完成hello模块的编译。用ls命令可以查看到hello.ko文件，此文件就是我们自定义的内核模块。
6. 安装hello模块
命令行下执行命令：insmod hello.ko 。通过命令:cat /var/log/messages
可以看到下面这样的信息：“Aug 6 13:37:59 localhost kernel: Hello, world”，说明模块加载成功了。
7. 另外一种模块Makefile的编写方法
Makefile
[plain] view plain copy
# If KERNELRELEASE is defined, we've been invoked from the
# kernel build system and can use its language.
ifneq ($(KERNELRELEASE),)
obj-m := hello.o
# Otherwise we were called directly from the command
# line; invoke the kernel build system.
else
KERNELDIR ?= /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build
PWD := $(shell pwd)
default:
$(MAKE) -C $(KERNELDIR) M=$(PWD) modules
endif
7. 卸载hello模块
命令行下执行命令：rmmod hello.ko即可。通过命令：cat /var/log/messages.
可以看到下面这样的信息：“Aug 6 13:40:36 localhost kernel: Goodbye, cruel world”，说明模块卸载成功。
8. 查看模块信息
命令行下执行命令：modinfo hello
二 Debian 6下制作hello内核模块的过程
1. 软件
Debian 6.02
linux-2.6.32.10.tar.bz2
2. 解压内核源码到一个目录下， 我解压到/home/kernel/下来
3. 查询安装内核头文件
[plain] view plain copy
aptitude search linux-headers-2.6.32*
aptitude install linux-headers-2.6.32-5-686
注意：2.6.32-5-686来自命令uname -r的结果
上面这个命令比较麻烦，还可以选择下面的命令实现同样的目的
[plain] view plain copy
apt-get install linux-headers-`uname -r`
注意这个命令里使用的不是单引号，而是反单引号，位于键盘的左上角， 一般和数字1是邻居。
4. 写个Hello模块测试
5. FAQ
[plain] view plain copy
cd /home/kernel/linux-2.6.32.10
make oldconfig && make prepare
is missing; modules will have no dependencies and modversions.
[plain] view plain copy
cd /home/kernel/linux-2.6.32.10
make modules
[参考内容]
The Module.symvers is (re)generated when you (re)compile modules. Run make modules, and you should get a Module.symvers file at the root of the kernel tree.
Note that if you only ran make and not make modules, you haven't built any modules yet. The symbols from the kernel itself (vmlinux or one of the architecture-dependent image formats) are in System.map.
经测试问题得到很好的解决， make modules要花费好长编译时间段。
[问题] type defaults to "int' in declaration of module_init
[解答] module_init(hello_init);这句中某个字符弄成汉字编码导致的
[问题] XP与虚拟机里的debian通信我用俩办法一个samba传输数据,一个是ssh传输命令
[解答] 启动sshd服务的命令: /etc/init.d/ssh start
参考：http://bbs.chinaunix.net/thread-3570849-1-1.html
6. hello驱动涉及到linux驱动模型的方方面面
hello.h代码文件
[cpp] view plain copy
#ifndef _HELLO_ANDROID_H
#define _HELLO_ANDROID_H
#include
#include
#define HELLO_DEVICE_NODE_NAME "hello"
#define HELLO_DEVICE_FILE_NAME "hello"
#define HELLO_DEVICE_PROC_NAME "hello"
#define HELLO_DEVICE_CLASS_NAME "hello"
struct hello_android_dev {
int val;
struct semaphore sem;
struct cdev dev;
};
#define init_MUTEX(sem) sema_init(sem, 1)
#endif
hello.c代码文件
[cpp] view plain copy
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include "hello.h"
static int hello_major = 0;
static int hello_minor = 0;
static struct class *hello_class = NULL;
static struct hello_android_dev *hello_dev = NULL;
static int hello_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp);
static int hello_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp);
static ssize_t hello_read(struct file *filp, char __user *buf, size_t count, loff_t *f_pos);
static ssize_t hello_write(struct file *filp, const char __user *buf, size_t count, loff_t *f_pos);
static struct file_operations hello_fops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.open = hello_open,
.release = hello_release,
.read = hello_read,
.write = hello_write,
};
static ssize_t hello_val_show(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf);
static ssize_t hello_val_store(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr, const char *buf, size_t count);
static DEVICE_ATTR(val, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR, hello_val_show, hello_val_store);
static int hello_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
{
struct hello_android_dev *dev;
printk(KERN_ALERT"hello_open 1\n");
dev = container_of(inode->i_cdev, struct hello_android_dev, dev);
printk(KERN_ALERT"hello_open 2\n");
dev = container_of(inode->i_cdev, struct hello_android_dev, dev);
printk(KERN_ALERT"hello_open 3\n");
filp->private_data = dev;
printk(KERN_ALERT"hello_open 4\n");
return 0;
}
static int hello_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
{
return 0;
}
static ssize_t hello_read(struct file *filp, char __user *buf, size_t count, loff_t *f_pos)
{
ssize_t err = 0;
struct hello_android_dev *dev = filp->private_data;
if (down_interruptible(&(dev->sem))) {
return -ERESTARTSYS;
}
if (count < sizeof(dev->val)) {
goto out;
}
printk(KERN_ALERT"hello_read\n");
if (copy_to_user(buf, &(dev->val), sizeof(dev->val))) {
err = -EFAULT;
goto out;
}
err = sizeof(dev->val);
out:
up(&(dev->sem));
return err;
}
static ssize_t hello_write(struct file *filp, const char __user *buf, size_t count, loff_t *f_pos)
{
struct hello_android_dev *dev = filp->private_data;
ssize_t err = 0;
if (down_interruptible(&(dev->sem))) {
return -ERESTARTSYS;
}
if (count != sizeof(dev->val)) {
goto out;
}
if (copy_from_user(&(dev->val), buf, count)) {
err = -EFAULT;
goto out;
}
err = sizeof(dev->val);
out:
up(&(dev->sem));
return err;
}
/*
* dev fs operations
*/
static ssize_t __hello_get_val(struct hello_android_dev *dev, char *buf)
{
int val = 0;
if (down_interruptible(&(dev->sem))) {
return -ERESTARTSYS;
}
val = dev->val;
up(&(dev->sem));
return snprintf(buf, PAGE_SIZE, "%d\n", val);
}
static ssize_t __hello_set_val(struct hello_android_dev *dev, const char *buf, size_t count)
{
int val = 0;
val = simple_strtol(buf, NULL, 10);
if (down_interruptible(&(dev->sem))) {
return -ERESTARTSYS;
}
dev->val = val;
up(&(dev->sem));
return count;
}
static ssize_t hello_val_show(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
{
struct hello_android_dev *hdev = (struct hello_android_dev *)dev_get_drvdata(dev);
return __hello_get_val(hdev, buf);
}
static ssize_t hello_val_store(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr, const char *buf, size_t count)
{
struct hello_android_dev *hdev = (struct hello_android_dev *)dev_get_drvdata(dev);
return __hello_set_val(hdev, buf, count);
}
/*
* proc fs operations
*/
static ssize_t hello_proc_read(char *page, char **start, off_t off, int count, int *eof, void *data)
{
if (off > 0) {
*eof = 1;
return 0;
}
return __hello_get_val(hello_dev, page);
}
static ssize_t hello_proc_write(struct file *filp, const char __user *buf, unsigned long len, void *data)
{
int err = 0;
char *page = NULL;
if (len > PAGE_SIZE) {
printk(KERN_ALERT"The buff is too large: %lu.\n", len);
return -EFAULT;
}
page = (char *)__get_free_page(GFP_KERNEL);
if (!page) {
printk(KERN_ALERT"Failed to alloc page.\n");
return -ENOMEM;
}
if (copy_from_user(page, buf, len)) {
printk(KERN_ALERT"Failed to copy buff from user.\n");
err = -EFAULT;
goto out;
}
err = __hello_set_val(hello_dev, page, len);
out:
free_page((unsigned long)page);
return err;
}
/*
* /proc/hello
*/
static void hello_create_proc(void)
{
struct proc_dir_entry *entry;
entry = create_proc_entry(HELLO_DEVICE_PROC_NAME, 0, NULL);
if (entry) {
/* entry->owner = THIS_MODULE;*/
entry->read_proc = hello_proc_read;
entry->write_proc = hello_proc_write;
}
}
static void hello_remove_proc(void)
{
remove_proc_entry(HELLO_DEVICE_PROC_NAME, NULL);
}
static int __hello_setup_dev(struct hello_android_dev *dev)
{
int err;
dev_t devno = MKDEV(hello_major, hello_major);
memset(dev, 0, sizeof(struct hello_android_dev));
cdev_init(&(dev->dev), &hello_fops);
dev->dev.owner = THIS_MODULE;
dev->dev.ops = &hello_fops;
err = cdev_add(&(dev->dev), devno, 1);
if (err) {
return err;
}
init_MUTEX(&(dev->sem));
dev->val = 0;
return 0;
}
static int __init hello_init(void)
{
int err = -1;
dev_t dev = 0;
struct device *temp = NULL;
printk(KERN_ALERT"Initializing hello device.\n");
err = alloc_chrdev_region(&dev, 0, 1, HELLO_DEVICE_NODE_NAME);
if (err < 0) {
printk(KERN_ALERT"Failed to alloc char dev region.\n");
goto fail;
}
hello_major = MAJOR(dev);
hello_minor = MINOR(dev);
hello_dev = kmalloc(sizeof(struct hello_android_dev), GFP_KERNEL);
if (!hello_dev) {
err = -ENOMEM;
printk(KERN_ALERT"Failed to alloc hello_dev.\n");
goto unregister;
}
err = __hello_setup_dev(hello_dev);
if (err) {
printk(KERN_ALERT"Failed to setup dev: %d.\n", err);
goto cleanup;
}
hello_class = class_create(THIS_MODULE, HELLO_DEVICE_CLASS_NAME);
if (IS_ERR(hello_class)) {
err = PTR_ERR(hello_class);
printk(KERN_ALERT"Failed to create hello class.\n");
goto destroy_cdev;
}
/*
* create /dev/hello
* create /sys/class/hello/hello
*/
temp = device_create(hello_class, NULL, dev, "%s", HELLO_DEVICE_FILE_NAME);
if (IS_ERR(hello_class)) {
err = PTR_ERR(hello_class);
printk(KERN_ALERT"Failed to create hello device.\n");
goto destroy_class;
}
/*
* create /sys/class/hello/hello/val
*/
err = device_create_file(temp, &dev_attr_val);
if (err < 0) {
printk(KERN_ALERT"Failed to create attribute val.\n");
goto destroy_device;
}
dev_set_drvdata(temp, hello_dev);
/*
* create /proc/hello
*/
hello_create_proc();
printk(KERN_ALERT"Succedded to initialize hello device.\n");
return 0;
destroy_device:
device_destroy(hello_class, dev);
destroy_class:
class_destroy(hello_class);
destroy_cdev:
cdev_del(&(hello_dev->dev));
cleanup:
kfree(hello_dev);
unregister:
unregister_chrdev_region(MKDEV(hello_major, hello_minor), 1);
fail:
return err;
}
static void __exit hello_exit(void)
{
dev_t devno = MKDEV(hello_major, hello_minor);
printk(KERN_ALERT"Remove hello device.\n");
/*
* remove /proc/hello
*/
hello_remove_proc();
/*
* destroy device and class
*/
if (hello_class) {
device_destroy(hello_class, MKDEV(hello_major, hello_minor));
class_destroy(hello_class);
}
/*
* delete cdev and free malloced mem
*/
if (hello_dev) {
cdev_del(&(hello_dev->dev));
kfree(hello_dev);
}
/*
* free device ID
*/
unregister_chrdev_region(devno, 1);
}
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
MODULE_DESCRIPTION("First Android Driver /dev/hello");
module_init(hello_init);
module_exit(hello_exit);
[问题] Can't find default configuration "arch/x86/configs/
[解答] 默认编译 x86 配置的config
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 39af85f..f7bcdad 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ SUBARCH := $(shell uname -m | sed -e s/i.86/x86/ -e s/x86_64/x86/ \
# "make" in the configured kernel build directory always uses that.
# Default value for CROSS_COMPILE is not to prefix executables
# Note: Some architectures assign CROSS_COMPILE in their arch/*/Makefile
-ARCH ?= i$(SUBARCH)
+ARCH ?= mips
CROSS_COMPILE ?= $(CONFIG_CROSS_COMPILE:"%"=%)
---------------------
作者：然心向往之
来源：CSDN
原文：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_38880380/article/details/79227760
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