python库之turtle库例子

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一、简单例子

1.太阳花

import turtle
import time

turtle.speed(10)
#同时设置pencolor=color1, fillcolor=color2
turtle.color("red", "yellow")
 
turtle.begin_fill()
for _ in range(50):
    turtle.forward(200)
    turtle.left(170)
turtle.end_fill()
turtle.done()

2.螺旋方阵

import turtle
turtle.color('red', 'yellow')
turtle.speed("fastest")
turtle.begin_fill()
for x in range(100):
     turtle.forward(2*x)
     turtle.left(90)
turtle.end_fill()
turtle.done()

3.彩色螺旋

import turtle
turtle.speed("fastest")
turtle.pensize(2)
turtle.bgcolor("black")
colors=["red","blue","yellow","purple"]
for x in range(300):
    turtle.color(colors[x%4])
    turtle.forward(2*x)
    turtle.left(91)
turtle.done()

import turtle
turtle.speed("fastest")
turtle.pensize(2)
turtle.bgcolor("black")
turtle.color("red")
for x in range(200):
    turtle.forward(x)
    turtle.left(61)
turtle.done()

要是想超快的绘制，把turtle.speed("fastest")换成turtle.tracer(0)，打开直接就是结果。

4.七段数码管

import turtle,time
def drawLine(draw):
    turtle.pendown() if draw else turtle.penup()
    turtle.fd(40)
    turtle.right(90)
def drawDight(dight): #根据数字绘制七段数码管
    drawLine(True) if dight in [2,3,4,5,6,8,9] else drawLine(False)
    drawLine(True) if dight in [0,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9] else drawLine(False)
    drawLine(True) if dight in [0,2,3,5,6,8,9] else drawLine(False)
    drawLine(True) if dight in [0,2,6,8] else drawLine(False)
    turtle.left(90)
    drawLine(True) if dight in [0,4,5,6,8,9] else drawLine(False)
    drawLine(True) if dight in [0,2,3,5,6,7,8,9] else drawLine(False)
    drawLine(True) if dight in [0,1,2,3,4,7,8,9] else drawLine(False)
    turtle.left(180)
    turtle.penup() #为绘制后续数字确定位置
    turtle.fd(20)  #为绘制后续数字确定位置
def drawDate(date):
    turtle.pencolor("red")
    for i in date:
        if i=='-':
            turtle.write('年',font=("Arial",18,"normal"))
            turtle.pencolor("green")
            turtle.fd(40)
        elif i=='=':
            turtle.write('月',font=("Arial",18,"normal"))
            turtle.pencolor("blue")
            turtle.fd(40)
        elif i=='+':
            turtle.write('日',font=("Arial",18,"normal"))
        else:
            drawDight(eval(i))
def main():
    turtle.speed(10)
    turtle.setup(800,350,200,200)
    turtle.penup()
    turtle.fd(-300)
    turtle.pensize(5)
    drawDate(time.strftime('%Y-%m=%d+',time.gmtime()))
    turtle.hideturtle()
    turtle.done()
main()

二、官方例子

1.打开方法

turtledemo 包汇集了一组演示脚本。在cmd命令行中打入

python -m turtledemo

2.bytedesign

from turtle import Turtle, mainloop
from time import perf_counter as clock

# wrapper for any additional drawing routines
# that need to know about each other
class Designer(Turtle):

    def design(self, homePos, scale):
        self.up()
        for i in range(5):
            self.forward(64.65 * scale)
            self.down()
            self.wheel(self.position(), scale)
            self.up()
            self.backward(64.65 * scale)
            self.right(72)
        self.up()
        self.goto(homePos)
        self.right(36)
        self.forward(24.5 * scale)
        self.right(198)
        self.down()
        self.centerpiece(46 * scale, 143.4, scale)
        self.getscreen().tracer(True)

    def wheel(self, initpos, scale):
        self.right(54)
        for i in range(4):
            self.pentpiece(initpos, scale)
        self.down()
        self.left(36)
        for i in range(5):
            self.tripiece(initpos, scale)
        self.left(36)
        for i in range(5):
            self.down()
            self.right(72)
            self.forward(28 * scale)
            self.up()
            self.backward(28 * scale)
        self.left(54)
        self.getscreen().update()

    def tripiece(self, initpos, scale):
        oldh = self.heading()
        self.down()
        self.backward(2.5 * scale)
        self.tripolyr(31.5 * scale, scale)
        self.up()
        self.goto(initpos)
        self.setheading(oldh)
        self.down()
        self.backward(2.5 * scale)
        self.tripolyl(31.5 * scale, scale)
        self.up()
        self.goto(initpos)
        self.setheading(oldh)
        self.left(72)
        self.getscreen().update()

    def pentpiece(self, initpos, scale):
        oldh = self.heading()
        self.up()
        self.forward(29 * scale)
        self.down()
        for i in range(5):
            self.forward(18 * scale)
            self.right(72)
        self.pentr(18 * scale, 75, scale)
        self.up()
        self.goto(initpos)
        self.setheading(oldh)
        self.forward(29 * scale)
        self.down()
        for i in range(5):
            self.forward(18 * scale)
            self.right(72)
        self.pentl(18 * scale, 75, scale)
        self.up()
        self.goto(initpos)
        self.setheading(oldh)
        self.left(72)
        self.getscreen().update()

    def pentl(self, side, ang, scale):
        if side < (2 * scale): return
        self.forward(side)
        self.left(ang)
        self.pentl(side - (.38 * scale), ang, scale)

    def pentr(self, side, ang, scale):
        if side < (2 * scale): return
        self.forward(side)
        self.right(ang)
        self.pentr(side - (.38 * scale), ang, scale)

    def tripolyr(self, side, scale):
        if side < (4 * scale): return
        self.forward(side)
        self.right(111)
        self.forward(side / 1.78)
        self.right(111)
        self.forward(side / 1.3)
        self.right(146)
        self.tripolyr(side * .75, scale)

    def tripolyl(self, side, scale):
        if side < (4 * scale): return
        self.forward(side)
        self.left(111)
        self.forward(side / 1.78)
        self.left(111)
        self.forward(side / 1.3)
        self.left(146)
        self.tripolyl(side * .75, scale)

    def centerpiece(self, s, a, scale):
        self.forward(s); self.left(a)
        if s < (7.5 * scale):
            return
        self.centerpiece(s - (1.2 * scale), a, scale)

def main():
    t = Designer()
    t.speed(0)
    t.hideturtle()
    t.getscreen().delay(0)
    t.getscreen().tracer(0)
    at = clock()
    t.design(t.position(), 2)
    et = clock()
    return "runtime: %.2f sec." % (et-at)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    msg = main()
    print(msg)
    mainloop()

3.chaos

from turtle import *

N = 80

def f(x):
    return 3.9*x*(1-x)

def g(x):
    return 3.9*(x-x**2)

def h(x):
    return 3.9*x-3.9*x*x

def jumpto(x, y):
    penup(); goto(x,y)

def line(x1, y1, x2, y2):
    jumpto(x1, y1)
    pendown()
    goto(x2, y2)

def coosys():
    line(-1, 0, N+1, 0)
    line(0, -0.1, 0, 1.1)

def plot(fun, start, color):
    pencolor(color)
    x = start
    jumpto(0, x)
    pendown()
    dot(5)
    for i in range(N):
        x=fun(x)
        goto(i+1,x)
        dot(5)

def main():
    reset()
    setworldcoordinates(-1.0,-0.1, N+1, 1.1)
    speed(0)
    hideturtle()
    coosys()
    plot(f, 0.35, "blue")
    plot(g, 0.35, "green")
    plot(h, 0.35, "red")
    # Now zoom in:
    for s in range(100):
        setworldcoordinates(0.5*s,-0.1, N+1, 1.1)
    return "Done!"

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
    mainloop()

4.clock

from turtle import *
from datetime import datetime

def jump(distanz, winkel=0):
    penup()
    right(winkel)
    forward(distanz)
    left(winkel)
    pendown()

def hand(laenge, spitze):
    fd(laenge*1.15)
    rt(90)
    fd(spitze/2.0)
    lt(120)
    fd(spitze)
    lt(120)
    fd(spitze)
    lt(120)
    fd(spitze/2.0)

def make_hand_shape(name, laenge, spitze):
    reset()
    jump(-laenge*0.15)
    begin_poly()
    hand(laenge, spitze)
    end_poly()
    hand_form = get_poly()
    register_shape(name, hand_form)

def clockface(radius):
    reset()
    pensize(7)
    for i in range(60):
        jump(radius)
        if i % 5 == 0:
            fd(25)
            jump(-radius-25)
        else:
            dot(3)
            jump(-radius)
        rt(6)

def setup():
    global second_hand, minute_hand, hour_hand, writer
    mode("logo")
    make_hand_shape("second_hand", 125, 25)
    make_hand_shape("minute_hand",  130, 25)
    make_hand_shape("hour_hand", 90, 25)
    clockface(160)
    second_hand = Turtle()
    second_hand.shape("second_hand")
    second_hand.color("gray20", "gray80")
    minute_hand = Turtle()
    minute_hand.shape("minute_hand")
    minute_hand.color("blue1", "red1")
    hour_hand = Turtle()
    hour_hand.shape("hour_hand")
    hour_hand.color("blue3", "red3")
    for hand in second_hand, minute_hand, hour_hand:
        hand.resizemode("user")
        hand.shapesize(1, 1, 3)
        hand.speed(0)
    ht()
    writer = Turtle()
    #writer.mode("logo")
    writer.ht()
    writer.pu()
    writer.bk(85)

def wochentag(t):
    wochentag = ["Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday",
        "Thursday", "Friday", "Saturday", "Sunday"]
    return wochentag[t.weekday()]

def datum(z):
    monat = ["Jan.", "Feb.", "Mar.", "Apr.", "May", "June",
             "July", "Aug.", "Sep.", "Oct.", "Nov.", "Dec."]
    j = z.year
    m = monat[z.month - 1]
    t = z.day
    return "%s %d %d" % (m, t, j)

def tick():
    t = datetime.today()
    sekunde = t.second + t.microsecond*0.000001
    minute = t.minute + sekunde/60.0
    stunde = t.hour + minute/60.0
    try:
        tracer(False)  # Terminator can occur here
        writer.clear()
        writer.home()
        writer.forward(65)
        writer.write(wochentag(t),
                     align="center", font=("Courier", 14, "bold"))
        writer.back(150)
        writer.write(datum(t),
                     align="center", font=("Courier", 14, "bold"))
        writer.forward(85)
        tracer(True)
        second_hand.setheading(6*sekunde)  # or here
        minute_hand.setheading(6*minute)
        hour_hand.setheading(30*stunde)
        tracer(True)
        ontimer(tick, 100)
    except Terminator:
        pass  # turtledemo user pressed STOP

def main():
    tracer(False)
    setup()
    tracer(True)
    tick()
    return "EVENTLOOP"

if __name__ == "__main__":
    mode("logo")
    msg = main()
    print(msg)
    mainloop()

5.colormixer

from turtle import Screen, Turtle, mainloop

class ColorTurtle(Turtle):

    def __init__(self, x, y):
        Turtle.__init__(self)
        self.shape("turtle")
        self.resizemode("user")
        self.shapesize(3,3,5)
        self.pensize(10)
        self._color = [0,0,0]
        self.x = x
        self._color[x] = y
        self.color(self._color)
        self.speed(0)
        self.left(90)
        self.pu()
        self.goto(x,0)
        self.pd()
        self.sety(1)
        self.pu()
        self.sety(y)
        self.pencolor("gray25")
        self.ondrag(self.shift)

    def shift(self, x, y):
        self.sety(max(0,min(y,1)))
        self._color[self.x] = self.ycor()
        self.fillcolor(self._color)
        setbgcolor()

def setbgcolor():
    screen.bgcolor(red.ycor(), green.ycor(), blue.ycor())

def main():
    global screen, red, green, blue
    screen = Screen()
    screen.delay(0)
    screen.setworldcoordinates(-1, -0.3, 3, 1.3)

    red = ColorTurtle(0, .5)
    green = ColorTurtle(1, .5)
    blue = ColorTurtle(2, .5)
    setbgcolor()

    writer = Turtle()
    writer.ht()
    writer.pu()
    writer.goto(1,1.15)
    writer.write("DRAG!",align="center",font=("Arial",30,("bold","italic")))
    return "EVENTLOOP"

if __name__ == "__main__":
    msg = main()
    print(msg)
    mainloop()

6.forest

from turtle import Turtle, colormode, tracer, mainloop
from random import randrange
from time import perf_counter as clock

def symRandom(n):
    return randrange(-n,n+1)

def randomize( branchlist, angledist, sizedist ):
    return [ (angle+symRandom(angledist),
              sizefactor*1.01**symRandom(sizedist))
                     for angle, sizefactor in branchlist ]

def randomfd( t, distance, parts, angledist ):
    for i in range(parts):
        t.left(symRandom(angledist))
        t.forward( (1.0 * distance)/parts )

def tree(tlist, size, level, widthfactor, branchlists, angledist=10, sizedist=5):
    # benutzt Liste von turtles und Liste von Zweiglisten,
    # fuer jede turtle eine!
    if level > 0:
        lst = []
        brs = []
        for t, branchlist in list(zip(tlist,branchlists)):
            t.pensize( size * widthfactor )
            t.pencolor( 255 - (180 - 11 * level + symRandom(15)),
                        180 - 11 * level + symRandom(15),
                        0 )
            t.pendown()
            randomfd(t, size, level, angledist )
            yield 1
            for angle, sizefactor in branchlist:
                t.left(angle)
                lst.append(t.clone())
                brs.append(randomize(branchlist, angledist, sizedist))
                t.right(angle)
        for x in tree(lst, size*sizefactor, level-1, widthfactor, brs,
                      angledist, sizedist):
            yield None


def start(t,x,y):
    colormode(255)
    t.reset()
    t.speed(0)
    t.hideturtle()
    t.left(90)
    t.penup()
    t.setpos(x,y)
    t.pendown()

def doit1(level, pen):
    pen.hideturtle()
    start(pen, 20, -208)
    t = tree( [pen], 80, level, 0.1, [[ (45,0.69), (0,0.65), (-45,0.71) ]] )
    return t

def doit2(level, pen):
    pen.hideturtle()
    start(pen, -135, -130)
    t = tree( [pen], 120, level, 0.1, [[ (45,0.69), (-45,0.71) ]] )
    return t

def doit3(level, pen):
    pen.hideturtle()
    start(pen, 190, -90)
    t = tree( [pen], 100, level, 0.1, [[ (45,0.7), (0,0.72), (-45,0.65) ]] )
    return t

# Hier 3 Baumgeneratoren:
def main():
    p = Turtle()
    p.ht()
    tracer(75,0)
    u = doit1(6, Turtle(undobuffersize=1))
    s = doit2(7, Turtle(undobuffersize=1))
    t = doit3(5, Turtle(undobuffersize=1))
    a = clock()
    while True:
        done = 0
        for b in u,s,t:
            try:
                b.__next__()
            except:
                done += 1
        if done == 3:
            break

    tracer(1,10)
    b = clock()
    return "runtime: %.2f sec." % (b-a)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()
    mainloop()

7.fractalcurves

from turtle import *
from time import sleep, perf_counter as clock

class CurvesTurtle(Pen):
    # example derived from
    # Turtle Geometry: The Computer as a Medium for Exploring Mathematics
    # by Harold Abelson and Andrea diSessa
    # p. 96-98
    def hilbert(self, size, level, parity):
        if level == 0:
            return
        # rotate and draw first subcurve with opposite parity to big curve
        self.left(parity * 90)
        self.hilbert(size, level - 1, -parity)
        # interface to and draw second subcurve with same parity as big curve
        self.forward(size)
        self.right(parity * 90)
        self.hilbert(size, level - 1, parity)
        # third subcurve
        self.forward(size)
        self.hilbert(size, level - 1, parity)
        # fourth subcurve
        self.right(parity * 90)
        self.forward(size)
        self.hilbert(size, level - 1, -parity)
        # a final turn is needed to make the turtle
        # end up facing outward from the large square
        self.left(parity * 90)

    # Visual Modeling with Logo: A Structural Approach to Seeing
    # by James Clayson
    # Koch curve, after Helge von Koch who introduced this geometric figure in 1904
    # p. 146
    def fractalgon(self, n, rad, lev, dir):
        import math

        # if dir = 1 turn outward
        # if dir = -1 turn inward
        edge = 2 * rad * math.sin(math.pi / n)
        self.pu()
        self.fd(rad)
        self.pd()
        self.rt(180 - (90 * (n - 2) / n))
        for i in range(n):
            self.fractal(edge, lev, dir)
            self.rt(360 / n)
        self.lt(180 - (90 * (n - 2) / n))
        self.pu()
        self.bk(rad)
        self.pd()

    # p. 146
    def fractal(self, dist, depth, dir):
        if depth < 1:
            self.fd(dist)
            return
        self.fractal(dist / 3, depth - 1, dir)
        self.lt(60 * dir)
        self.fractal(dist / 3, depth - 1, dir)
        self.rt(120 * dir)
        self.fractal(dist / 3, depth - 1, dir)
        self.lt(60 * dir)
        self.fractal(dist / 3, depth - 1, dir)

def main():
    ft = CurvesTurtle()

    ft.reset()
    ft.speed(0)
    ft.ht()
    ft.getscreen().tracer(1,0)
    ft.pu()

    size = 6
    ft.setpos(-33*size, -32*size)
    ft.pd()

    ta=clock()
    ft.fillcolor("red")
    ft.begin_fill()
    ft.fd(size)

    ft.hilbert(size, 6, 1)

    # frame
    ft.fd(size)
    for i in range(3):
        ft.lt(90)
        ft.fd(size*(64+i%2))
    ft.pu()
    for i in range(2):
        ft.fd(size)
        ft.rt(90)
    ft.pd()
    for i in range(4):
        ft.fd(size*(66+i%2))
        ft.rt(90)
    ft.end_fill()
    tb=clock()
    res =  "Hilbert: %.2fsec. " % (tb-ta)

    sleep(3)

    ft.reset()
    ft.speed(0)
    ft.ht()
    ft.getscreen().tracer(1,0)

    ta=clock()
    ft.color("black", "blue")
    ft.begin_fill()
    ft.fractalgon(3, 250, 4, 1)
    ft.end_fill()
    ft.begin_fill()
    ft.color("red")
    ft.fractalgon(3, 200, 4, -1)
    ft.end_fill()
    tb=clock()
    res +=  "Koch: %.2fsec." % (tb-ta)
    return res

if __name__  == '__main__':
    msg = main()
    print(msg)
    mainloop()

9.lindenmayer

from turtle import *

def replace( seq, replacementRules, n ):
    for i in range(n):
        newseq = ""
        for element in seq:
            newseq = newseq + replacementRules.get(element,element)
        seq = newseq
    return seq

def draw( commands, rules ):
    for b in commands:
        try:
            rules[b]()
        except TypeError:
            try:
                draw(rules[b], rules)
            except:
                pass


def main():
    ################################
    # Example 1: Snake kolam
    ################################


    def r():
        right(45)

    def l():
        left(45)

    def f():
        forward(7.5)

    snake_rules = {"-":r, "+":l, "f":f, "b":"f+f+f--f--f+f+f"}
    snake_replacementRules = {"b": "b+f+b--f--b+f+b"}
    snake_start = "b--f--b--f"

    drawing = replace(snake_start, snake_replacementRules, 3)

    reset()
    speed(3)
    tracer(1,0)
    ht()
    up()
    backward(195)
    down()
    draw(drawing, snake_rules)

    from time import sleep
    sleep(3)

    ################################
    # Example 2: Anklets of Krishna
    ################################

    def A():
        color("red")
        circle(10,90)

    def B():
        from math import sqrt
        color("black")
        l = 5/sqrt(2)
        forward(l)
        circle(l, 270)
        forward(l)

    def F():
        color("green")
        forward(10)

    krishna_rules = {"a":A, "b":B, "f":F}
    krishna_replacementRules = {"a" : "afbfa", "b" : "afbfbfbfa" }
    krishna_start = "fbfbfbfb"

    reset()
    speed(0)
    tracer(3,0)
    ht()
    left(45)
    drawing = replace(krishna_start, krishna_replacementRules, 3)
    draw(drawing, krishna_rules)
    tracer(1)
    return "Done!"

if __name__=='__main__':
    msg = main()
    print(msg)
    mainloop()

10.minimal_hanoi

from turtle import *

class Disc(Turtle):
    def __init__(self, n):
        Turtle.__init__(self, shape="square", visible=False)
        self.pu()
        self.shapesize(1.5, n*1.5, 2) # square-->rectangle
        self.fillcolor(n/6., 0, 1-n/6.)
        self.st()

class Tower(list):
    "Hanoi tower, a subclass of built-in type list"
    def __init__(self, x):
        "create an empty tower. x is x-position of peg"
        self.x = x
    def push(self, d):
        d.setx(self.x)
        d.sety(-150+34*len(self))
        self.append(d)
    def pop(self):
        d = list.pop(self)
        d.sety(150)
        return d

def hanoi(n, from_, with_, to_):
    if n > 0:
        hanoi(n-1, from_, to_, with_)
        to_.push(from_.pop())
        hanoi(n-1, with_, from_, to_)

def play():
    onkey(None,"space")
    clear()
    try:
        hanoi(6, t1, t2, t3)
        write("press STOP button to exit",
              align="center", font=("Courier", 16, "bold"))
    except Terminator:
        pass  # turtledemo user pressed STOP

def main():
    global t1, t2, t3
    ht(); penup(); goto(0, -225)   # writer turtle
    t1 = Tower(-250)
    t2 = Tower(0)
    t3 = Tower(250)
    # make tower of 6 discs
    for i in range(6,0,-1):
        t1.push(Disc(i))
    # prepare spartanic user interface ;-)
    write("press spacebar to start game",
          align="center", font=("Courier", 16, "bold"))
    onkey(play, "space")
    listen()
    return "EVENTLOOP"

if __name__=="__main__":
    msg = main()
    print(msg)
    mainloop()

11.nim

import turtle
import random
import time

SCREENWIDTH = 640
SCREENHEIGHT = 480

MINSTICKS = 7
MAXSTICKS = 31

HUNIT = SCREENHEIGHT // 12
WUNIT = SCREENWIDTH // ((MAXSTICKS // 5) * 11 + (MAXSTICKS % 5) * 2)

SCOLOR = (63, 63, 31)
HCOLOR = (255, 204, 204)
COLOR = (204, 204, 255)

def randomrow():
    return random.randint(MINSTICKS, MAXSTICKS)

def computerzug(state):
    xored = state[0] ^ state[1] ^ state[2]
    if xored == 0:
        return randommove(state)
    for z in range(3):
        s = state[z] ^ xored
        if s <= state[z]:
            move = (z, s)
            return move

def randommove(state):
    m = max(state)
    while True:
        z = random.randint(0,2)
        if state[z] > (m > 1):
            break
    rand = random.randint(m > 1, state[z]-1)
    return z, rand


class NimModel(object):
    def __init__(self, game):
        self.game = game

    def setup(self):
        if self.game.state not in [Nim.CREATED, Nim.OVER]:
            return
        self.sticks = [randomrow(), randomrow(), randomrow()]
        self.player = 0
        self.winner = None
        self.game.view.setup()
        self.game.state = Nim.RUNNING

    def move(self, row, col):
        maxspalte = self.sticks[row]
        self.sticks[row] = col
        self.game.view.notify_move(row, col, maxspalte, self.player)
        if self.game_over():
            self.game.state = Nim.OVER
            self.winner = self.player
            self.game.view.notify_over()
        elif self.player == 0:
            self.player = 1
            row, col = computerzug(self.sticks)
            self.move(row, col)
            self.player = 0

    def game_over(self):
        return self.sticks == [0, 0, 0]

    def notify_move(self, row, col):
        if self.sticks[row] <= col:
            return
        self.move(row, col)


class Stick(turtle.Turtle):
    def __init__(self, row, col, game):
        turtle.Turtle.__init__(self, visible=False)
        self.row = row
        self.col = col
        self.game = game
        x, y = self.coords(row, col)
        self.shape("square")
        self.shapesize(HUNIT/10.0, WUNIT/20.0)
        self.speed(0)
        self.pu()
        self.goto(x,y)
        self.color("white")
        self.showturtle()

    def coords(self, row, col):
        packet, remainder = divmod(col, 5)
        x = (3 + 11 * packet + 2 * remainder) * WUNIT
        y = (2 + 3 * row) * HUNIT
        return x - SCREENWIDTH // 2 + WUNIT // 2, SCREENHEIGHT // 2 - y - HUNIT // 2

    def makemove(self, x, y):
        if self.game.state != Nim.RUNNING:
            return
        self.game.controller.notify_move(self.row, self.col)


class NimView(object):
    def __init__(self, game):
        self.game = game
        self.screen = game.screen
        self.model = game.model
        self.screen.colormode(255)
        self.screen.tracer(False)
        self.screen.bgcolor((240, 240, 255))
        self.writer = turtle.Turtle(visible=False)
        self.writer.pu()
        self.writer.speed(0)
        self.sticks = {}
        for row in range(3):
            for col in range(MAXSTICKS):
                self.sticks[(row, col)] = Stick(row, col, game)
        self.display("... a moment please ...")
        self.screen.tracer(True)

    def display(self, msg1, msg2=None):
        self.screen.tracer(False)
        self.writer.clear()
        if msg2 is not None:
            self.writer.goto(0, - SCREENHEIGHT // 2 + 48)
            self.writer.pencolor("red")
            self.writer.write(msg2, align="center", font=("Courier",18,"bold"))
        self.writer.goto(0, - SCREENHEIGHT // 2 + 20)
        self.writer.pencolor("black")
        self.writer.write(msg1, align="center", font=("Courier",14,"bold"))
        self.screen.tracer(True)

    def setup(self):
        self.screen.tracer(False)
        for row in range(3):
            for col in range(self.model.sticks[row]):
                self.sticks[(row, col)].color(SCOLOR)
        for row in range(3):
            for col in range(self.model.sticks[row], MAXSTICKS):
                self.sticks[(row, col)].color("white")
        self.display("Your turn! Click leftmost stick to remove.")
        self.screen.tracer(True)

    def notify_move(self, row, col, maxspalte, player):
        if player == 0:
            farbe = HCOLOR
            for s in range(col, maxspalte):
                self.sticks[(row, s)].color(farbe)
        else:
            self.display(" ... thinking ...         ")
            time.sleep(0.5)
            self.display(" ... thinking ... aaah ...")
            farbe = COLOR
            for s in range(maxspalte-1, col-1, -1):
                time.sleep(0.2)
                self.sticks[(row, s)].color(farbe)
            self.display("Your turn! Click leftmost stick to remove.")

    def notify_over(self):
        if self.game.model.winner == 0:
            msg2 = "Congrats. You're the winner!!!"
        else:
            msg2 = "Sorry, the computer is the winner."
        self.display("To play again press space bar. To leave press ESC.", msg2)

    def clear(self):
        if self.game.state == Nim.OVER:
            self.screen.clear()


class NimController(object):

    def __init__(self, game):
        self.game = game
        self.sticks = game.view.sticks
        self.BUSY = False
        for stick in self.sticks.values():
            stick.onclick(stick.makemove)
        self.game.screen.onkey(self.game.model.setup, "space")
        self.game.screen.onkey(self.game.view.clear, "Escape")
        self.game.view.display("Press space bar to start game")
        self.game.screen.listen()

    def notify_move(self, row, col):
        if self.BUSY:
            return
        self.BUSY = True
        self.game.model.notify_move(row, col)
        self.BUSY = False


class Nim(object):
    CREATED = 0
    RUNNING = 1
    OVER = 2
    def __init__(self, screen):
        self.state = Nim.CREATED
        self.screen = screen
        self.model = NimModel(self)
        self.view = NimView(self)
        self.controller = NimController(self)


def main():
    mainscreen = turtle.Screen()
    mainscreen.mode("standard")
    mainscreen.setup(SCREENWIDTH, SCREENHEIGHT)
    nim = Nim(mainscreen)
    return "EVENTLOOP"

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
    turtle.mainloop()

12.paint

from turtle import *

def switchupdown(x=0, y=0):
    if pen()["pendown"]:
        end_fill()
        up()
    else:
        down()
        begin_fill()

def changecolor(x=0, y=0):
    global colors
    colors = colors[1:]+colors[:1]
    color(colors[0])

def main():
    global colors
    shape("circle")
    resizemode("user")
    shapesize(.5)
    width(3)
    colors=["red", "green", "blue", "yellow"]
    color(colors[0])
    switchupdown()
    onscreenclick(goto,1)
    onscreenclick(changecolor,2)
    onscreenclick(switchupdown,3)
    return "EVENTLOOP"

if __name__ == "__main__":
    msg = main()
    print(msg)
    mainloop()

14.peace

from turtle import *

def main():
    peacecolors = ("red3",  "orange", "yellow",
                   "seagreen4", "orchid4",
                   "royalblue1", "dodgerblue4")

    reset()
    Screen()
    up()
    goto(-320,-195)
    width(70)

    for pcolor in peacecolors:
        color(pcolor)
        down()
        forward(640)
        up()
        backward(640)
        left(90)
        forward(66)
        right(90)

    width(25)
    color("white")
    goto(0,-170)
    down()

    circle(170)
    left(90)
    forward(340)
    up()
    left(180)
    forward(170)
    right(45)
    down()
    forward(170)
    up()
    backward(170)
    left(90)
    down()
    forward(170)
    up()

    goto(0,300) # vanish if hideturtle() is not available ;-)
    return "Done!"

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
    mainloop()

15.penrose

from turtle import *
from math import cos, pi
from time import perf_counter as clock, sleep

f = (5**0.5-1)/2.0   # (sqrt(5)-1)/2 -- golden ratio
d = 2 * cos(3*pi/10)

def kite(l):
    fl = f * l
    lt(36)
    fd(l)
    rt(108)
    fd(fl)
    rt(36)
    fd(fl)
    rt(108)
    fd(l)
    rt(144)

def dart(l):
    fl = f * l
    lt(36)
    fd(l)
    rt(144)
    fd(fl)
    lt(36)
    fd(fl)
    rt(144)
    fd(l)
    rt(144)

def inflatekite(l, n):
    if n == 0:
        px, py = pos()
        h, x, y = int(heading()), round(px,3), round(py,3)
        tiledict[(h,x,y)] = True
        return
    fl = f * l
    lt(36)
    inflatedart(fl, n-1)
    fd(l)
    rt(144)
    inflatekite(fl, n-1)
    lt(18)
    fd(l*d)
    rt(162)
    inflatekite(fl, n-1)
    lt(36)
    fd(l)
    rt(180)
    inflatedart(fl, n-1)
    lt(36)

def inflatedart(l, n):
    if n == 0:
        px, py = pos()
        h, x, y = int(heading()), round(px,3), round(py,3)
        tiledict[(h,x,y)] = False
        return
    fl = f * l
    inflatekite(fl, n-1)
    lt(36)
    fd(l)
    rt(180)
    inflatedart(fl, n-1)
    lt(54)
    fd(l*d)
    rt(126)
    inflatedart(fl, n-1)
    fd(l)
    rt(144)

def draw(l, n, th=2):
    clear()
    l = l * f**n
    shapesize(l/100.0, l/100.0, th)
    for k in tiledict:
        h, x, y = k
        setpos(x, y)
        setheading(h)
        if tiledict[k]:
            shape("kite")
            color("black", (0, 0.75, 0))
        else:
            shape("dart")
            color("black", (0.75, 0, 0))
        stamp()

def sun(l, n):
    for i in range(5):
        inflatekite(l, n)
        lt(72)

def star(l,n):
    for i in range(5):
        inflatedart(l, n)
        lt(72)

def makeshapes():
    tracer(0)
    begin_poly()
    kite(100)
    end_poly()
    register_shape("kite", get_poly())
    begin_poly()
    dart(100)
    end_poly()
    register_shape("dart", get_poly())
    tracer(1)

def start():
    reset()
    ht()
    pu()
    makeshapes()
    resizemode("user")

def test(l=200, n=4, fun=sun, startpos=(0,0), th=2):
    global tiledict
    goto(startpos)
    setheading(0)
    tiledict = {}
    a = clock()
    tracer(0)
    fun(l, n)
    b = clock()
    draw(l, n, th)
    tracer(1)
    c = clock()
    nk = len([x for x in tiledict if tiledict[x]])
    nd = len([x for x in tiledict if not tiledict[x]])
    print("%d kites and %d darts = %d pieces." % (nk, nd, nk+nd))

def demo(fun=sun):
    start()
    for i in range(8):
        a = clock()
        test(300, i, fun)
        b = clock()
        t = b - a
        if t < 2:
            sleep(2 - t)

def main():
    #title("Penrose-tiling with kites and darts.")
    mode("logo")
    bgcolor(0.3, 0.3, 0)
    demo(sun)
    sleep(2)
    demo(star)
    pencolor("black")
    goto(0,-200)
    pencolor(0.7,0.7,1)
    write("Please wait...",
          align="center", font=('Arial Black', 36, 'bold'))
    test(600, 8, startpos=(70, 117))
    return "Done"

if __name__ == "__main__":
    msg = main()
    mainloop()

16.planet_and_moon

from turtle import Shape, Turtle, mainloop, Vec2D as Vec

G = 8

class GravSys(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.planets = []
        self.t = 0
        self.dt = 0.01
    def init(self):
        for p in self.planets:
            p.init()
    def start(self):
        for i in range(10000):
            self.t += self.dt
            for p in self.planets:
                p.step()

class Star(Turtle):
    def __init__(self, m, x, v, gravSys, shape):
        Turtle.__init__(self, shape=shape)
        self.penup()
        self.m = m
        self.setpos(x)
        self.v = v
        gravSys.planets.append(self)
        self.gravSys = gravSys
        self.resizemode("user")
        self.pendown()
    def init(self):
        dt = self.gravSys.dt
        self.a = self.acc()
        self.v = self.v + 0.5*dt*self.a
    def acc(self):
        a = Vec(0,0)
        for planet in self.gravSys.planets:
            if planet != self:
                v = planet.pos()-self.pos()
                a += (G*planet.m/abs(v)**3)*v
        return a
    def step(self):
        dt = self.gravSys.dt
        self.setpos(self.pos() + dt*self.v)
        if self.gravSys.planets.index(self) != 0:
            self.setheading(self.towards(self.gravSys.planets[0]))
        self.a = self.acc()
        self.v = self.v + dt*self.a

## create compound yellow/blue turtleshape for planets

def main():
    s = Turtle()
    s.reset()
    s.getscreen().tracer(0,0)
    s.ht()
    s.pu()
    s.fd(6)
    s.lt(90)
    s.begin_poly()
    s.circle(6, 180)
    s.end_poly()
    m1 = s.get_poly()
    s.begin_poly()
    s.circle(6,180)
    s.end_poly()
    m2 = s.get_poly()

    planetshape = Shape("compound")
    planetshape.addcomponent(m1,"orange")
    planetshape.addcomponent(m2,"blue")
    s.getscreen().register_shape("planet", planetshape)
    s.getscreen().tracer(1,0)

    ## setup gravitational system
    gs = GravSys()
    sun = Star(1000000, Vec(0,0), Vec(0,-2.5), gs, "circle")
    sun.color("yellow")
    sun.shapesize(1.8)
    sun.pu()
    earth = Star(12500, Vec(210,0), Vec(0,195), gs, "planet")
    earth.pencolor("green")
    earth.shapesize(0.8)
    moon = Star(1, Vec(220,0), Vec(0,295), gs, "planet")
    moon.pencolor("blue")
    moon.shapesize(0.5)
    gs.init()
    gs.start()
    return "Done!"

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()
    mainloop()

17.rosette

from turtle import Screen, Turtle, mainloop
from time import perf_counter as clock, sleep

def mn_eck(p, ne,sz):
    turtlelist = [p]
    #create ne-1 additional turtles
    for i in range(1,ne):
        q = p.clone()
        q.rt(360.0/ne)
        turtlelist.append(q)
        p = q
    for i in range(ne):
        c = abs(ne/2.0-i)/(ne*.7)
        # let those ne turtles make a step
        # in parallel:
        for t in turtlelist:
            t.rt(360./ne)
            t.pencolor(1-c,0,c)
            t.fd(sz)

def main():
    s = Screen()
    s.bgcolor("black")
    p=Turtle()
    p.speed(0)
    p.hideturtle()
    p.pencolor("red")
    p.pensize(3)

    s.tracer(36,0)

    at = clock()
    mn_eck(p, 36, 19)
    et = clock()
    z1 = et-at

    sleep(1)

    at = clock()
    while any(t.undobufferentries() for t in s.turtles()):
        for t in s.turtles():
            t.undo()
    et = clock()
    return "runtime: %.3f sec" % (z1+et-at)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    msg = main()
    print(msg)
    mainloop()

18.round_dance

from turtle import *

def stop():
    global running
    running = False

def main():
    global running
    clearscreen()
    bgcolor("gray10")
    tracer(False)
    shape("triangle")
    f =   0.793402
    phi = 9.064678
    s = 5
    c = 1
    # create compound shape
    sh = Shape("compound")
    for i in range(10):
        shapesize(s)
        p =get_shapepoly()
        s *= f
        c *= f
        tilt(-phi)
        sh.addcomponent(p, (c, 0.25, 1-c), "black")
    register_shape("multitri", sh)
    # create dancers
    shapesize(1)
    shape("multitri")
    pu()
    setpos(0, -200)
    dancers = []
    for i in range(180):
        fd(7)
        tilt(-4)
        lt(2)
        update()
        if i % 12 == 0:
            dancers.append(clone())
    home()
    # dance
    running = True
    onkeypress(stop)
    listen()
    cs = 1
    while running:
        ta = -4
        for dancer in dancers:
            dancer.fd(7)
            dancer.lt(2)
            dancer.tilt(ta)
            ta = -4 if ta > 0 else 2
        if cs < 180:
            right(4)
            shapesize(cs)
            cs *= 1.005
        update()
    return "DONE!"

if __name__=='__main__':
    print(main())
    mainloop()

19.sorting_animate

from turtle import *
import random


class Block(Turtle):

    def __init__(self, size):
        self.size = size
        Turtle.__init__(self, shape="square", visible=False)
        self.pu()
        self.shapesize(size * 1.5, 1.5, 2) # square-->rectangle
        self.fillcolor("black")
        self.st()

    def glow(self):
        self.fillcolor("red")

    def unglow(self):
        self.fillcolor("black")

    def __repr__(self):
        return "Block size: {0}".format(self.size)


class Shelf(list):

    def __init__(self, y):
        "create a shelf. y is y-position of first block"
        self.y = y
        self.x = -150

    def push(self, d):
        width, _, _ = d.shapesize()
        # align blocks by the bottom edge
        y_offset = width / 2 * 20
        d.sety(self.y + y_offset)
        d.setx(self.x + 34 * len(self))
        self.append(d)

    def _close_gap_from_i(self, i):
        for b in self[i:]:
            xpos, _ = b.pos()
            b.setx(xpos - 34)

    def _open_gap_from_i(self, i):
        for b in self[i:]:
            xpos, _ = b.pos()
            b.setx(xpos + 34)

    def pop(self, key):
        b = list.pop(self, key)
        b.glow()
        b.sety(200)
        self._close_gap_from_i(key)
        return b

    def insert(self, key, b):
        self._open_gap_from_i(key)
        list.insert(self, key, b)
        b.setx(self.x + 34 * key)
        width, _, _ = b.shapesize()
        # align blocks by the bottom edge
        y_offset = width / 2 * 20
        b.sety(self.y + y_offset)
        b.unglow()

def isort(shelf):
    length = len(shelf)
    for i in range(1, length):
        hole = i
        while hole > 0 and shelf[i].size < shelf[hole - 1].size:
            hole = hole - 1
        shelf.insert(hole, shelf.pop(i))
    return

def ssort(shelf):
    length = len(shelf)
    for j in range(0, length - 1):
        imin = j
        for i in range(j + 1, length):
            if shelf[i].size < shelf[imin].size:
                imin = i
        if imin != j:
            shelf.insert(j, shelf.pop(imin))

def partition(shelf, left, right, pivot_index):
    pivot = shelf[pivot_index]
    shelf.insert(right, shelf.pop(pivot_index))
    store_index = left
    for i in range(left, right): # range is non-inclusive of ending value
        if shelf[i].size < pivot.size:
            shelf.insert(store_index, shelf.pop(i))
            store_index = store_index + 1
    shelf.insert(store_index, shelf.pop(right)) # move pivot to correct position
    return store_index

def qsort(shelf, left, right):
    if left < right:
        pivot_index = left
        pivot_new_index = partition(shelf, left, right, pivot_index)
        qsort(shelf, left, pivot_new_index - 1)
        qsort(shelf, pivot_new_index + 1, right)

def randomize():
    disable_keys()
    clear()
    target = list(range(10))
    random.shuffle(target)
    for i, t in enumerate(target):
        for j in range(i, len(s)):
            if s[j].size == t + 1:
                s.insert(i, s.pop(j))
    show_text(instructions1)
    show_text(instructions2, line=1)
    enable_keys()

def show_text(text, line=0):
    line = 20 * line
    goto(0,-250 - line)
    write(text, align="center", font=("Courier", 16, "bold"))

def start_ssort():
    disable_keys()
    clear()
    show_text("Selection Sort")
    ssort(s)
    clear()
    show_text(instructions1)
    show_text(instructions2, line=1)
    enable_keys()

def start_isort():
    disable_keys()
    clear()
    show_text("Insertion Sort")
    isort(s)
    clear()
    show_text(instructions1)
    show_text(instructions2, line=1)
    enable_keys()

def start_qsort():
    disable_keys()
    clear()
    show_text("Quicksort")
    qsort(s, 0, len(s) - 1)
    clear()
    show_text(instructions1)
    show_text(instructions2, line=1)
    enable_keys()

def init_shelf():
    global s
    s = Shelf(-200)
    vals = (4, 2, 8, 9, 1, 5, 10, 3, 7, 6)
    for i in vals:
        s.push(Block(i))

def disable_keys():
    onkey(None, "s")
    onkey(None, "i")
    onkey(None, "q")
    onkey(None, "r")

def enable_keys():
    onkey(start_isort, "i")
    onkey(start_ssort, "s")
    onkey(start_qsort, "q")
    onkey(randomize, "r")
    onkey(bye, "space")

def main():
    getscreen().clearscreen()
    ht(); penup()
    init_shelf()
    show_text(instructions1)
    show_text(instructions2, line=1)
    enable_keys()
    listen()
    return "EVENTLOOP"

instructions1 = "press i for insertion sort, s for selection sort, q for quicksort"
instructions2 = "spacebar to quit, r to randomize"

if __name__=="__main__":
    msg = main()
    mainloop()

20.tree

from turtle import Turtle, mainloop
from time import perf_counter as clock

def tree(plist, l, a, f):
    """ plist is list of pens
    l is length of branch
    a is half of the angle between 2 branches
    f is factor by which branch is shortened
    from level to level."""
    if l > 3:
        lst = []
        for p in plist:
            p.forward(l)
            q = p.clone()
            p.left(a)
            q.right(a)
            lst.append(p)
            lst.append(q)
        for x in tree(lst, l*f, a, f):
            yield None

def maketree():
    p = Turtle()
    p.setundobuffer(None)
    p.hideturtle()
    p.speed(0)
    p.getscreen().tracer(30,0)
    p.left(90)
    p.penup()
    p.forward(-210)
    p.pendown()
    t = tree([p], 200, 65, 0.6375)
    for x in t:
        pass

def main():
    a=clock()
    maketree()
    b=clock()
    return "done: %.2f sec." % (b-a)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    msg = main()
    print(msg)
    mainloop()

21.two_canvases

from turtle import TurtleScreen, RawTurtle, TK

def main():
    root = TK.Tk()
    cv1 = TK.Canvas(root, width=300, height=200, bg="#ddffff")
    cv2 = TK.Canvas(root, width=300, height=200, bg="#ffeeee")
    cv1.pack()
    cv2.pack()

    s1 = TurtleScreen(cv1)
    s1.bgcolor(0.85, 0.85, 1)
    s2 = TurtleScreen(cv2)
    s2.bgcolor(1, 0.85, 0.85)

    p = RawTurtle(s1)
    q = RawTurtle(s2)

    p.color("red", (1, 0.85, 0.85))
    p.width(3)
    q.color("blue", (0.85, 0.85, 1))
    q.width(3)

    for t in p,q:
        t.shape("turtle")
        t.lt(36)

    q.lt(180)

    for t in p, q:
        t.begin_fill()
    for i in range(5):
        for t in p, q:
            t.fd(50)
            t.lt(72)
    for t in p,q:
        t.end_fill()
        t.lt(54)
        t.pu()
        t.bk(50)

    return "EVENTLOOP"


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()
    TK.mainloop()  # keep window open until user closes it

22.yinyang

from turtle import *

def yin(radius, color1, color2):
    width(3)
    color("black", color1)
    begin_fill()
    circle(radius/2., 180)
    circle(radius, 180)
    left(180)
    circle(-radius/2., 180)
    end_fill()
    left(90)
    up()
    forward(radius*0.35)
    right(90)
    down()
    color(color1, color2)
    begin_fill()
    circle(radius*0.15)
    end_fill()
    left(90)
    up()
    backward(radius*0.35)
    down()
    left(90)

def main():
    reset()
    yin(200, "black", "white")
    yin(200, "white", "black")
    ht()
    return "Done!"

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()
    mainloop()