之前在一家公司做过关于蓝牙低功耗的功能,今天有空记录一下。
蓝牙低功耗(Bluetooth Low Energy)是从Android 4.3 (API level 18)新增的,相对于传统来说功耗相对低一些。先来了解一波理论~
Service
服务是一系列特征。 例如,您可以使用名为“心率监视器”的服务,其中包含“心率测量”等特征。
蓝牙权限
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH"/>
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH_ADMIN"/>
如果您想声明您的应用仅适用于支持BLE的设备,请在应用的清单中包含以下内容:
<uses-feature android:name="android.hardware.bluetooth_le" android:required="true"/>
但是,如果您想让您的应用适用于不支持BLE的设备,则应该在应用的清单中包含此元素,但设置required =“false”。 然后在运行时,您可以使用PackageManager.hasSystemFeature()来确定BLE可用性:
if (!getPackageManager().hasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_BLUETOOTH_LE)) {
Toast.makeText(this, R.string.ble_not_supported, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
finish();
}
private BluetoothAdapter mBluetoothAdapter;
...
// Initializes Bluetooth adapter.
final BluetoothManager bluetoothManager =
(BluetoothManager) getSystemService(Context.BLUETOOTH_SERVICE);
mBluetoothAdapter = bluetoothManager.getAdapter();
//确保蓝牙在设备上可用并且已启用。 如果不,
//显示一个对话框,请求用户启用蓝牙的权限。
if (mBluetoothAdapter == null || !mBluetoothAdapter.isEnabled()) {
Intent enableBtIntent = new Intent(BluetoothAdapter.ACTION_REQUEST_ENABLE);
startActivityForResult(enableBtIntent, REQUEST_ENABLE_BT);
}
注意:传递给startActivityForResult(android.content.Intent,int)的REQUEST_ENABLE_BT常量是系统在onActivityResult(int,int,android.content)中传回给您的本地定义的整数(它必须大于0)。 意图)实现作为requestCode参数。
要找到BLE设备,请使用startLeScan()方法。 此方法将BluetoothAdapter.LeScanCallback作为参数。 您必须实现此回调,因为这是如何返回扫描结果。 由于扫描耗电量大,您应遵守以下准则:
一旦找到所需的设备,请停止扫描。
切勿扫描循环,并在扫描上设置时间限制。 之前可用的设备可能已移出范围,并继续扫描电池电量。
注意:6.0的需要加入ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION 和ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION这2个权限扫描才会返回结果哦!
/**
* Activity for scanning and displaying available BLE devices.
*/
public class DeviceScanActivity extends ListActivity {
private BluetoothAdapter mBluetoothAdapter;
private boolean mScanning;
private Handler mHandler;
// Stops scanning after 10 seconds.
private static final long SCAN_PERIOD = 10000;
...
private void scanLeDevice(final boolean enable) {
if (enable) {
// Stops scanning after a pre-defined scan period.
mHandler.postDelayed(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
mScanning = false;
mBluetoothAdapter.stopLeScan(mLeScanCallback);
}
}, SCAN_PERIOD);
mScanning = true;
mBluetoothAdapter.startLeScan(mLeScanCallback);
} else {
mScanning = false;
mBluetoothAdapter.stopLeScan(mLeScanCallback);
}
...
}
...
}
如果您只想扫描特定类型的外设,您可以改为调用startLeScan(UUID [],BluetoothAdapter.LeScanCallback),提供一组UUID对象,以指定应用程序支持的GATT服务。
以下是BluetoothAdapter.LeScanCallback的一个实现,它是用于传递BLE扫描结果的接口:
private LeDeviceListAdapter mLeDeviceListAdapter;
...
// Device scan callback.
private BluetoothAdapter.LeScanCallback mLeScanCallback =
new BluetoothAdapter.LeScanCallback() {
@Override
public void onLeScan(final BluetoothDevice device, int rssi,
byte[] scanRecord) {
runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
mLeDeviceListAdapter.addDevice(device);
mLeDeviceListAdapter.notifyDataSetChanged();
}
});
}
};
注意:您只能扫描蓝牙LE设备或扫描经典蓝牙设备,如蓝牙中所述。 您无法同时扫描Bluetooth LE和传统设备。
与BLE设备交互的第一步是连接到它 - 更具体地说,连接到设备上的GATT服务器。 要连接到BLE设备上的GATT服务器,请使用connectGatt()方法。 该方法有三个参数:一个Context对象,autoConnect(布尔值,指示是否在BLE设备变为可用时自动连接)以及对BluetoothGattCallback的引用:
mBluetoothGatt = device.connectGatt(this, false, mGattCallback);
它连接到由BLE设备托管的GATT服务器,并返回一个BluetoothGatt实例,然后您可以使用该实例来执行GATT客户端操作。 调用者(Android应用程序)是GATT客户端。 BluetoothGattCallback用于向客户端传递结果,例如连接状态以及任何进一步的GATT客户端操作。
连接成功后,ble的各种状态会在mGattCallback这个对象中回掉,举个栗子:
// A service that interacts with the BLE device via the Android BLE API.
public class BluetoothLeService extends Service {
private final static String TAG = BluetoothLeService.class.getSimpleName();
private BluetoothManager mBluetoothManager;
private BluetoothAdapter mBluetoothAdapter;
private String mBluetoothDeviceAddress;
private BluetoothGatt mBluetoothGatt;
private int mConnectionState = STATE_DISCONNECTED;
private static final int STATE_DISCONNECTED = 0;
private static final int STATE_CONNECTING = 1;
private static final int STATE_CONNECTED = 2;
public final static String ACTION_GATT_CONNECTED =
"com.example.bluetooth.le.ACTION_GATT_CONNECTED";
public final static String ACTION_GATT_DISCONNECTED =
"com.example.bluetooth.le.ACTION_GATT_DISCONNECTED";
public final static String ACTION_GATT_SERVICES_DISCOVERED =
"com.example.bluetooth.le.ACTION_GATT_SERVICES_DISCOVERED";
public final static String ACTION_DATA_AVAILABLE =
"com.example.bluetooth.le.ACTION_DATA_AVAILABLE";
public final static String EXTRA_DATA =
"com.example.bluetooth.le.EXTRA_DATA";
public final static UUID UUID_HEART_RATE_MEASUREMENT =
UUID.fromString(SampleGattAttributes.HEART_RATE_MEASUREMENT);
// BLE API定义的各种回调方法。
private final BluetoothGattCallback mGattCallback =
new BluetoothGattCallback() {
@Override
//连接状态改变的方法
public void onConnectionStateChange(BluetoothGatt gatt, int status,
int newState) {
String intentAction;
if (newState == BluetoothProfile.STATE_CONNECTED) {
intentAction = ACTION_GATT_CONNECTED;
mConnectionState = STATE_CONNECTED;
broadcastUpdate(intentAction);
Log.i(TAG, "Connected to GATT server.");
Log.i(TAG, "Attempting to start service discovery:" +
mBluetoothGatt.discoverServices());
} else if (newState == BluetoothProfile.STATE_DISCONNECTED) {
intentAction = ACTION_GATT_DISCONNECTED;
mConnectionState = STATE_DISCONNECTED;
Log.i(TAG, "Disconnected from GATT server.");
broadcastUpdate(intentAction);
}
}
@Override
//发现新服务(一般来说,发现服务后才可以遍历可用的特征和描述之类的信息)
public void onServicesDiscovered(BluetoothGatt gatt, int status) {
if (status == BluetoothGatt.GATT_SUCCESS) {
broadcastUpdate(ACTION_GATT_SERVICES_DISCOVERED);
} else {
Log.w(TAG, "onServicesDiscovered received: " + status);
}
}
@Override
// 特征读取操作的结果
public void onCharacteristicRead(BluetoothGatt gatt,
BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic,
int status) {
if (status == BluetoothGatt.GATT_SUCCESS) {
broadcastUpdate(ACTION_DATA_AVAILABLE, characteristic);
}
}
...
};
...
}
发送广播
private void broadcastUpdate(final String action) {
final Intent intent = new Intent(action);
sendBroadcast(intent);
}
private void broadcastUpdate(final String action,
final BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic) {
final Intent intent = new Intent(action);
// This is special handling for the Heart Rate Measurement profile. Data
// parsing is carried out as per profile specifications.
if (UUID_HEART_RATE_MEASUREMENT.equals(characteristic.getUuid())) {
int flag = characteristic.getProperties();
int format = -1;
if ((flag & 0x01) != 0) {
format = BluetoothGattCharacteristic.FORMAT_UINT16;
Log.d(TAG, "Heart rate format UINT16.");
} else {
format = BluetoothGattCharacteristic.FORMAT_UINT8;
Log.d(TAG, "Heart rate format UINT8.");
}
final int heartRate = characteristic.getIntValue(format, 1);
Log.d(TAG, String.format("Received heart rate: %d", heartRate));
intent.putExtra(EXTRA_DATA, String.valueOf(heartRate));
} else {
// For all other profiles, writes the data formatted in HEX.
final byte[] data = characteristic.getValue();
if (data != null && data.length > 0) {
final StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder(data.length);
for(byte byteChar : data)
stringBuilder.append(String.format("%02X ", byteChar));
intent.putExtra(EXTRA_DATA, new String(data) + "\n" +
stringBuilder.toString());
}
}
sendBroadcast(intent);
}
接收广播
// 处理由服务发起的各种事件。
// ACTION_GATT_CONNECTED:连接到GATT服务器。
// ACTION_GATT_DISCONNECTED:与GATT服务器断开连接。
// ACTION_GATT_SERVICES_DISCOVERED:发现GATT服务。
// ACTION_DATA_AVAILABLE:收到来自设备的数据。 这可能是一个
//读取或通知操作的结果。
private final BroadcastReceiver mGattUpdateReceiver = new BroadcastReceiver() {
@Override
public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
final String action = intent.getAction();
if (BluetoothLeService.ACTION_GATT_CONNECTED.equals(action)) {
mConnected = true;
updateConnectionState(R.string.connected);
invalidateOptionsMenu();
} else if (BluetoothLeService.ACTION_GATT_DISCONNECTED.equals(action)) {
mConnected = false;
updateConnectionState(R.string.disconnected);
invalidateOptionsMenu();
clearUI();
} else if (BluetoothLeService.
ACTION_GATT_SERVICES_DISCOVERED.equals(action)) {
// Show all the supported services and characteristics on the
// user interface.
displayGattServices(mBluetoothLeService.getSupportedGattServices());
} else if (BluetoothLeService.ACTION_DATA_AVAILABLE.equals(action)) {
displayData(intent.getStringExtra(BluetoothLeService.EXTRA_DATA));
}
}
};
读取BLE属性
public class DeviceControlActivity extends Activity {
...
/**
* 遍历服务和特征
*
* @param gattServices 通过调用mBluetoothGatt.getServices();
*/
private void displayGattServices(List<BluetoothGattService> gattServices) {
if (gattServices == null) return;
String uuid = null;
String unknownServiceString = getResources().
getString(R.string.unknown_service);
String unknownCharaString = getResources().
getString(R.string.unknown_characteristic);
ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>> gattServiceData =
new ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>>();
ArrayList<ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>>> gattCharacteristicData
= new ArrayList<ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>>>();
mGattCharacteristics =
new ArrayList<ArrayList<BluetoothGattCharacteristic>>();
// Loops through available GATT Services.
for (BluetoothGattService gattService : gattServices) {
HashMap<String, String> currentServiceData =
new HashMap<String, String>();
uuid = gattService.getUuid().toString();
currentServiceData.put(
LIST_NAME, SampleGattAttributes.
lookup(uuid, unknownServiceString));
currentServiceData.put(LIST_UUID, uuid);
gattServiceData.add(currentServiceData);
ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>> gattCharacteristicGroupData =
new ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>>();
List<BluetoothGattCharacteristic> gattCharacteristics =
gattService.getCharacteristics();
ArrayList<BluetoothGattCharacteristic> charas =
new ArrayList<BluetoothGattCharacteristic>();
// Loops through available Characteristics.
for (BluetoothGattCharacteristic gattCharacteristic :
gattCharacteristics) {
charas.add(gattCharacteristic);
HashMap<String, String> currentCharaData =
new HashMap<String, String>();
uuid = gattCharacteristic.getUuid().toString();
currentCharaData.put(
LIST_NAME, SampleGattAttributes.lookup(uuid,
unknownCharaString));
currentCharaData.put(LIST_UUID, uuid);
gattCharacteristicGroupData.add(currentCharaData);
}
mGattCharacteristics.add(charas);
gattCharacteristicData.add(gattCharacteristicGroupData);
}
...
}
...
}
接收GATT通知
BLE应用程序在设备上发生特定特征变化时要求收到通知是很常见的。设置了setCharacteristicNotification()方法,mGattCallback中的onCharacteristicChanged()方法才会回调! 这段代码展示了如何使用setCharacteristicNotification()方法为特征设置通知:
private BluetoothGatt mBluetoothGatt;
BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic;
boolean enabled;
...
mBluetoothGatt.setCharacteristicNotification(characteristic, enabled);
...
BluetoothGattDescriptor descriptor = characteristic.getDescriptor(
UUID.fromString(SampleGattAttributes.CLIENT_CHARACTERISTIC_CONFIG));
descriptor.setValue(BluetoothGattDescriptor.ENABLE_NOTIFICATION_VALUE);
mBluetoothGatt.writeDescriptor(descriptor);
一旦为特征启用通知,如果特性在远程设备上发生变化,则会触发onCharacteristicChanged()回调:
@Override
// Characteristic notification
public void onCharacteristicChanged(BluetoothGatt gatt,
BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic) {
broadcastUpdate(ACTION_DATA_AVAILABLE, characteristic);
}
断开客户端
public void disconnect() {
if (mBluetoothGatt == null) {
return;
}
mBluetoothGatt.disconnect();
}
关闭客户端应用程序
一旦您的应用程序完成使用BLE设备,它应该调用close(),以便系统可以适当地释放资源:
public void close() {
if (mBluetoothGatt == null) {
return;
}
mBluetoothGatt.close();
mBluetoothGatt = null;
}
OK,到这里一个简单的BLE使用例子就完成了。下篇文章就是蓝牙进阶了,将介绍一些在实际开发中遇到的坑,以及如何填坑。