除了类集，Java 2还在java.util中增加了映射。映射（map）是一个存储关键字和值的关联或者说是关键字/值对的对象。给定一个关键字，可以得到它的值。关键字和值都是对象。关键字必须是唯一的。但值是可以重复的。有些映射可以接收null关键字和null值,而有的则不行.
Map接口
Map接口映射唯一关键字到值。关键字（key）是以后用于检索值的对象。给定一个关键字和一个值，可以存储这个值到一个Map对象中。当这个值被存储以后，就可以使用它的关键字来检索它。当调用的映射中没有项存在时，其中的几种方法会引发一个NoSuchElementException异常。而当对象与映射中的元素不兼容时，引发一个ClassCastException异常。如果试图使用映射不允许使用的null对象时，则引发一个NullPointerException异常。当试图改变一个不允许修改的映射时，则引发一个UnsupportedOperationException异常
比如containsKey这个方法：
/**
* Returns true if this map contains a mapping for the specified
* key. More formally, returns true if and only if
* this map contains a mapping for a key k such that
* (key==null ? k==null : key.equals(k)). (There can be
* at most one such mapping.)
*
* @param key key whose presence in this map is to be tested
* @return true if this map contains a mapping for the specified
* key
* @throws ClassCastException if the key is of an inappropriate type for
* this map (optional)
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null and this map
* does not permit null keys (optional)
*/
boolean containsKey(Object key);可以清楚的看到注释中对这两种异常的说明。
映射循环使用两个基本操作：get( )和put( )。使用put( )方法可以将一个指定了关键字和值的值加入映射。为了得到值，可以通过将关键字作为参数来调用get( )方法。调用返回该值。
/**
* Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped,
* or {@code null} if this map contains no mapping for the key.
*
* More formally, if this map contains a mapping from a key
* {@code k} to a value {@code v} such that {@code (key==null ? k==null :
* key.equals(k))}, then this method returns {@code v}; otherwise
* it returns {@code null}. (There can be at most one such mapping.)
*
*
If this map permits null values, then a return value of
* {@code null} does not necessarily indicate that the map
* contains no mapping for the key; it's also possible that the map
* explicitly maps the key to {@code null}. The {@link #containsKey
* containsKey} operation may be used to distinguish these two cases.
*
* @param key the key whose associated value is to be returned
* @return the value to which the specified key is mapped, or
* {@code null} if this map contains no mapping for the key
* @throws ClassCastException if the key is of an inappropriate type for
* this map (optional)
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null and this map
* does not permit null keys (optional)
*/
V get(Object key);
映射不是类集，但可以获得映射的类集“视图”。为了实现这种功能，可以使用entrySet( )方法，它
返回一个包含了映射中元素的集合（Set）。为了得到关键字的类集“视图”，可以使用keySet( )方法。为了得到值的类集“视图”，可以使用values( )方法。类集“视图”是将映射集成到类集框架内的手段
/**
* Returns a {@link Set} view of the mappings contained in this map.
* The set is backed by the map, so changes to the map are
* reflected in the set, and vice-versa. If the map is modified
* while an iteration over the set is in progress (except through
* the iterator's own remove operation, or through the
* setValue operation on a map entry returned by the
* iterator) the results of the iteration are undefined. The set
* supports element removal, which removes the corresponding
* mapping from the map, via the Iterator.remove,
* Set.remove, removeAll, retainAll and
* clear operations. It does not support the
* add or addAll operations.
*
* @return a set view of the mappings contained in this map
*/
Set> entrySet();
Map.Entry接口使得可以操作映射的输入。回想由Map接口说明的entrySet( )方法，调用该方法返回一个包含映射输入的集合（Set）。这些集合元素的每一个都是一个Map.Entry对象
/**
* A map entry (key-value pair). The Map.entrySet method returns
* a collection-view of the map, whose elements are of this class. The
* only way to obtain a reference to a map entry is from the
* iterator of this collection-view. These Map.Entry objects are
* valid only for the duration of the iteration; more formally,
* the behavior of a map entry is undefined if the backing map has been
* modified after the entry was returned by the iterator, except through
* the setValue operation on the map entry.
*
* @see Map#entrySet()
* @since 1.2
*/
interface Entry {
/**
* Returns the key corresponding to this entry.
*
* @return the key corresponding to this entry
* @throws IllegalStateException implementations may, but are not
* required to, throw this exception if the entry has been
* removed from the backing map.
*/
K getKey();
/**
* Returns the value corresponding to this entry. If the mapping
* has been removed from the backing map (by the iterator's
* remove operation), the results of this call are undefined.
*
* @return the value corresponding to this entry
* @throws IllegalStateException implementations may, but are not
* required to, throw this exception if the entry has been
* removed from the backing map.
*/
V getValue();
/**
* Replaces the value corresponding to this entry with the specified
* value (optional operation). (Writes through to the map.) The
* behavior of this call is undefined if the mapping has already been
* removed from the map (by the iterator's remove operation).
*
* @param value new value to be stored in this entry
* @return old value corresponding to the entry
* @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the put operation
* is not supported by the backing map
* @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified value
* prevents it from being stored in the backing map
* @throws NullPointerException if the backing map does not permit
* null values, and the specified value is null
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of this value
* prevents it from being stored in the backing map
* @throws IllegalStateException implementations may, but are not
* required to, throw this exception if the entry has been
* removed from the backing map.
*/
V setValue(V value);
/**
* Compares the specified object with this entry for equality.
* Returns true if the given object is also a map entry and
* the two entries represent the same mapping. More formally, two
* entries e1 and e2 represent the same mapping
* if
* (e1.getKey()==null ?
* e2.getKey()==null : e1.getKey().equals(e2.getKey())) &&
* (e1.getValue()==null ?
* e2.getValue()==null : e1.getValue().equals(e2.getValue()))
*
* This ensures that the equals method works properly across
* different implementations of the Map.Entry interface.
*
* @param o object to be compared for equality with this map entry
* @return true if the specified object is equal to this map
* entry
*/
boolean equals(Object o);
/**
* Returns the hash code value for this map entry. The hash code
* of a map entry e is defined to be:
* (e.getKey()==null ? 0 : e.getKey().hashCode()) ^
* (e.getValue()==null ? 0 : e.getValue().hashCode())
*
* This ensures that e1.equals(e2) implies that
* e1.hashCode()==e2.hashCode() for any two Entries
* e1 and e2, as required by the general
* contract of Object.hashCode.
*
* @return the hash code value for this map entry
* @see Object#hashCode()
* @see Object#equals(Object)
* @see #equals(Object)
*/
int hashCode();
}
HashMap
HashMap类使用散列表实现Map接口。这允许一些基本操作如get( )和put( )的运行时间保持恒定，即便对大型集合，也是这样的
• 下面的构造函数定义为：
– HashMap( )
– HashMap(Map m)
– HashMap(int capacity)
– HashMap(int capacity, float fillRatio)
• 第一种形式构造一个默认的散列映射。
• 第二种形式用m的元素初始化散列映射。
• 第三种形式将散列映射的容量初始化为capacity。
• 第四种形式用它的参数同时初始化散列映射的容量和填充比。
来看一下代码：
/**
* Constructs an empty HashMap with the specified initial
* capacity and load factor.
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity
* @param loadFactor the load factor
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative
* or the load factor is nonpositive
*/
public HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
if (initialCapacity < 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal initial capacity: " +
initialCapacity);
if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor))
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal load factor: " +
loadFactor);
// Find a power of 2 >= initialCapacity
int capacity = 1;
while (capacity < initialCapacity)
capacity <<= 1;
this.loadFactor = loadFactor;
threshold = (int)(capacity * loadFactor);
table = new Entry[capacity];
init();
}
/**
* Constructs an empty HashMap with the specified initial
* capacity and the default load factor (0.75).
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity.
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative.
*/
public HashMap(int initialCapacity) {
this(initialCapacity, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);
}
/**
* Constructs an empty HashMap with the default initial capacity
* (16) and the default load factor (0.75).
*/
public HashMap() {
this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR;
threshold = (int)(DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY * DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);
table = new Entry[DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY];
init();
}
/**
* Constructs a new HashMap with the same mappings as the
* specified Map. The HashMap is created with
* default load factor (0.75) and an initial capacity sufficient to
* hold the mappings in the specified Map.
*
* @param m the map whose mappings are to be placed in this map
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified map is null
*/
public HashMap(Map m) {
this(Math.max((int) (m.size() / DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR) + 1,
DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY), DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);
putAllForCreate(m);
}
HashMap底层维护一个数组，我们向 HashMap中所放置的对象实际上是存储在该数
组当中。如果使用默认函数，那么数组容量为16.负载因为为0.75.那么数组中是存放什么元素呐？ 还有其他的一些成员变量是什么样子呐？
/**
* The default initial capacity - MUST be a power of two.
*/
static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 16;
/**
* The maximum capacity, used if a higher value is implicitly specified
* by either of the constructors with arguments.
* MUST be a power of two <= 1<<30.
*/
static final int MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1 << 30;
/**
* The load factor used when none specified in constructor.
*/
static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;
/**
* The table, resized as necessary. Length MUST Always be a power of two.
*/
transient Entry[] table;
/**
* The number of key-value mappings contained in this map.
*/
transient int size;
/**
* The next size value at which to resize (capacity * load factor).
* @serial
*/
int threshold;
/**
* The load factor for the hash table.
*
* @serial
*/
final float loadFactor;
/**
* The number of times this HashMap has been structurally modified
* Structural modifications are those that change the number of mappings in
* the HashMap or otherwise modify its internal structure (e.g.,
* rehash). This field is used to make iterators on Collection-views of
* the HashMap fail-fast. (See ConcurrentModificationException).
*/
transient volatile int modCount;
可以看到数组是由Entry对象组成的，Entry对象的定义如下：
static class Entry implements Map.Entry {
final K key;
V value;
Entry next;
final int hash;
/**
* Creates new entry.
*/
Entry(int h, K k, V v, Entry n) {
value = v;
next = n;
key = k;
hash = h;
}
public final K getKey() {
return key;
}
public final V getValue() {
return value;
}
public final V setValue(V newValue) {
V oldValue = value;
value = newValue;
return oldValue;
}
public final boolean equals(Object o) {
if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
return false;
Map.Entry e = (Map.Entry)o;
Object k1 = getKey();
Object k2 = e.getKey();
if (k1 == k2 || (k1 != null && k1.equals(k2))) {
Object v1 = getValue();
Object v2 = e.getValue();
if (v1 == v2 || (v1 != null && v1.equals(v2)))
return true;
}
return false;
}
public final int hashCode() {
return (key==null ? 0 : key.hashCode()) ^
(value==null ? 0 : value.hashCode());
}
public final String toString() {
return getKey() + "=" + getValue();
}
/**
* This method is invoked whenever the value in an entry is
* overwritten by an invocation of put(k,v) for a key k that's already
* in the HashMap.
*/
void recordAccess(HashMap m) {
}
/**
* This method is invoked whenever the entry is
* removed from the table.
*/
void recordRemoval(HashMap m) {
}
}
可以看到Entry这个对象里面，有key和value，还有一个next元素，最后是一个INT类型的hash。
先来看一下HashMap中的数据结构。
哈希表有多种不同的实现方法，最常用的一种方法拉链法，我们可以理解为“链表的数组” 。
解决hash冲突的办法
- 开放定址法（线性探测再散列，二次探测再散列，伪随机探测再散列）
- 再哈希法
- 链地址法
- 建立一个公共溢出区
Java中hashmap的解决办法就是采用的链地址法。
当向 HashMap 中 put 一对键值时，它会根据 key 的 hashCode 值计算出一个位置，该位置就是此对象准备往数组中存放的位置。 如果该位置没有对象存在，就将此对象直接放进数组当中；如果该位置已经有对象
存在了，则顺着此存在的对象的链开始寻找（Entry 类有一个 Entry类型的 next成员变量，指向了该对象的下一个对象），如果此链上有对象的话，再去使用 equals 方法进行比较，如果对此链上的某个对象的equals 方法比较为 false，则将该对象放到数组当中，然后将数组中该位置以前存在的那个对象链接到此对象的后面。
看代码：
/**
* Associates the specified value with the specified key in this map.
* If the map previously contained a mapping for the key, the old
* value is replaced.
*
* @param key key with which the specified value is to be associated
* @param value value to be associated with the specified key
* @return the previous value associated with key, or
* null if there was no mapping for key.
* (A null return can also indicate that the map
* previously associated null with key.)
*/
public V put(K key, V value) {
if (key == null)
return putForNullKey(value);
int hash = hash(key.hashCode());
int i = indexFor(hash, table.length);
for (Entry e = table[i]; e != null; e = e.next) {
Object k;
if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || key.equals(k))) {
V oldValue = e.value;
e.value = value;
e.recordAccess(this);
return oldValue;
}
}
modCount++;
addEntry(hash, key, value, i);
return null;
}
其中有几个主要的方法，hash,indexFor,addEntry
/**
* Applies a supplemental hash function to a given hashCode, which
* defends against poor quality hash functions. This is critical
* because HashMap uses power-of-two length hash tables, that
* otherwise encounter collisions for hashCodes that do not differ
* in lower bits. Note: Null keys always map to hash 0, thus index 0.
*/
static int hash(int h) {
// This function ensures that hashCodes that differ only by
// constant multiples at each bit position have a bounded
// number of collisions (approximately 8 at default load factor).
h ^= (h >>> 20) ^ (h >>> 12);
return h ^ (h >>> 7) ^ (h >>> 4);
}
/**
* Returns index for hash code h.
*/
static int indexFor(int h, int length) {
return h & (length-1);
}
/**
* Adds a new entry with the specified key, value and hash code to
* the specified bucket. It is the responsibility of this
* method to resize the table if appropriate.
*
* Subclass overrides this to alter the behavior of put method.
*/
void addEntry(int hash, K key, V value, int bucketIndex) {
Entry e = table[bucketIndex];
table[bucketIndex] = new Entry(hash, key, value, e);
if (size++ >= threshold)
resize(2 * table.length);
}
这也就是为什么当我们要将元素放入HashMap中时，我们需要重写hashCode和equals方法。
然后看一下get方法：
/**
* Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped,
* or {@code null} if this map contains no mapping for the key.
*
* More formally, if this map contains a mapping from a key
* {@code k} to a value {@code v} such that {@code (key==null ? k==null :
* key.equals(k))}, then this method returns {@code v}; otherwise
* it returns {@code null}. (There can be at most one such mapping.)
*
*
A return value of {@code null} does not necessarily
* indicate that the map contains no mapping for the key; it's also
* possible that the map explicitly maps the key to {@code null}.
* The {@link #containsKey containsKey} operation may be used to
* distinguish these two cases.
*
* @see #put(Object, Object)
*/
public V get(Object key) {
if (key == null)
return getForNullKey();
int hash = hash(key.hashCode());
for (Entry e = table[indexFor(hash, table.length)];
e != null;
e = e.next) {
Object k;
if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || key.equals(k)))
return e.value;
}
return null;
}